A resistência dos quatro mundos europeus do bem-estar desde o nascimento do euro

Este artigo compara as preferências parlamentares sobre gastos com bem-estar na Áustria, Bélgica, Dinamarca, Finlândia, França, Alemanha, Grécia, Irlanda, Itália, Luxemburgo, Holanda, Portugal, Suécia e Reino Unido entre 1996 e 2013. A análise concentra-se na relação entre o tipo de regime de bem-estar e a oferta programática sobre o volume de gastos sociais. Foram calculados dois índices: gasto social e contenção social. Ao sair da recessão, detecta-se uma concepção cada vez mais homogênea das políticas sociais como subordinadas às políticas econômicas; a convergência ocorreu dentro de cada um dos mundos de bem-estar, mantendo a variação entre eles encontrada antes da Crise.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Preferências políticas; Projeto Manifesto; gasto social; contenção social; regimes de bem-estar; reformas do estado de bem-estar

Autoria

ANTÓN LOSADA

Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela/Coruña, Spain. E-mail: antonio.losada@usc.es. University of Santiago de CompostelaSpainSantiago de Compostela, Coruña, SpainAssociate Professor of Political Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela/Coruña, Spain. E-mail: antonio.losada@usc.es.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6763-541X

CRISTINA ARES

Senior Lecturer of Political Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela/Coruña, Spain. E-mail: cristina.ares@usc.es. University of Santiago de CompostelaSpainSantiago de Compostela, Coruña, SpainSenior Lecturer of Political Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela/Coruña, Spain. E-mail: cristina.ares@usc.es.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2278-629X

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figuras | Tabelas

Figuras (9)
Tabelas (1)

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Figure 1:
Parliamentary support for social spending and social retrenchment in the EU-15 (1996-2013)

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Figure 2:
Position on social spending in the national parliaments of the EU-15

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Figure 3:
Support for social retrenchment in the national parliaments of the EU-15

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Figure 4:
Parliamentary preferences on social spending in the continental welfare regime

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Figure 5:
Parliamentary preferences on social spending in the social-democratic welfare regime

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Figure 6:
Parliamentary preferences on social spending in the liberal welfare regime

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Figure 7:
Parliamentary preferences on social spending in the Mediterranean welfare regime

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Figure 8:
Variation in the parliamentary preferences regarding social spending in the EU-15 between 1996 and 2013

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Figure 9:
Variation in the parliamentary preferences regarding social spending in the EU-15 during the Great Recession

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Table 1:
Four welfare regimes revisited

Figure 1: Parliamentary support for social spending and social retrenchment in the EU-15 (1996-2013)

Source: Manifesto Project’s dataset, version 2017bVolkens, A., Lehmann, P., Matthieß, T., Merz, N. Regel, S. and Weßels, B. (2017) The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2017b. Berlin: WZB. https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2017b.
https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.... . Social spending: (504+506) - (505+507), weighted by the number of seats. Social retrenchment: (505+507), also weighted by the number of seats.

Figure 2: Position on social spending in the national parliaments of the EU-15

Source: Manifesto Project’s dataset, version 2017bVolkens, A., Lehmann, P., Matthieß, T., Merz, N. Regel, S. and Weßels, B. (2017) The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2017b. Berlin: WZB. https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2017b.
https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.... . Position of parliament on social spending: (504+506) - (505+507), weighted by the number of seats.

Figure 3: Support for social retrenchment in the national parliaments of the EU-15

Source: Manifesto Project’s dataset, version 2017bVolkens, A., Lehmann, P., Matthieß, T., Merz, N. Regel, S. and Weßels, B. (2017) The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2017b. Berlin: WZB. https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2017b.
https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.... . Party statements in favor of social retrenchment (505+507), weighted by the number of seats.

Figure 4: Parliamentary preferences on social spending in the continental welfare regime

Source: Manifesto Project’s dataset, version 2017bVolkens, A., Lehmann, P., Matthieß, T., Merz, N. Regel, S. and Weßels, B. (2017) The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2017b. Berlin: WZB. https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2017b.
https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.... . Position of parliament on social spending: (504+506) - (505+507), weighted by the number of seats.

Figure 5: Parliamentary preferences on social spending in the social-democratic welfare regime

Source: Manifesto Project’s dataset, version 2017bVolkens, A., Lehmann, P., Matthieß, T., Merz, N. Regel, S. and Weßels, B. (2017) The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2017b. Berlin: WZB. https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2017b.
https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.... . Position of parliament on social spending: (504+506) - (505+507), weighted by the number of seats.

Figure 6: Parliamentary preferences on social spending in the liberal welfare regime

Source: Manifesto Project’s dataset, version 2017bVolkens, A., Lehmann, P., Matthieß, T., Merz, N. Regel, S. and Weßels, B. (2017) The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2017b. Berlin: WZB. https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2017b.
https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.... . Position of parliament on social spending: (504+506) - (505+507), weighted by the number of seats.

Figure 7: Parliamentary preferences on social spending in the Mediterranean welfare regime

Source: Manifesto Project’s dataset, version 2017bVolkens, A., Lehmann, P., Matthieß, T., Merz, N. Regel, S. and Weßels, B. (2017) The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2017b. Berlin: WZB. https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2017b.
https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.... . Position of parliament on social spending: (504+506) - (505+507), weighted by the number of seats.

Figure 8: Variation in the parliamentary preferences regarding social spending in the EU-15 between 1996 and 2013

Source: Manifesto Project’s dataset, version 2017bVolkens, A., Lehmann, P., Matthieß, T., Merz, N. Regel, S. and Weßels, B. (2017) The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2017b. Berlin: WZB. https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2017b.
https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.... . Position of parliament on social spending: (504+506) - (505+507), weighted by the number of seats.

Figure 9: Variation in the parliamentary preferences regarding social spending in the EU-15 during the Great Recession

Source: Manifesto Project’s dataset, version 2017bVolkens, A., Lehmann, P., Matthieß, T., Merz, N. Regel, S. and Weßels, B. (2017) The Manifesto Data Collection. Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR). Version 2017b. Berlin: WZB. https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.2017b.
https://doi.org/10.25522/manifesto.mpds.... . Position of parliament on social spending: (504+506) - (505+507), weighted by the number of seats.

Table 1: Four welfare regimes revisited

	Liberal	Conservative	Social democratic	Mediterranean
Role of the family	Marginal	Central	Marginal	Central
Role of the market	Central	Subsidiary	Subsidiary	Subsidiary
Role of the state	Marginal	Subsidiary	Central	Central
Dominant mode of solidarity	Individual	Corporatism Statism	Quasi-universal	Combination
Dominant distributor of solidarity	Market	Family	State	State Family
Amounts	Minimal	High (for heads of household)	High	Low
Financing	Individual contributions Taxes	Social contributions	Taxes	Taxes Social contributions

Source: Authors’ own work.

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A resistência dos quatro mundos europeus do bem-estar desde o nascimento do euro

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[TFN1] Source: Authors’ own work.