Non-agricultural income, infrastructure and access to consumer goods in rural households in the northeast and south

Mesquita, Daiane Felix Santiago; Nascimento, Carlos Alves do; Lima, Patrícia Veronica Pinheiro Sales

doi:10.1590/1806-9479.2022.263246

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Article • Rev. Econ. Sociol. Rural 61 (4) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2022.263246 copy

Non-agricultural income, infrastructure and access to consumer goods in rural households in the northeast and south

Renda não agropecuária e condições de infraestrutura e acesso a bens de consumo em domicílios rurais (nordeste e sul)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

The objective of this article is to analyze the impact of non-farm income on infrastructure conditions and access to durable consumer goods for rural families in the Northeast and South of Brazil. For this purpose, microdata from the Household Sample Survey (PNAD) from 2002 to 2015 were used. The methodology consisted of the construction of an index of household infrastructure and access to consumer durables and of the estimation of a quantile regression to verify the effect of labor income on this index. The results showed that families who practice pluriactive and nonfarm activities had higher average incomes, compared to agricultural families. However, the impact of income on the variables analyzed was greater in the group of poorer rural families, regardless of the activity practiced and the region. In other words, pluriactive and nonfarm activities can contribute, at first, to promote significant changes in a context of precariousness. However, they are unable to generate enough income to contribute to structural changes in better equipped households.

Keywords:
income; nonagricultural activities; conditions of household infrastructure and durable consumer goods

Indicator	Variables	Distribution of scores
Infrastructure Home	Condition of occupation of the household	Own = 3
		Own - still paying = 3
		Provided by employer = 2
		Provided otherwise =2
		Rented =1
		Another condition = 0
	Predominant material in the construction of the external walls of the building	Masonry= 4
		Equipped wood= 3
		Coated taipa = 1
		Tapped wood= 1
		Straw= 1
		Other material=0
	There is piped water in at least one room of the household	Yes= 1
	There is piped water in at least one room of the household	No= 0
	There is a bathroom or a toilet at home or in the property	Yes= 1
	There is a bathroom or a toilet at home or in the property	No= 0
	Form of bathroom drain	Sewage or rain collection network= 5
		Septic tank connected to sewage or rain collection network = 4
		Septic tank not connected to sewage or rain collection network =3
		Rudimentary cesspit =2
		Ditch = 1
		Straight to the river, lake or sea =0
		Other form =0
	Destination of garbage	Collected directly =3
		Collected indirectly =3
		Burned or buried in property = 2
		Thrown on wasteland or patio =1
		Thrown into river, lake or sea =0
		Other destination = 0
Durable goods	Has mobile phone	Yes = 1
	Has mobile phone	No = 0
	Type of fuel used on the stove	Cylinder gas =2
		Piped gas =2
		Firewood =1
		Coal =1
		Electricity = 0
		Other fuel = 0
	Has radio	Yes = 1
	Has radio	No = 0
	Has color TV	Yes = 1
	Has color TV	No = 0
	Has a refrigerator	Yes, with two openings =1
		Yes, with one opening =1
		No = 0

Types of family		2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	growth rate.
Types of family		2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2002 a 2015ª
Northeast
	Agricultural	1,334	1,409	1,379	1,299	1,367	1,330	1,383	1,327	1,452	1,364	1,434	1,488	1,414	-0.1
	Pluriactive	378	360	369	425	389	405	371	372	350	357	371	390	417	1.1
	Non-Agriculture	174	205	190	211	224	257	243	265	252	309	323	335	415	6.9	***
South
	Agricultural	635	622	597	594	603	568	592	549	527	514	502	534	501	-1.5	***
	Pluriactive	133	125	133	132	141	147	129	133	141	129	147	137	119	0.0
	Non-Agriculture	59	79	75	66	71	76	95	72	77	87	97	93	101	3.6	*

Types of family		2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	growth rate. (% )
Types of family		2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2002 a 2015ª
Northeast
	Agricultural	218.0	208.6	207.8	186.7	184.2	206.1	201.6	200.3	251.5	230.3	243.3	259.1	245.5	-0.6
	Pluriactive	546.6	544.4	522.3	540.7	594.5	637.1	662.4	717.6	1,026.9	1,191.3	1,165.3	1,262.4	1,190.3	4.2	***
	Non-Agriculture	537.4	518.7	506.4	491.6	615.2	639.4	618.2	691.0	1,139.8	1,044.3	1,259.8	1,239.3	1,115.1	3.7	**
South
	Agricultural	706.3	757.0	807.2	727.1	748.1	998.9	834.3	959.6	1450.5	1615.7	1675.2	1569.7	1564.0	3.5	**
	Pluriactive	1,312.6	1,470.5	1,557.2	1,291.4	1,641.0	1,728.9	1,723.3	1,729.9	3,021.0	3,012.3	3,204.2	3,301.8	3,243.9	3.7	***
	Non-Agriculture	1,223.6	1,247.3	1,098.2	1,125.7	1,332.3	1,372.9	1,463.0	1,573.3	2,541.8	2,572.7	2,790.0	2,593.8	2,556.5	3.4	**

			Northeast
Types of family	Minimum	Maximum	Average	Median	Standard Deviation	coefficient of variation (%)
Agricultural	0.00	5,000.00	245.53	100.00	426.54	173.72
Pluriactive	0.00	12,450.00	1,190.26	900.00	1,144.13	96.12
Non-Agriculture	0.00	14,200.00	1,115.09	800.00	1,135.19	101.80
			South
Agricultural	0.00	20,000.00	1,564.04	800.00	2,342.21	149.75
Pluriactive	0.00	13,350.00	3,243.92	2,940.00	2,189.34	67.49
Non-Agriculture	0.00	16,000.00	2,556.54	2,188.00	2,140.66	83.73

Types of family/schooling	Northeast				South
Agricultural	A	B	C	D	A	B	C	D
Unschooled**	31	2.7	0.3	0.3	3.3	0.9	0.4	0.3
1 to 5 years	40.4	2.9	0.2	0.4	24.3	19	7,8	9.7
6 to 9 years	12	1	0.1	0.1	4	5.8	2.7	4.5
10 to 12 years	7.3	0.7	0.2	0	3.2	4.7	2.3	3.7
13 years or older	0.3	0	0	0	0.7	1.2	0.4	1.1
Pluriactive	A	B	C	D	A	B	C	D
Unschooled**	14.5	1.9	0.3	0	2.2	0.9	0.2	0.1
1 to 5 years	31.2	3.4	0.3	0.2	13.1	13.7	3.9	3.4
6 to 9 years	16.6	2.8	0.2	0.4	4.7	9.5	4.2	4.1
10 to 12 years	15.7	5.2	1.1	0.6	7.3	16.3	4.4	1.5
13 years or older	1.9	2.3	1	0.4	1.3	3.8	3.5	2.1
Non-Agriculture	A	B	C	D	A	B	C	D
Unschooled**	10.5	2.6	0.5	0.5	2	0.7	0	0
1 to 5 years	22.1	6.6	1.1	1.1	10.6	12.8	4.1	3.4
6 to 9 years	16.6	6.6	1.3	0.4	5.6	11.9	5.6	4
10 to 12 years	15.7	7.6	1.4	0.7	4.6	11.1	5.5	6.6
13 years or older	1.3	1.9	1.1	0.5	0.7	2.8	4	3.8

			Northeast
Activities	Minimal	Maximum	Average	Median	Detour Pattern	CV (%)
Agricultural	0.14	1.00	0.69	0.72	0.149	21.59
Pluriativa	0.26	1.00	0.76	0.78	0.121	15.92
Non-Agriculture	0.17	1.00	0.79	0.81	0.120	15.19
			South
Agricultural	0.38	1.00	0.85	0.87	0.091	10.71
Pluriativa	0.45	1.00	0.88	0.90	0.090	10.23
Non-Agriculture	0.63	1.00	0.90	0.92	0.075	8.37

Region	Activity	OLS Robust	Quantile Regression Coefficients
Region	Activity	Coefficient	25%	50%	75%	90%
Northeast	Agricultural	0.091^* * p<0.01, **p<0.05, Source: Microdata PNAD/IBGE. Prepared by the authors.	0.12*	0.06*	0.03**	0.02*
	Pluriactive	0.066*	0.07*	0.60*	0.04*	0.38*
	Non-Agriculture	0.074*	0.06*	0.06*	0.05*	0.04*
South	Agricultural	0.118*	0.12*	0.10*	0.05*	0.03
	Pluriactive	0.145*	0.14*	0.12*	0,12*	0.13*
	Non-Agriculture	0.013	0.13*	0.08**	0.02	0.00

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E-mail: sober@sober.org.br

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[1] Source: the authors.