Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Caxias, state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2019-2020

Conceição, Hayla Nunes da; Coelho, Sara Ferreira; Madeiro, Alberto Pereira

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Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde

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Original Article • Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 30 (2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742021000200012 copy

Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Caxias, state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2019-2020

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective

To analyze prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence during pregnancy.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study, with data obtained through interviews conducted with pregnant women aged 10 to 49 years during the third trimester of pregnancy, living in Caxias, state of Maranhão, Brazil (2019-2020). The instrument of the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Study was used to identify violence. A hierarchical analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression.

Results

233 pregnant women were interviewed. The prevalence of violence during pregnancy was 33.0%, with predominance of psychological violence (18.9%). In the final hierarchical model, women aged <20 years old (ORadj=2.09 - 95%CI 1.17;3.54) and illicit drug use by intimate partner (ORadj=8.78 - 95%CI 2.13;28.92) remained as factors associated with the outcome.

Conclusion

Prevalence of violence during pregnancy was high, with illegal drug use by young women and their partners being factors associated with its occurrence.

Keywords:
Violence Against Women; Intimate Partner Violence; Pregnancy; Spouse Abuse; Cross-Sectional Studies

Variables	All (n=233)		IPVP^a (n=77)		ORcr^b	95%CI^c	p-value
Variables	n	%	n	%	ORcr^b	95%CI^c	p-value
Age group (in years)
<20	78	33.5	37	48.0	2.59	1.47;4.59	0.001
≥20	155	66.5	40	52.0	1.00
Race/skin color^d
White	11	4.7	2	2.6	1.00
Black	209	89.7	71	92.2	2.15	0.43;10.81	0.352
Education (in years of study)
≤8	89	38.2	34	44.1	1.00
≥9	144	61.8	43	55.9	0.68	0.39;1.20	0.189
Marital status
With a partner	189	81.1	59	76.6	1.00
Without a partner	44	18.9	18	23.4	1.52	0.78;2.99	0.220
Own income source
Yes	64	27.5	15	19.5	1.00
No	169	72.5	62	80.5	1.89	0.98;3.65	0.057
Occupation
With occupation	58	24.9	16	20.8	1.00
No occupation	175	75.1	61	79.2	1.40	0.73;2.70	0.309
Housing status
Home owner	168	72.1	53	68.8	1.00
Rented house	65	27.9	24	31.2	1.27	0.69;2.31	0.435
Alcohol consumption by pregnant women
Yes	62	26.6	23	29.9	1.27	0.69;2.35	0.429
No	171	73.4	54	70.1	1.00
Illicit drug use by pregnant women
Yes	6	2.6	3	3.9	2.06	0.41;10.49	0.381
No	227	97.4	74	96.1	1.00
Partner age group^e
<20	32	13.7	11	14.3	0.96	0.47;2.28	0.923
≥20	197	84.6	66	85.7	1.00
Partner race/skin color^f
White	50	21.5	14	18.2	1.00
Black	167	71.7	56	72.7	1.17	0.53;2.63	0.696
Partner’s education (in years of study)^g
≤8	85	36.5	32	41.5	1.00
≥9	127	54.5	39	50.6	0.73	0.41;1.31	0.295
Partner occupancy
With occupation	200	85.8	58	75.3	1.00
No occupation	33	14.2	19	24.7	3.32	1.51;7.02	0.002
Alcohol consumption by the partner
Yes	149	63.9	54	70.1	1.50	0.85;2.71	0.169
No	84	36.1	23	29.9	1.00
Illicit drug use by the partner
Yes	17	7.3	14	18.2	11.33	3.15;40.80	<0.001
No	216	92.7	63	81.8	1.00

Variables	All (n=233)		IPVP^a (n=77)		ORcr^b	95%CI^c	p-value
Variables	n	%	n	%	ORcr^b	95%CI^c	p-value
Physical violence before 15 years old
Yes	131	56.2	55	71.4	2.63	1.46;4.73	0.001
No	102	43.8	22	28.6	1.00
Physical violence after 15 years old^d
Yes	40	17.2	20	26.0	2.45	1.22;4.93	0.012
No	183	78.5	53	68.8	1.00
Sexual violence before 15 years old
Yes	15	6.4	9	11.7	3.30	1.13;9.67	0.029
No	218	93.6	68	88.3	1.00
Sexual violence after 15 years old^d
Yes	18	7.7	9	11.7	2.20	0.83;5.81	0.110
No	205	88.0	64	83.1	1.00
Psychological violence before 15 years old
Yes	119	51.1	54	70.1	3.28	1.84;5.89	<0.001
No	114	48.9	23	29.9	1.00
Psychological violence after 15 years old^e
Yes	100	42.9	45	58.4	2.77	1.59;4.94	0.001
No	123	52.8	28	36.4	1.00
Witnessed violence against their mothers
Yes	67	28.8	28	36.4	1.71	0.95;4.94	0.073
No	166	71.2	49	63.6	1.00
Type of violence witnessed^e
Physical and psychological	24	10.3	14	18.2	2.90	1.03;8.14	0.043
Others	43	18.5	14	18.2	1.00
Number of pregnancies
≤2	157	67.4	53	68.9	1.00
>2	76	32.6	24	31.2	0.90	0.50;1.63	0.740
Number of births
≤2	203	87.1	69	89.6	1.00
>2	30	12.9	8	10.4	0.70	0.29;1.67	0.426
History of miscarriage
Yes	51	21.9	18	23.4	1.00
No	182	78.1	59	76.6	0.87	0.46;.1.69	0.700
Number of prenatal consultations
<6	114	48.9	40	51.9	1.00
≥6	119	51.1	37	48.1	0.83	0.48;1.44	0.517

Variables	Model 1^a			Model 2^b
Variables	ORadj^c	95%CI^d	p-value	ORadj^c	95%CI^d	p-value
Age group (in years)
<20	2.18	1.15;4.18	0.023	2.09	1.17;3.54	0.031
≥20	1.00			1.00
Income source
Yes	1.00			1.00
No	1.08	0.86;2.56	0.211	1.06	0.84;2.45	0.465
Partner has professional occupation
Yes	1.00			1.00
No	1.87	0.79;4.33	0.372	1.51	0.82;3.65	0.127
Illicit drug use by the partner
Yes				8.78	2.13;28.92	0.001
No				1.00
Physical violence before 15 years old
Yes				1.55	0.93;4.55	0.134
No				1.00
Physical violence after 15 years old
Yes				1.73	0.81;3.60	0.342
No				1.00
Sexual violence before 15 years old
Yes				1.44	0.67;4.59	0.320
No				1.00
Psychological violence before 15 years old
Yes				1.68	0.75;6.01	0.128
No				1.00
Psychological violence after 15 years old
Yes				1.33	0.56;5.74	0.530
No				1.00
Witnessed aggression against their mothers
Yes				1.23	0.82;2.96	0.125
No				1.00
Type of aggression against their mothers they witnessed
Physical and psychological				1.94	0.74;6.04	0.076
Others				1.00

Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente - Ministério da Saúde do Brasil SRTVN Quadra 701, Via W5 Norte, Lote D, Edifício P0700, CEP: 70719-040, +55 61 3315-3464, Fax: +55 61 3315-3464 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: ress.svs@gmail.com

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[1] Correspondence: Hayla Nunes da Conceição - Av. Frei Serafim, No. 2280, Centro-Sul, Teresina, PI, Brazil. Postcode: 64001-450. E-mail: haylanunes_cx@hotmail.com