Sleep bruxism in children and its association with clinical and sleep characteristics: cross-sectional study

ALVES, Eliezer Gomes; FAGUNDES, Daniela Malagoni; FERREIRA, Meire Coelho

doi:10.1590/1981-86372022001120200077

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ORIGINAL • Rev Gaúch. Odontol. 70 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-86372022001120200077 copy

Sleep bruxism in children and its association with clinical and sleep characteristics: cross-sectional study

Bruxismo do sono em crianças e sua relação com características clínicas e do sono: estudo transversal

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of bruxism in children and its association with clinical and sleep characteristics.

Methods:

The study sample composed of 239 children aged 7 to 10 years enrolled in a public and a private school in the city of São Luís (MA). Bruxism was investigated based on parental reports of teeth grinding at night, sleep quality, and both intraoral and extraoral clinical aspects related to the condition. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-squared (c²) test, the linear trend c² test, and Fisher’s exact test with a 5% significance level.

Results:

The prevalence of bruxism was 19.7%. Among the children with bruxism, 17% had poor sleep quality, 44.1% slept up to nine hours per night, 82.2% had daytime sleepiness, and 17.9% felt tiredness or pain in the facial muscles upon waking.

Conclusions:

Based on the present findings, the prevalence of sleep bruxism was significant. No significant associations were observed with the factors investigated, although daytime sleepiness was found to be the most prevalent characteristic of bruxism.

Indexing terms
Child; Prevalence; Sleep bruxism

		n	(%)
Type of school
	Public	150	(62.8)
	Private	89	(37.2)

Sex
	Male	120	(50.2)
	Female	119	(49.8)

Age ^* * Data lost. MW = Minimum wage
	6 years	6	(2.5)
	7 years	43	(18.0)
	8 years	72	(30.1)
	9 years	69	(28.9)
	10 years	48	(20.1)

Breed ^* * Data lost. MW = Minimum wage
	White	79	(33.1)
	Black	19	(7.9)
	Brown	124	(51.9)
	Yellow	2	(0.8)
	No answer	15	(6.3)

*Family’s monthly income^ * Data lost. MW = Minimum wage**
	Less than 1 MW	51	(21.3)
	From 1 to less than 2 MW	54	(22.6)
	From 2 to less than 5 MW	41	(17.2)
	From 5 to less than 10 MW	32	(13.4)
	Above 15 MW	19	(7.9)
	I don’t know	20	(8.4)

		n	(%)
*Quality of sleep^ * Data lost.**
	Good	212	(88.7)
	Bad	23	(9.6)

*Hours Overnight^ * Data lost.**
	≤ 9 hours	85	(35.6)
	> 9 hours	99	(41.4)

*Child sleeps with the light on^ * Data lost.**
	No	166	(69.5)
	Yes	62	(25.9)

*Room with radio/TV noise on^ * Data lost.**
	No	165	(69.0)
	Yes	61	(25.5)
*Child is sleepy during the day^ * Data lost.**
	Yes	186	(77.8)
	No	34	(14.2)

		n	(%)
Child grits teeth during sleep ^* * Data lost.
	No	169	(70.7)
	Yes	47	(19.7)

Child feels tiredness or pain in the facial muscles when waking up ^* * Data lost.
	No	201	(84.1)
	Yes	16	(6.7)

*Child feels discomfort (sensitivity) in his teeth on waking up ^ * Data lost.**
	No	199	(83.3)
	Yes	14	(5.9)

*Child has earache or near earache at any time of the day ^ * Data lost.**
	No	176	(73.6)
	Yes	44	(18.4)

*Child has a habit of biting nails ^ * Data lost.**
	No	74	(31.0)
	Yes	101	(42.3)
*Child has a habit of biting objects^ * Data lost.**
	No	107	(44.8)
	Yes	47	(19.7)

*Child has a cheek biting habit^ * Data lost.**
	No	131	(54.8)
	Yes	16	(6.7)

*Child has habit of biting lips^ * Data lost.**
	No	127	(53.1)
	Yes	25	(10.5)

		n	(%)
Pain on palpation of the temporal muscle
	No	214	(89.5)
	Yes	25	(10.5)

Pain on palpation of the masseter muscle
	No	195	(81.6)
	Yes	44	(18.4)

Pain in the TMJ
	No	221	(92.5)
	Yes	18	(7.5)

Weekly headache
	No	209	(87.4)
	Yes	30	(12.6)
Linea alba
	No	205	(85.8)
	Yes	34	(14.2)

Tongue indentation,
	No	238	(99.6)
	Yes	1	(0.4)

Attrition
	Absent	189	(79.1)
	Present	29	(12.1)

		BRUXISM				p^† † Pearson’s chi-squared test;
		NO		YES
		n	(%)	n	(%)

*Type of school^ * Data Lost;**
	Public	114	(67.5)	24	(51.1)	0.039
	Private	55	(32.5)	23	(48.9)	0.039

*Sex^ * Data Lost;**
	Male	79	(46.7)	29	(61.7)	0.070
	Female	90	(53.3)	18	(38.3)	0.070

*Quality of sleep^ * Data Lost;**
	Good	155	(93.9)	39	(83.0)	0.033^‡ ‡ Fisher’s exact test.
	Bad	10	(6.1)	8	(17.0)	0.033^‡ ‡ Fisher’s exact test.

*Hours of sleep at night^ * Data Lost;**
	≤ 9 hours	59	(43.7)	15	(44.1)	0.965
	> 9 hours	76	(56.3)	19	(55.9)	0.965

*Child is sleepy during the day^ * Data Lost;**
	Yes	139	(85.8)	37	(82.2)	0.552
	No	23	(14.2)	8	(17.8)	0.552

		BRUXISM		p^† † Pearson’s chi-squared test;
		NO	YES
		n(%)	n(%)
*Child feels tiredness or pain in the facial muscles when waking up ^ * Data Lost;**
	No	152 (94.4)	32 (82.1)	0.019^‡
	Yes	9 (5.6)	7 (17.9)	0.019^‡

*Child feels discomfort in his teeth on waking up ^ * Data Lost;**
	No	151 (95.0)	35 (89.7)	0.258^‡ ‡ Fisher’s exact test.TMJ = temporomandibular joint.
	Yes	8 (5.0)	4 (10.3)

*Child has earache or near-earache pain ^ * Data Lost;**
	No	129 (80.1)	32 (80.0	0.986
	Yes	32 (19.9)	8 (20.0)	0.986

*Pain on palpation of the temporal muscle ^ * Data Lost;**
	Painless	154 (91.1)	40 (85.1)	0.274^‡
	With pain	15 (8.9)	7 (14.9)	0.274^‡

*Pain on palpation of the masseter muscle ^ * Data Lost;**
	Painless	137 (81.1)	37 (78.7)	0.720
	With pain	32 (18.9)	10 (21.3)	0.720

*Pain in the TMJ ^ * Data Lost;**
	Painless	160 (94.7)	43 (91.5)	0.487^‡
	With pain	9 (5.3)	4 (8.5)	0.487^‡

*Headache every week ^ * Data Lost;**
	No	149 (88.2)	40 (85,1)	0.575
	Yes	20 (11.8)	7(14.9)	0.575

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[1] Correspondence to: MC Ferreira. E-mail: meirecofe@hotmail.com.