Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Interações medicamentosas e reações adversas a medicamentos em polifarmácia em idosos: uma revisão integrativa1 1 Apoio financeiro da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brasil, processo nº BEX 4259/13-0.

RESUMO

Objetivo:

identificar e sintetizar estudos que examinam as interações medicamentosas (IM) e reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM) em idosos polimedicados.

Métodos:

revisão integrativa de estudos publicados de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2013, de acordo com critérios de inclusão e exclusão, nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE e EMBASE.

Resultados:

foram analisados 47 estudos de texto completo, incluindo 14,624,492 idosos (≥ 60 anos): 24 (51,1%) sobre RAM, 14 (29,8%) sobre IM e 9 estudos (19,1%) que investigaram tanto IM como RAM. Encontramos uma variedade de desenhos metodológicos. Os estudos revisados reforçaram que a polifarmácia é um processo multifatorial, e os preditores e a prescrição inadequada estão associados a resultados negativos de saúde, como aumento da frequência e tipos de RAM e IM envolvendo diferentes classes de drogas, além disso, alguns estudos mostram as intervenções mais bem-sucedidas para otimizar a prescrição.

Conclusões:

IM e RAM entre idosos continuam a ser um problema significativo no mundo todo. Os resultados dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão integrativa, adicionado às revisões anteriores, podem contribuir para a melhoria das práticas avançadas de enfermagem geriátrica, para promover a segurança dos pacientes idosos em polifarmácia. No entanto, são necessárias mais pesquisas para elucidar lacunas.

Descritores:
Idoso; Polimedicação; Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências; Revisão

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to identify and summarize studies examining both drug-drug interactions (DDI) and adverse drug reactions (ADR) in older adults polymedicated.

Methods:

an integrative review of studies published from January 2008 to December 2013, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, in MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases were performed.

Results:

forty-seven full-text studies including 14,624,492 older adults (≥ 60 years) were analyzed: 24 (51.1%) concerning ADR, 14 (29.8%) DDI, and 9 studies (19.1%) investigating both DDI and ADR. We found a variety of methodological designs. The reviewed studies reinforced that polypharmacy is a multifactorial process, and predictors and inappropriate prescribing are associated with negative health outcomes, as increasing the frequency and types of ADRs and DDIs involving different drug classes, moreover, some studies show the most successful interventions to optimize prescribing.

Conclusions:

DDI and ADR among older adults continue to be a significant issue in the worldwide. The findings from the studies included in this integrative review, added to the previous reviews, can contribute to the improvement of advanced practices in geriatric nursing, to promote the safety of older patients in polypharmacy. However, more research is needed to elucidate gaps.

Descriptors:
Aged; Polypharmacy; Evidence-Based Practice; Review

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

identificar y resumir los estudios que analizan tanto las interacciones medicamentosas (IM) como las reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) en los adultos mayores polimedicados.

Métodos:

revisión integradora de estudios publicados entre enero de 2008 a diciembre de 2013, siguiendo criterios de inclusión y exclusión, en las bases de datos electrónicas MEDLINE y EMBASE.

Resultados:

cuarenta y siete estudios de texto completo incluidos fueron analizados incluyendo 14,624,492 adultos mayores (≥ 60 años), de ellos 24 (51,1%) en relación con RAM, 14 (29,9%) con IM y 9 estudios (19,1%) que investigaron tanto IM como RAM. Encontramos una gran variedad de diseños metodológicos. Los estudios revisados reforzaron el concepto que la polifarmacia es un proceso multifactorial, y los predictores y la prescripción inadecuada se asocian con resultados negativos para la salud tales como el aumento de la frecuencia y tipos de RAM y IM implicando diferentes clases de fármacos, además que algunos estudios muestran cuales son las intervenciones más exitosas para optimizar la prescripción.

Conclusiones:

IM y RAM siguen siendo un problema importante en el mundo entero entre los adultos mayores. Los resultados de los estudios incluidos en esta revisión integradora, sumado a las revisiones previas, pueden contribuir a la mejora de las prácticas avanzadas de enfermería geriátrica, para promover la seguridad de los pacientes de mayor edad en la polifarmacia. Sin embargo, se necesita más investigación para esclarecer los vacíos de conocimiento.

Descriptores:
Anciano; Polifarmacia; Práctica Clínica Basada en la Evidencia; Revisión

Introdução

O mundo está à beira de um marco na evolução demográfica. Nos próximos cinco anos, o número de pessoas com 65 anos ou mais serão mais numerosas que as crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade. Impulsionada pela queda das taxas de fertilidade e o aumento considerável da expectativa de vida, o envelhecimento da população vai continuar e mesmo acelerar. O número de pessoas com 65 anos ou mais está projetado para crescer a partir de uma estimativa de 524 milhões em 2010 para quase 1,5 bilhão em 2050, com a maior parte do aumento nos países em desenvolvimento11. World Health Organization and US National Institute on Aging. Global Health and Aging report. [Internet]. 2011. [Acesso 28 jul 2015]. Disponível em: http://d2cauhfh6h4x0p.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/global_health_and_aging.pdf.
http://d2cauhfh6h4x0p.cloudfront.net/s3f...
.

Envelhecimento, um dos fenômenos biológicos mais complexos, é um processo multifacetado em que ocorrem várias mudanças fisiológicas, tanto a nível dos tecidos como no organismo todo, ocorrendo em cascata, especialmente na pós-reprodução22. Silva LRF. From old age to third age: the historical course of the identities linked to the process of ageing. Hist Cienc Saude-Manguinhos. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 28 jul 2015];15(1):155-68. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0104-59702008000100009&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S010...
. As mudanças que caracterizam o envelhecimento incluem: mudanças na composição bioquímica dos tecidos; diminuição progressiva da capacidade fisiológica; reduzida capacidade de se adaptar a estímulos; aumento da susceptibilidade e vulnerabilidade a doenças e aumento do risco de morte33. Troen BR. The biology of aging. Mt Sinai J Med. [Internet]. 2003 [Acesso 28 jul 2015];70:3-22. Disponível em: https://d2cauhfh6h4x0p.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/biology-of-aging_1.pdf?iMmu_oMbm0bO66xNEmC5mioamo2LwmEp
https://d2cauhfh6h4x0p.cloudfront.net/s3...
.

As doenças crônicas relacionadas com a idade, como dislipidemia, hipertensão, diabetes, depressão, geralmente requerem o uso de múltiplas drogas, uma condição conhecida como polifarmácia. Isto refere à utilização de vários medicamentos e/ou mais medicamentos do que os clinicamente indicados. Estima-se que mais de 40% dos adultos com 65 anos ou mais usam 5 ou mais medicamentos, e 12% usam 10 ou mais medicamentos diferentes44. Gurwitz JH, Field TS, Harrold LR, Rothschild J, Debellis K, Seger AC, et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA. [Internet]. 2003 [Acesso 28 jul 2015]; 289(9):1107-16. Disponível em: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=196099
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx...
. No entanto, a magnitude do problema entre os idosos ainda é pouco conhecido na maioria dos países.

É bem conhecido na literatura que a polifarmácia aumenta a utilização inadequada de drogas, conduzindo à subutilização de medicamentos essenciais para o controle apropriado das condições prevalentes nos idosos. Além disso, cria-se uma barreira à adesão ao tratamento na medida em que há esquemas terapêuticos complexos, permitindo a ocorrência de erros de medicação, interações medicamentosas, reações adversas e má qualidade de vida. Ela aumenta a morbidade, mortalidade e complexidade da atenção. A polifarmácia também impõe uma carga financeira enorme para os idosos e o sistema de saúde55. Vonbach P, Dubied A, Krähenbühl S, Beer JH. Prevalence of drug-drug interactions at hospital entry and during stay of patients in internal medicine. Eur J Intern Med. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];19(6):413-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2007.12.0...
.

Além disso, deve-se atentar para o fato de que o corpo dos idosos apresenta mudanças em suas funções fisiológicas que podem levar a uma farmacocinética diferenciada e a uma maior sensibilidade, tanto para os efeitos terapêuticos como adversos das drogas55. Vonbach P, Dubied A, Krähenbühl S, Beer JH. Prevalence of drug-drug interactions at hospital entry and during stay of patients in internal medicine. Eur J Intern Med. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];19(6):413-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2007.12.0...
. A farmacocinética, a farmacodinâmica e os resultados clínicos são afetados por uma série de fatores específicos do paciente, incluindo idade, sexo, etnia, genética, processos de doença, polifarmácia, dose e frequência da droga, fatores sociais, e muitos outros fatores66. Alomar MJ. Factors affecting the development of adverse drug reactions (Review article). Saudi Pharm J. [Internet]. 2014 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];22(2):83-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.02.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.02.0...
.

O cenário acima destaca que o envelhecimento da população é um fenômeno mundial e que a prática da polifarmácia é perigosa para os pacientes, em especial para os idosos, porque favorece o surgimento de interações medicamentosas (IM), reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM), efeitos colaterais, hospitalizações mais longas, doenças iatrogênicas e também podem conduzir a complicações que induzem à morte do paciente. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão integrativa mais ampla que visa identificar e sintetizar estudos que examinam as IM e RAM em idosos polimedicados.

Métodos

As etapas desta revisão integrativa incluem: identificação do problema formulando a pergunta apropriada a ser investigada; busca bibliográfica selecionando artigos de acordo com critérios pré-determinados; avaliação dos dados extraindo dados de cada resumo dos resultados do estudo; análise de dados e apresentação dos resultados77. Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: update methodology. J Adv Nurs. [Internet]. 2005 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];52(5):546-53. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005...
. A seguir descrevem-se as etapas da revisão integrativa para este estudo.

Para elaborar a questão norteadora foi aplicada a estratégia PICO definindo a população "idosos", a intervenção "uso de múltiplos medicamentos/polifarmácia" e desfecho "ocorrência de interações medicamentosas e reações adversas a medicamentos". Assim, a questão central desta revisão integrativa foi: Qual é a evidência científica disponível que demonstra a ocorrência de interações medicamentosas e reações adversas a medicamentos em idosos (ou seja, ≥60 anos de idade) polimedicados?

Para a seleção dos artigos, foram elegíveis estudos publicados em inglês, espanhol e português, no período entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2013. O período de tempo foi baseado na existência de duas avaliações anteriores da literatura. Uma delas, investigou os estudos observacionais que examinaram a epidemiologia da polifarmácia, revisando estudos randomizados controlados publicados nas últimas 2 décadas (de 1986 a Junho de 2007) desenhados para a redução da polifarmácia em idosos88. Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT. Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. [Internet]. 2007 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];5(4):345-51. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007...
; e, outra revisão que analisou o corpo de literatura que se refere à polifarmácia em indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, entre janeiro de 1991 e outubro de 2003, para (a) determinar a definição de polifarmácia dos prestadores de cuidados primários, (b) explorar como a polifarmácia era avaliada na atenção primária, e (c) buscar intervenções testadas que abordam a polifarmácia99. Fulton MM, Allen ER. Polypharmacy in the elderly: a literature review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. [Internet]. 2005 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];17(4):123-32. doi: 10.111/j.1041-2972.2005.0020.x
https://doi.org/10.111/j.1041-2972.2005....
.

Adicionalmente, foram selecionados estudos obtidos a partir de fontes primárias, representados por artigos científicos originais, pesquisas que mostraram dados sobre a ocorrência de IM e RAM em idosos (≥ 60 anos de idade), do sexo feminino e masculino, que recebiam múltiplos medicamentos (polifarmácia). Foram excluídos desta revisão: artigos sobre interações droga-doença, medicamento-alimento, droga-álcool e estado nutricional-medicamento, resumos, artigos de estudo de caso, notícias, comentários, reflexões, artigos de revisão sistemáticos, atualizações clínicas, opinião de especialistas, estudos envolvendo concomitantemente crianças (nascimento - 18 anos), adultos (≥19 anos), de meia idade (≥45 anos) e idosos (≥ 60 anos), pesquisas de abordagem qualitativa, editoriais, consensos, protocolos de estudo, orientações clínicas, revisões, comunicações curtas, monografias, estudos teóricos e estudos de avaliação econômica e artigos publicados antes de 2008.

As seguintes bases de dados bibliográficas foram pesquisadas: International Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed e EMBASE. Nestas bases de dados foram utilizados Medical Subject Heading Terms (MeSH) e termos Emtree. Os principais descritores adotados na estratégia de pesquisa para estudos primários foram: idosos, polifarmácia, interações medicamentosas, reações adversas a medicamentos e idade, combinados usando os operadores booleanos AND e OR.

Depois da busca, todos os artigos foram filtrados pela leitura de seu título, resumo e, quando necessário, pela leitura breve do conteúdo, identificando assim os artigos que potencialmente abordavam o tema. Os artigos selecionados foram analisados inicialmente e, numa segunda fase, eles foram lidos em mais detalhe em relação ao respectivo conteúdo. Finalmente, os artigos selecionados tiveram seus dados sintetizados. Para resumir os dados dos artigos selecionados e com o objetivo de garantir que toda a informação relevante fosse extraída, foi aplicado para cada estudo um instrumento validado por Ganong1010. Ganong LH. Integrative reviews of nursing research. Res Nurs Health. [Internet]. 1987 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];10(1):1-11. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770100103
https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770100103...
.

A fim de determinar a relevância dos artigos capturados nas bases de dados pesquisadas, dois examinadores realizaram a síntese dos dados de interesse de forma independente, seguida pela análise temática dos artigos. Cada item sintetizado/registrado no instrumento foi arquivado em Microsoft Word(r) de 2007, gerando um banco de dados. Todas as divergências foram resolvidas por discussão.

Os resultados e análise de dados são apresentados sob a forma descritiva.

Resultados

Um total de 409 referências foi identificado e delas, 47 incluídas para a análise final. Para detalhes, ver o diagrama de fluxo (Figura 1).

Figura 1
Diagrama de fluxo dos artigos filtrados, avaliados para elegibilidade, incluídos e excluídos, Londres, Reino Unido, 2013

Os artigos analisados ​​eram de diferentes países: 9 (19,1%) dos Estados Unidos, 7 (14,9%) do Canadá, 6 (12,8%) do Brasil, 4 (8,5%) da Irlanda, 3 (6,4%, respectivamente) da Bélgica e a Índia, 2 (4,3%, respectivamente) da Austrália, Croácia, Espanha, Noruega e 1 (2,1%, respectivamente) proveniente da França, Indonésia, Holanda, Singapura, Suíça, Suécia, Taiwan. Em relação ao idioma, 46 (97,9%) artigos foram escritos em inglês e apenas um (2,1%) em espanhol. Foram incluídos estudos descritivos e analíticos: transversais (n = 9; 19,1%), seguido por estudos de coorte (n = 7; 14,9%), caso-controle aninhado (n = 6; 12,8%) e prospectivo e prospectivo observacional (n = 5; 10,6%, respectivamente), entre outros. Considerando todos os 47 artigos analisados, um total de 14,624,492 adultos idosos (≥ 60 anos) foram incluídos, predominantemente de hospitais (n = 22 artigos; 45,8%). Em relação à autoria das publicações, 31 (66,0%) são de pesquisadores multidisciplinares, 8 (17,0%) de farmacêuticos, 7 (14,9%) de médicos e 1 (2,1%) de dentistas.

Figura 2
Artigos revisados de acordo com suas características. Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2014

Figura 3
Resumo dos resultados dos estudos sobre potenciais IM e RAM. Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2014

Dos 47 registros que resultam das estratégias de busca, 24 (51,1%) se recuperaram como artigos em texto completo para revisões relativas à RAM1111. Gallagher P, O'Mahony. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(6):673-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn197.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn197...

12. Gallagher PF, Barry PJ, Ryan C, Hartigan I, O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers' Criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(1):96-101. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afm116
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13. Zhang M, Holman CDJ, Price SD, Sanfilippo FM, Preen DB, Bulsara MK. Comorbidity and repeat admission to hospital for adverse drug reactions in older adults: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];338:a2752. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2752
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2752...

14. Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, Szmitko PE, Austin PC, Tu JV, et al. A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];180(7):713-8. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.082001
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.082001...

15. Rassen JA, Choudhry NK, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S. Cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients using clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors after percutaneous coronary intervention or acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. [Internet]. 2009; 120:2322-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.873497
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,5656. Klopotowska JE, Wierenga PC, Smorenburg SM, Stuijt CCM, Arisz L, Kuks PFM, et al. Recognition of adverse drug events in older hospitalized medical patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(1):75-85. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1316-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1316-...
) , 14 (29,8%) a IM2121. Bacic-Vrca V, Marusic S, Erdeljic V, Falamic S, Gojo-Tomic N, Rahelic D. The incidence of potential drug-drug interactions in elderly patients with arterial hypertension. Pharm World Sci. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];32(6):815-21. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9442-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9442-...

22. Rahmawati F, Hidayati N, Rochmah W, Sulaiman SAS. Potentiality of drug-drug interactions in hospitalized geriatric patients in a private hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];3(3):191-4. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/3579826/POTENTIALITY_OF_DRUG-DRUG_INTERACTIONS_IN_HOSPITALIZED_GERIATRIC_PATIENTS_IN_A_PRIVATE_HOSPITAL_YOGYAKARTA_INDONESIA
-2323. Wright AJ, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Horn JR, Juurlink DN. The risk of hypotension following co-prescription of macrolide antibiotics and calcium-channel blockers. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 11 mar 2016];183(3):303-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100702
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.100702...
,2727. Mendes-Netto RS, Silva CQV, Oliveira AD Filho, Rocha CE, Lyra-Junior DP. Assessment of drug interactions in elderly patients of a family health care unit in Aracaju (Brazil): a pilot study. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2011;5:812-8. DOI: 10.5897/AJPP10.299
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP10.299...
,3030. Gallagher PF, O'Connor MN, O'Mahony D. Prevention of potentially inappropriate prescribing for elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial using STOPP/START criteria. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.44
https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2011.44...

31. Hanlon JT, Wang X, Castle NG, Stone RA, Handler SM, Semla TP, et al. Potential underuse, overuse and inappropriate use of antidepressants in older veteran nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];59(8):1412-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03522.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...

32. Skaar DD, O'Connor H. Potentially serious drug-drug interactions among community-dwelling older adult dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];112(2):153-60. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.048
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.0...
-3333. Venturini CD, Engroff P, Ely LS, Zago LFA, Schroester G, Gomes I, et al. Gender diferences, polypharmacy, and potential pharmacological interactions in the elderly. Clinics. (São Paulo). [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];66(11):1867-72. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-59322011001100004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5932201100...
,4141. Bakken MS, Ranhoff AH, Engeland A, Ruths S. Inappropriate prescribing for older people admitted to an intermediate-care nursing home unit and hospital wards. Scand J Prim Health Care. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];30(3):169-75. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2012.704813.
https://doi.org/10.3109/02813432.2012.70...
,4343. Halvorsen KH, Granas AG, Engeland A, Ruths S. Prescribing quality for older people in Norwegian nursing homes and home nursing services using multidose dispensed drugs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];21(9):929-36. doi: 10.1002/pds.2232.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2232....

44. Mehuys E, Dupond L, Petrovic M, Christiaens T, Van Bortel L, Adriaens E, et al. Medication management among home-dwelling older patients with chronic diseases: possible roles for community pharmacists. J Nutr Health Aging. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];16(8):721-6. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0028-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0028-...
-4545. Pincus D, Gomes T, Hellings C, Zheng H, Paterson JM, Mamdani MM, et al. A population-based assessment of the drug interaction between levothyroxine and warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];92(6):766-70. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2012.171.
https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2012.171....
,4949. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Marusic S, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian primary public health system. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];15(2):344-54. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/12209/13688
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
,5353. Marusic S, Bacic-Vrca V, Obreli-Neto PR, Franic M, Erdeljic V, Gojo-Tomic N. Actual drug-drug interactions in elderly patients discharged from internal medicine clinic: a prospective observational study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(9):1717-24. doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1531-7.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-013-1531-...
e nove (19,1%) relacionadas a ambas IM e RAM1919. Somers M, Rose E, Simmonds D, Whitelaw C, Calver J, Beer C. Quality use of medicines in residential aged care. Aust Fam Physician. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 16 mar 2016]; 39(6):413-6. Available from: http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2010/June/201006somers.pdf
http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documen...
,2626. Santos RM, Sette IMF, Belém LF. Drug use by elderly inpatients of a philanthropic hospital. Braz J Pharm Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];47(2):391-2. dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502011000200021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-8250201100...
,3737. Chan DC, Chen JH, Kuo HK, We CJ, Lu IS, Chiu LS, et al. Drug-related problems (DRPs) identified from geriatric medication safety review clinics. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];54(1):168-74. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.02.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.0...
,4242. Romana A, Kamath L, Sarda A, Muraraiah S, CR Jayanthi. Polypharmacy leading to adverse drug reactions in elderly in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];3(3):218-24. Available from: http://www.ijpbs.net/vol-3/issue-3/pharma/23.pdf
http://www.ijpbs.net/vol-3/issue-3/pharm...
,4747. Vila JV, Vila MMV, Ibáñez LS, Zaragoza JAA, Royo LM. Adecuación de la utilización de benzodiazepinas en ancianos desde la oficina de farmacia. Un estudio de colaboración médico-farmacéutico. Aten Primaria. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];44(7):402-10. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07....
-4848. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Lyra-Júnior DP, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Incidence and predictors of adverse drug reactions caused by drug-drug interactions in elderly outpatients: a prospective cohort study. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012[Access 12 mar 2016];15(2):332-43. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/17049/13684
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
,5050. Ramanath KV, Nedumballi S. Assessment of medication-related problems in geriatric patients of a rural tertiary care hospital. J Young Pharm. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];4(4):273-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-1483.104372
https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1483.104372...
,5555. Yeoh TT, Si P, Chew L. The impact of medication therapy management in older oncology patients. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];21(5):1287-93. doi: 10.1007/s00520-012-1661-y.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-012-1661-...
,5757. Somers A, Robays H, De Paepe P, Van Maele G, Perehudoff K, Petrovic M. Evaluation of clinical pharmacist recommendations in the geriatric ward of a Belgium university hospital. Clin Interv Aging. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];8:703-9. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S42162.
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S42162....
, de acordo com as Figuras 2 e 3.

Discussão

De acordo o nosso melhor conhecimento, esta é a primeira revisão integrativa examinando estudos publicados entre 2008-2013 sobre a ocorrência de IMs e RAMs especificamente entre os idosos. Este estudo ajuda a demonstrar que a questão em foco é um problema prevalente em vários países. No entanto, generalizar os resultados desta revisão é difícil por causa da multiplicidade de métodos e tamanhos de amostra de vários estudos e a diversidade de locais onde foram realizados. Alguns aspectos são destacados.

Inicialmente, diferentes definições de polifarmácia foram utilizadas nos estudos analisados, tais como ≥33333. Venturini CD, Engroff P, Ely LS, Zago LFA, Schroester G, Gomes I, et al. Gender diferences, polypharmacy, and potential pharmacological interactions in the elderly. Clinics. (São Paulo). [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];66(11):1867-72. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-59322011001100004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5932201100...
, ≥51919. Somers M, Rose E, Simmonds D, Whitelaw C, Calver J, Beer C. Quality use of medicines in residential aged care. Aust Fam Physician. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 16 mar 2016]; 39(6):413-6. Available from: http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2010/June/201006somers.pdf
http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documen...
-2020. Harugeri A, Joseph J, Parthasarathi G, Ramesh M, Guido S. Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly patients: a study of prevalence and predictors in two teaching hospitals. J Postgrad Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];56(3):186-91. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.68642.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.68642...
,2626. Santos RM, Sette IMF, Belém LF. Drug use by elderly inpatients of a philanthropic hospital. Braz J Pharm Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];47(2):391-2. dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502011000200021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-8250201100...
-2727. Mendes-Netto RS, Silva CQV, Oliveira AD Filho, Rocha CE, Lyra-Junior DP. Assessment of drug interactions in elderly patients of a family health care unit in Aracaju (Brazil): a pilot study. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2011;5:812-8. DOI: 10.5897/AJPP10.299
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP10.299...
,2929. Varallo FR, Capucho HC, Planeta CS, Mastroianni PC. Safety assessment of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) use in older people and the factors associated with hospital admission. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet] 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. Disponível em: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/9795/8379
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
,3131. Hanlon JT, Wang X, Castle NG, Stone RA, Handler SM, Semla TP, et al. Potential underuse, overuse and inappropriate use of antidepressants in older veteran nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];59(8):1412-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03522.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...
,3737. Chan DC, Chen JH, Kuo HK, We CJ, Lu IS, Chiu LS, et al. Drug-related problems (DRPs) identified from geriatric medication safety review clinics. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];54(1):168-74. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.02.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.0...
,4242. Romana A, Kamath L, Sarda A, Muraraiah S, CR Jayanthi. Polypharmacy leading to adverse drug reactions in elderly in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];3(3):218-24. Available from: http://www.ijpbs.net/vol-3/issue-3/pharma/23.pdf
http://www.ijpbs.net/vol-3/issue-3/pharm...
,4444. Mehuys E, Dupond L, Petrovic M, Christiaens T, Van Bortel L, Adriaens E, et al. Medication management among home-dwelling older patients with chronic diseases: possible roles for community pharmacists. J Nutr Health Aging. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];16(8):721-6. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0028-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0028-...
,4646. Marcum ZA, Amuan ME, Hanlon JT, Aspinall SL, Handler SM, Ruby CM, et al. Prevalence of unplanned hospitalizations caused by adverse drug reactions in older veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2012;60(1):34-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03772.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...
,5151. Bonnet-Zamponi D, d'Arailh L, Konrat C, Delpierre S, Lieberherr D, Lemaire A, et al. Drug-related readmissions to medical units of older adults discharged from acute geriatric units: results of the optimization of medication in AGEd multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];61(1):113-21. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12037
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12037...
, ≥65252. Nickel CH, Ruedinger JM, Messmer AS, Maile S, Peng A, Bodmer M, et al. Drug-related emergency department visits by elderly patients presenting with non-specific complaints. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];21:15. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-21-15.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-21-15....
ou ≥101111. Gallagher P, O'Mahony. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(6):673-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn197.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn197...
-1212. Gallagher PF, Barry PJ, Ryan C, Hartigan I, O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers' Criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(1):96-101. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afm116
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afm116...
,1515. Rassen JA, Choudhry NK, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S. Cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients using clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors after percutaneous coronary intervention or acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. [Internet]. 2009; 120:2322-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.873497
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.1...
. Em 31 estudos não houve definição de polifarmácia1313. Zhang M, Holman CDJ, Price SD, Sanfilippo FM, Preen DB, Bulsara MK. Comorbidity and repeat admission to hospital for adverse drug reactions in older adults: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];338:a2752. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2752
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2752...
-1414. Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, Szmitko PE, Austin PC, Tu JV, et al. A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];180(7):713-8. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.082001
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.082001...
,1616. Miquel MDC, Cuervo MS, Silveira ED, Machuca IS, González-Blazquez S, Errasquin BM, et al. Potentially inappropriate drug prescription in older subjects across health care settings. Eur Geriat Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];1(1):9-14. doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12...

17. Weir MA, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Mamdani M, Hackam DG, Jain AK, et al. Beta-blockers, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and the risk of hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization in the elderly: a nested case-control study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];5(9):1544-51. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01970310.
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01970310....
-1818. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Duong-Hua M, Pritchard KI, Austin PC, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2010; [Acesso 15 mar 2016];340:c693. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c693.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c693...
,2121. Bacic-Vrca V, Marusic S, Erdeljic V, Falamic S, Gojo-Tomic N, Rahelic D. The incidence of potential drug-drug interactions in elderly patients with arterial hypertension. Pharm World Sci. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];32(6):815-21. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9442-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9442-...

22. Rahmawati F, Hidayati N, Rochmah W, Sulaiman SAS. Potentiality of drug-drug interactions in hospitalized geriatric patients in a private hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];3(3):191-4. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/3579826/POTENTIALITY_OF_DRUG-DRUG_INTERACTIONS_IN_HOSPITALIZED_GERIATRIC_PATIENTS_IN_A_PRIVATE_HOSPITAL_YOGYAKARTA_INDONESIA

23. Wright AJ, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Horn JR, Juurlink DN. The risk of hypotension following co-prescription of macrolide antibiotics and calcium-channel blockers. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 11 mar 2016];183(3):303-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100702
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.100702...

24. Steinman MA, Lund BC, Miao Y, Boscardin WJ, Kaboli PJ. Geriatric conditions, medication use, and risk of adverse drug events in a predominantly male, older veteran population. Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 [Acesso 15 mar 2016];59(4):615-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...
-2525. Steinman MA, Hanlon JT, Sloane RJ, Boscardin WJ, Schmader KE. Do geriatric conditions increase risk of adverse drug reactions in ambulatory elders? Results from the VA GEM drug study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];66(4):444-51. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq236
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq236...
,2828. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Yao Z, Hellings C, Garg AX, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced hyperkalaemia in elderly patients receiving spironolactone: nested case-control study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];343:d5228. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5228
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5228...
,3030. Gallagher PF, O'Connor MN, O'Mahony D. Prevention of potentially inappropriate prescribing for elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial using STOPP/START criteria. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.44
https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2011.44...
,3232. Skaar DD, O'Connor H. Potentially serious drug-drug interactions among community-dwelling older adult dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];112(2):153-60. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.048
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.0...
,3434. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced phenytoin toxicity in the elderly: a population-based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2011;71(4):544-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03866.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010...

35. Budnitz DS, Lovegrove MC, Lovegrove N, Richards CL. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older americans. N Engl J Med. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];365:2002-12. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1103053
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1103053...
-3636. Coupland C, Dhiman P, Morriss R, Arthur A, Barton G, Hippisley-Cox J. Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];343:d4551. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4551.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4551....
,3838. Baillargeon J, Holmes HM, Lin YL, Raji MA, Sharma G, Kuo YF. Concurrent use of warfarin and antibiotics and the risk of bleeding in older adults. Am J Med. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];125(2):183-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08...

39. O'Connor MN, Gallagher P, Byrne S, O'Mahony D. Adverse drug reactions in older patients during hospitalization: are they predictable? Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];41(6):771-6. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs046.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afs046....

40. Somers A, Mallet L, Cammen TVA, Robays H, Petrovic M. Applicability of an adapted medication appropriateness index for detection of drug-related problems in geriatric inpatients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];10(2):101-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.01.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012...
-4141. Bakken MS, Ranhoff AH, Engeland A, Ruths S. Inappropriate prescribing for older people admitted to an intermediate-care nursing home unit and hospital wards. Scand J Prim Health Care. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];30(3):169-75. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2012.704813.
https://doi.org/10.3109/02813432.2012.70...
,4343. Halvorsen KH, Granas AG, Engeland A, Ruths S. Prescribing quality for older people in Norwegian nursing homes and home nursing services using multidose dispensed drugs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];21(9):929-36. doi: 10.1002/pds.2232.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2232....
,4545. Pincus D, Gomes T, Hellings C, Zheng H, Paterson JM, Mamdani MM, et al. A population-based assessment of the drug interaction between levothyroxine and warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];92(6):766-70. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2012.171.
https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2012.171....
,4747. Vila JV, Vila MMV, Ibáñez LS, Zaragoza JAA, Royo LM. Adecuación de la utilización de benzodiazepinas en ancianos desde la oficina de farmacia. Un estudio de colaboración médico-farmacéutico. Aten Primaria. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];44(7):402-10. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07....

48. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Lyra-Júnior DP, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Incidence and predictors of adverse drug reactions caused by drug-drug interactions in elderly outpatients: a prospective cohort study. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012[Access 12 mar 2016];15(2):332-43. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/17049/13684
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...

49. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Marusic S, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian primary public health system. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];15(2):344-54. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/12209/13688
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
-5050. Ramanath KV, Nedumballi S. Assessment of medication-related problems in geriatric patients of a rural tertiary care hospital. J Young Pharm. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];4(4):273-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-1483.104372
https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1483.104372...
,5353. Marusic S, Bacic-Vrca V, Obreli-Neto PR, Franic M, Erdeljic V, Gojo-Tomic N. Actual drug-drug interactions in elderly patients discharged from internal medicine clinic: a prospective observational study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(9):1717-24. doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1531-7.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-013-1531-...

54. Bondesson A, Eriksson T, Kraig A, Holmdahl L, Midlöv P, Höglund P. In-hospital medication reviews reduce unidentified drug-related problems. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(3):647-55. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1368-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1368-...

55. Yeoh TT, Si P, Chew L. The impact of medication therapy management in older oncology patients. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];21(5):1287-93. doi: 10.1007/s00520-012-1661-y.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-012-1661-...

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. Por conseguinte, existe a necessidade de um ponto de corte claro que defina o que é polifarmácia a nível mundial. Uma definição que enfoca em saber se o medicamento deve ser clinicamente indicado pode ser mais apropriada99. Fulton MM, Allen ER. Polypharmacy in the elderly: a literature review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. [Internet]. 2005 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];17(4):123-32. doi: 10.111/j.1041-2972.2005.0020.x
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do que o número de medicamentos ingeridos.

IM e RAM são, muitas vezes, resultados finais da polifarmácia, como mostrado nos estudos analisados 1111. Gallagher P, O'Mahony. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(6):673-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn197.
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15. Rassen JA, Choudhry NK, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S. Cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients using clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors after percutaneous coronary intervention or acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. [Internet]. 2009; 120:2322-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.873497
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23. Wright AJ, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Horn JR, Juurlink DN. The risk of hypotension following co-prescription of macrolide antibiotics and calcium-channel blockers. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 11 mar 2016];183(3):303-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100702
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24. Steinman MA, Lund BC, Miao Y, Boscardin WJ, Kaboli PJ. Geriatric conditions, medication use, and risk of adverse drug events in a predominantly male, older veteran population. Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 [Acesso 15 mar 2016];59(4):615-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03331.x
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25. Steinman MA, Hanlon JT, Sloane RJ, Boscardin WJ, Schmader KE. Do geriatric conditions increase risk of adverse drug reactions in ambulatory elders? Results from the VA GEM drug study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];66(4):444-51. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq236
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56. Klopotowska JE, Wierenga PC, Smorenburg SM, Stuijt CCM, Arisz L, Kuks PFM, et al. Recognition of adverse drug events in older hospitalized medical patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(1):75-85. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1316-4
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, e estão associados a outros preditores, por exemplo: as diferenças de sexo2424. Steinman MA, Lund BC, Miao Y, Boscardin WJ, Kaboli PJ. Geriatric conditions, medication use, and risk of adverse drug events in a predominantly male, older veteran population. Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 [Acesso 15 mar 2016];59(4):615-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03331.x
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,3333. Venturini CD, Engroff P, Ely LS, Zago LFA, Schroester G, Gomes I, et al. Gender diferences, polypharmacy, and potential pharmacological interactions in the elderly. Clinics. (São Paulo). [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];66(11):1867-72. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-59322011001100004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5932201100...
; sexo dos pacientes, o consumo de álcool e tabagismo2929. Varallo FR, Capucho HC, Planeta CS, Mastroianni PC. Safety assessment of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) use in older people and the factors associated with hospital admission. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet] 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. Disponível em: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/9795/8379
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
; o aumento da idade3939. O'Connor MN, Gallagher P, Byrne S, O'Mahony D. Adverse drug reactions in older patients during hospitalization: are they predictable? Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];41(6):771-6. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs046.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afs046....
,4949. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Marusic S, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian primary public health system. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];15(2):344-54. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/12209/13688
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
; diagnósticos de doenças e múltiplas comorbidades2121. Bacic-Vrca V, Marusic S, Erdeljic V, Falamic S, Gojo-Tomic N, Rahelic D. The incidence of potential drug-drug interactions in elderly patients with arterial hypertension. Pharm World Sci. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];32(6):815-21. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9442-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9442-...
,2525. Steinman MA, Hanlon JT, Sloane RJ, Boscardin WJ, Schmader KE. Do geriatric conditions increase risk of adverse drug reactions in ambulatory elders? Results from the VA GEM drug study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];66(4):444-51. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq236
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq236...
,4848. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Lyra-Júnior DP, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Incidence and predictors of adverse drug reactions caused by drug-drug interactions in elderly outpatients: a prospective cohort study. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012[Access 12 mar 2016];15(2):332-43. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/17049/13684
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
-4949. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Marusic S, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian primary public health system. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];15(2):344-54. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/12209/13688
https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/in...
,5353. Marusic S, Bacic-Vrca V, Obreli-Neto PR, Franic M, Erdeljic V, Gojo-Tomic N. Actual drug-drug interactions in elderly patients discharged from internal medicine clinic: a prospective observational study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];69(9):1717-24. doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1531-7.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-013-1531-...
; uso de tipos específicos de medicamentos, tais como pacientes que utilizam o clopidogrel com inibidores da bomba de prótons1414. Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, Szmitko PE, Austin PC, Tu JV, et al. A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2009 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];180(7):713-8. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.082001
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.082001...
-1515. Rassen JA, Choudhry NK, Avorn J, Schneeweiss S. Cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients using clopidogrel with proton pump inhibitors after percutaneous coronary intervention or acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. [Internet]. 2009; 120:2322-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.873497
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.1...
, tamoxifeno1818. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Duong-Hua M, Pritchard KI, Austin PC, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2010; [Acesso 15 mar 2016];340:c693. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c693.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c693...
, co-prescrição de antibióticos macrólidos e bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio2323. Wright AJ, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Horn JR, Juurlink DN. The risk of hypotension following co-prescription of macrolide antibiotics and calcium-channel blockers. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 11 mar 2016];183(3):303-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100702
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.100702...
, trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol1717. Weir MA, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Mamdani M, Hackam DG, Jain AK, et al. Beta-blockers, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and the risk of hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization in the elderly: a nested case-control study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];5(9):1544-51. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01970310.
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01970310....
,2828. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Yao Z, Hellings C, Garg AX, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced hyperkalaemia in elderly patients receiving spironolactone: nested case-control study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];343:d5228. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5228
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5228...
,3434. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced phenytoin toxicity in the elderly: a population-based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. [Internet]. 2011;71(4):544-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03866.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010...
, antidepressivos3131. Hanlon JT, Wang X, Castle NG, Stone RA, Handler SM, Semla TP, et al. Potential underuse, overuse and inappropriate use of antidepressants in older veteran nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];59(8):1412-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03522.x.
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,3636. Coupland C, Dhiman P, Morriss R, Arthur A, Barton G, Hippisley-Cox J. Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];343:d4551. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4551.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4551....
,varfarina3838. Baillargeon J, Holmes HM, Lin YL, Raji MA, Sharma G, Kuo YF. Concurrent use of warfarin and antibiotics and the risk of bleeding in older adults. Am J Med. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];125(2):183-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.014.
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,4545. Pincus D, Gomes T, Hellings C, Zheng H, Paterson JM, Mamdani MM, et al. A population-based assessment of the drug interaction between levothyroxine and warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];92(6):766-70. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2012.171.
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, benzodiazepinas4747. Vila JV, Vila MMV, Ibáñez LS, Zaragoza JAA, Royo LM. Adecuación de la utilización de benzodiazepinas en ancianos desde la oficina de farmacia. Un estudio de colaboración médico-farmacéutico. Aten Primaria. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];44(7):402-10. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07....
; também, déficit cognitivo e vários problemas funcionais que afetam a capacidade de manejo prático da medicação2424. Steinman MA, Lund BC, Miao Y, Boscardin WJ, Kaboli PJ. Geriatric conditions, medication use, and risk of adverse drug events in a predominantly male, older veteran population. Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 [Acesso 15 mar 2016];59(4):615-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03331.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...
-2525. Steinman MA, Hanlon JT, Sloane RJ, Boscardin WJ, Schmader KE. Do geriatric conditions increase risk of adverse drug reactions in ambulatory elders? Results from the VA GEM drug study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];66(4):444-51. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq236
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq236...
; situações de vida1919. Somers M, Rose E, Simmonds D, Whitelaw C, Calver J, Beer C. Quality use of medicines in residential aged care. Aust Fam Physician. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 16 mar 2016]; 39(6):413-6. Available from: http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2010/June/201006somers.pdf
http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documen...
; acesso aos cuidados de saúde, prescrição de regimes terapêuticos medicamentosos por dois ou mais prescritores4949. Obreli-Neto PR, Nobili A, Marusic S, Pilger D, Guidoni CM, Baldoni AO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian primary public health system. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];15(2):344-54. Available from: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/viewFile/12209/13688
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; e nível educacional3131. Hanlon JT, Wang X, Castle NG, Stone RA, Handler SM, Semla TP, et al. Potential underuse, overuse and inappropriate use of antidepressants in older veteran nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];59(8):1412-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03522.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011...
,4444. Mehuys E, Dupond L, Petrovic M, Christiaens T, Van Bortel L, Adriaens E, et al. Medication management among home-dwelling older patients with chronic diseases: possible roles for community pharmacists. J Nutr Health Aging. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];16(8):721-6. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0028-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0028-...
,5050. Ramanath KV, Nedumballi S. Assessment of medication-related problems in geriatric patients of a rural tertiary care hospital. J Young Pharm. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 11 mar 2016];4(4):273-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-1483.104372
https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1483.104372...
.

A não-adesão ao tratamento é um problema comum em idosos. IMs e RAMs durante a hospitalização são relatados como associados com a não-adesão, que também é comum entre os idosos pós-alta do hospital e que estão usando vários medicamentos para suas doenças crônicas. Também foram realizados estudos que examinam readmissões devido a IMs e consequentes RAMs4444. Mehuys E, Dupond L, Petrovic M, Christiaens T, Van Bortel L, Adriaens E, et al. Medication management among home-dwelling older patients with chronic diseases: possible roles for community pharmacists. J Nutr Health Aging. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];16(8):721-6. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0028-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0028-...
,5151. Bonnet-Zamponi D, d'Arailh L, Konrat C, Delpierre S, Lieberherr D, Lemaire A, et al. Drug-related readmissions to medical units of older adults discharged from acute geriatric units: results of the optimization of medication in AGEd multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];61(1):113-21. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12037
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12037...
,5555. Yeoh TT, Si P, Chew L. The impact of medication therapy management in older oncology patients. Support Care Cancer. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];21(5):1287-93. doi: 10.1007/s00520-012-1661-y.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-012-1661-...
. Portanto, a detecção precoce e o reconhecimento das interações clinicamente importantes pelos profissionais de saúde são vitais para monitorar a ocorrência de IMs e RAMs no contínuo dos cuidados de saúde.

Os idosos costumam fazer melhor utilização dos medicamentos quando seu cuidado é gerido por uma equipe multidisciplinar composta por um médico (geriatra), farmacêutico clínico e enfermeiro. O envolvimento de um dentista nesta equipe parece ser relevante, como demonstrado em um estudo3232. Skaar DD, O'Connor H. Potentially serious drug-drug interactions among community-dwelling older adult dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];112(2):153-60. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.048
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.0...
.

A prescrição inapropriada, com uso indevido de medicamentos, baixa qualidade das opções de prescrição médica, o excesso de prescrição de medicamentos, medicamentos adicionais prescritos para tratar os efeitos colaterais e relações da equipe-paciente deficitárias podem aumentar as chances de ocorrências de IM e RAM. Ao combinar seus conhecimentos e habilidades, um plano abrangente e ajustes da dosagem podem ser desenvolvidos para permitir uma melhor terapia farmacológica, ao mesmo tempo que os riscos de IM e RAM se reduzem. Uma comunicação eficiente entre esses profissionais e a coordenação entre vários prescritores é crucial para o sucesso. Além disso, os programas educativos devem ser realizados para melhorar o hábito da prescrição racional. Da mesma forma, a educação do paciente no momento da alta e do seguimento é também muito importante.

Uso de medicamentos múltiplos aumenta o risco de inadequada prescrição. Diferentes intervenções para otimizar a prescrição de adequação em idosos, por exemplo, os critérios de Beers, usado frequentemente nos Estados Unidos1212. Gallagher PF, Barry PJ, Ryan C, Hartigan I, O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers' Criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(1):96-101. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afm116
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afm116...
,1616. Miquel MDC, Cuervo MS, Silveira ED, Machuca IS, González-Blazquez S, Errasquin BM, et al. Potentially inappropriate drug prescription in older subjects across health care settings. Eur Geriat Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];1(1):9-14. doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12...
,2020. Harugeri A, Joseph J, Parthasarathi G, Ramesh M, Guido S. Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly patients: a study of prevalence and predictors in two teaching hospitals. J Postgrad Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];56(3):186-91. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.68642.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.68642...
,4747. Vila JV, Vila MMV, Ibáñez LS, Zaragoza JAA, Royo LM. Adecuación de la utilización de benzodiazepinas en ancianos desde la oficina de farmacia. Un estudio de colaboración médico-farmacéutico. Aten Primaria. [Internet]. 2012 [Access 12 mar 2016];44(7):402-10. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2011.07....
, a Ferramenta validada de Seleção de Prescrições Potencialmente Inapropriadas para Pessoas Idosas (STOPP em inglês) e a "Ferramenta de Triagem para Alertar aos Médicos para o certo, isto é, o apropriado critério de tratamento indicado" (START em inglês) (1111. Gallagher P, O'Mahony. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(6):673-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn197.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn197...
,1616. Miquel MDC, Cuervo MS, Silveira ED, Machuca IS, González-Blazquez S, Errasquin BM, et al. Potentially inappropriate drug prescription in older subjects across health care settings. Eur Geriat Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];1(1):9-14. doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12...
,3030. Gallagher PF, O'Connor MN, O'Mahony D. Prevention of potentially inappropriate prescribing for elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial using STOPP/START criteria. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.44
https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2011.44...
na Irlanda e Reino Unido, os critérios de clínica geral de Noruega (Norwegian Clinical General Practice NORGEP)4141. Bakken MS, Ranhoff AH, Engeland A, Ruths S. Inappropriate prescribing for older people admitted to an intermediate-care nursing home unit and hospital wards. Scand J Prim Health Care. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];30(3):169-75. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2012.704813.
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, e o instrumento Índice de Medicação Adequada (MAI em inglês) )4040. Somers A, Mallet L, Cammen TVA, Robays H, Petrovic M. Applicability of an adapted medication appropriateness index for detection of drug-related problems in geriatric inpatients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];10(2):101-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.01.003
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,5757. Somers A, Robays H, De Paepe P, Van Maele G, Perehudoff K, Petrovic M. Evaluation of clinical pharmacist recommendations in the geriatric ward of a Belgium university hospital. Clin Interv Aging. [Internet]. 2013 [Access 11 mar 2016];8:703-9. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S42162.
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foram exploradas em estudos. Os estudos revisados indicam que critérios do tipo STOPP /START identificaram uma maior proporção de prescrição inadequada que os critérios de Beers.

Esta avaliação revelou que existem diferentes frequências e tipos de IMs e RAMs, que são problemas relacionados com medicamentos, associadas com diferentes classes de drogas. Na prática cotidiana de serviços, o diagnóstico correto desses problemas requer habilidade e experiência da equipe multidisciplinar, especialmente quando os idosos apresentam queixas e manifestações inespecíficas. Para reconhecer e diagnosticar este resultado indesejável, as metas devem ser definidas no serviço de saúde, com destaque para o papel do farmacêutico clínico, que usa intervenções para a identificação e minimização dos problemas relacionados com medicamentos como demonstrado em estudos44. Gurwitz JH, Field TS, Harrold LR, Rothschild J, Debellis K, Seger AC, et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA. [Internet]. 2003 [Acesso 28 jul 2015]; 289(9):1107-16. Disponível em: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=196099
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11. Gallagher P, O'Mahony. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(6):673-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn197.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn197...

12. Gallagher PF, Barry PJ, Ryan C, Hartigan I, O'Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers' Criteria. Age Ageing. [Internet]. 2008 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];37(1):96-101. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afm116
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16. Miquel MDC, Cuervo MS, Silveira ED, Machuca IS, González-Blazquez S, Errasquin BM, et al. Potentially inappropriate drug prescription in older subjects across health care settings. Eur Geriat Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];1(1):9-14. doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2009.12.002
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17. Weir MA, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Mamdani M, Hackam DG, Jain AK, et al. Beta-blockers, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and the risk of hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization in the elderly: a nested case-control study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];5(9):1544-51. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01970310.
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18. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Duong-Hua M, Pritchard KI, Austin PC, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2010; [Acesso 15 mar 2016];340:c693. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c693.
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19. Somers M, Rose E, Simmonds D, Whitelaw C, Calver J, Beer C. Quality use of medicines in residential aged care. Aust Fam Physician. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 16 mar 2016]; 39(6):413-6. Available from: http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/AFP/2010/June/201006somers.pdf
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20. Harugeri A, Joseph J, Parthasarathi G, Ramesh M, Guido S. Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly patients: a study of prevalence and predictors in two teaching hospitals. J Postgrad Med. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];56(3):186-91. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.68642.
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21. Bacic-Vrca V, Marusic S, Erdeljic V, Falamic S, Gojo-Tomic N, Rahelic D. The incidence of potential drug-drug interactions in elderly patients with arterial hypertension. Pharm World Sci. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];32(6):815-21. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9442-5.
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22. Rahmawati F, Hidayati N, Rochmah W, Sulaiman SAS. Potentiality of drug-drug interactions in hospitalized geriatric patients in a private hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. [Internet]. 2010 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];3(3):191-4. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/3579826/POTENTIALITY_OF_DRUG-DRUG_INTERACTIONS_IN_HOSPITALIZED_GERIATRIC_PATIENTS_IN_A_PRIVATE_HOSPITAL_YOGYAKARTA_INDONESIA

23. Wright AJ, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Horn JR, Juurlink DN. The risk of hypotension following co-prescription of macrolide antibiotics and calcium-channel blockers. CMAJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 11 mar 2016];183(3):303-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100702
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24. Steinman MA, Lund BC, Miao Y, Boscardin WJ, Kaboli PJ. Geriatric conditions, medication use, and risk of adverse drug events in a predominantly male, older veteran population. Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 [Acesso 15 mar 2016];59(4):615-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03331.x
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25. Steinman MA, Hanlon JT, Sloane RJ, Boscardin WJ, Schmader KE. Do geriatric conditions increase risk of adverse drug reactions in ambulatory elders? Results from the VA GEM drug study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];66(4):444-51. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq236
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28. Antoniou T, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Yao Z, Hellings C, Garg AX, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced hyperkalaemia in elderly patients receiving spironolactone: nested case-control study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 17 mar 2016];343:d5228. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5228
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29. Varallo FR, Capucho HC, Planeta CS, Mastroianni PC. Safety assessment of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) use in older people and the factors associated with hospital admission. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. [Internet] 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. Disponível em: https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/9795/8379
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30. Gallagher PF, O'Connor MN, O'Mahony D. Prevention of potentially inappropriate prescribing for elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial using STOPP/START criteria. Clin Pharmacol Ther. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 20 mar 2016];14(2):283-90. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.44
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31. Hanlon JT, Wang X, Castle NG, Stone RA, Handler SM, Semla TP, et al. Potential underuse, overuse and inappropriate use of antidepressants in older veteran nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];59(8):1412-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03522.x.
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32. Skaar DD, O'Connor H. Potentially serious drug-drug interactions among community-dwelling older adult dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 13 mar 2016];112(2):153-60. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.048
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36. Coupland C, Dhiman P, Morriss R, Arthur A, Barton G, Hippisley-Cox J. Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study. BMJ. [Internet]. 2011 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];343:d4551. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4551.
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38. Baillargeon J, Holmes HM, Lin YL, Raji MA, Sharma G, Kuo YF. Concurrent use of warfarin and antibiotics and the risk of bleeding in older adults. Am J Med. [Internet]. 2012 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];125(2):183-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.014.
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.

Equilibrar os riscos e benefícios de múltiplas terapêuticas medicamentosas pode ser útil para implementar intervenções para o uso racional e seguro de drogas. Consequentemente, a utilização de tecnologias no monitoramento de IMs e reconhecimento de RAMs, como a triagem baseada em computador, poderia ajudar aos profissionais a reconhecer potenciais e clinicamente significativas interações e eventos adversos. O software deve ter alta sensibilidade e especificidade e altos valores preditivos positivos e negativos. Do mesmo modo, a vantagem de utilizar bancos de dados informatizados para avaliação da prescrição de medicamentos é evidente.

Assim, os estudos revisados ​​reforçam a noção de que a polifarmácia é multifatorial e está associada a resultados negativos de saúde, conforme relatado anteriormente em dois estudos revisados88. Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT. Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. [Internet]. 2007 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];5(4):345-51. doi: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007.12.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007...
-99. Fulton MM, Allen ER. Polypharmacy in the elderly: a literature review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. [Internet]. 2005 [Acesso 12 mar 2016];17(4):123-32. doi: 10.111/j.1041-2972.2005.0020.x
https://doi.org/10.111/j.1041-2972.2005....
, e no artigo de opinião de especialistas que apresentam informações específicas de 12 estudos sobre IM e RAM5858. Maher RL, Hanlon J, Hajjar ER. Clinical consequences of polypharmacy in elderly. Expert Opin Drug Saf. [Internet]. 2014 [Access 11 mar 2016];13(1):57-65. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2013.827660
https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2013.82...
.

Um aspecto de destaque e que precisa ser investigado, refere-se a examinar como a automedicação com drogas de venda livre e medicamentos complementares contribui para aumentar o risco de IMs e RAMs, de hospitalização e de morte de idosos. Outra lacuna observada na literatura refere-se aos métodos utilizados pelos prestadores de atenção primária de saúde na avaliação da polifarmácia. Além disso, existe pouca informação disponível sobre a incidência/prevalência de IMs e RAMs entre os idosos nos países em desenvolvimento.

Assim, esta revisão salienta a relevância da realização de mais estudos para explorar diferentes aspectos, considerando-se a necessidade de desenvolver práticas preventivas para garantir a segurança dos idosos em relação à IMs e RAMs.

Limitações e força do estudo

Em primeiro lugar, o viés de publicação, que não pode ser medido devido às limitações tanto de idioma como de banco de dados. O viés de seleção pode ter ocorrido porque pesquisas e/ou estudos desenvolvidos ainda não publicados não foram selecionados. Possivelmente, outro aspecto limitante é a falta de avaliação metodológica e risco de viés devido à heterogeneidade dos estudos revisados. A fortaleza principal deste estudo é a rigorosa revisão da literatura, especificamente sobre as consequências da IM e RAM relacionadas com a polifarmácia, com diversos desenhos metodológicos, incluindo estudos publicados em todo o mundo.

Conclusão e implicações para a prática avançada em enfermagem geriátrica

Este estudo identificou que a detecção precoce e o reconhecimento das IM e RAM de importância clínica pelos profissionais de saúde são vitais para identificar pacientes que estão em risco aumentado para tais eventos e requerem uma gestão da terapia farmacológica mais cautelosa para evitar resultados negativos. Assim, o risco potencial de IM e RAM podem ser geridos pelos profissionais através de prescrições adequadas, monitoramento e educação do paciente na continuidade dos cuidados dos idosos, ou seja, através das melhores práticas.

Neste sentido, a profissionalização da prática de enfermagem avançada é essencial, como um requisito para a aquisição de conhecimentos, treinamento de competências e habilidades para a tomada de decisões de cuidados seguros e eficazes, por exemplo, dirigidos aos cuidados de saúde de idosos comumente expostos à polifarmácia. Assim, esta revisão integrativa pode ajudar a aumentar a conscientização e debate para implementar a cobertura de saúde universal e de acesso universal aos cuidados de saúde dos idosos, a fim de garantir a qualidade do atendimento por enfermeiros geriátricos.

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  • 1
    Apoio financeiro da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brasil, processo nº BEX 4259/13-0.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    2016

Histórico

  • Recebido
    15 Nov 2015
  • Aceito
    13 Abr 2016
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