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Nutritional composition of fad diets published on websites and blogs

Composição nutricional de dietas da moda publicadas em sites e blogs

ABSTRACT

Objective

To analyze quantitatively the diets available on blogs and websites.

Methods

The following 15 diets were analyzed: low-carb diet, gluten-free diet and intermittent fasting diet using the Virtual Nutri software program. The nutrients analyzed were as follows: carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, lipids, iodine, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, vitamins A, C, B6, B12, D, niacin, and folate. The nutrient values were compared with the Dietary Reference Intake recommendation for adults between the ages of 19-50 years. The macronutrient adequacy percentage was based on a 2000-kcal diet for a healthy life, as recommended by the World Health Organization.

Results

It was observed that most of the composition of macro and micronutrients was lower than the one established by the World Health Organization and the Dietary Reference Intake recommendation for adults between the ages of 19-50 years.

Conclusion

Long-term dieting can be a risk factor for several deficiency diseases and may endanger the health of individuals.

Keywords
Fad; Diet; Media; Nutrients; Nutritional Adequacy

RESUMO

Objetivo

Analisar quantitativamente dietas disponíveis em blogs e sites.

Métodos

Analisou-se 15 cardápios de dietas intituladas: Low Carb, Dieta Sem Glúten e Jejum Intermitente utilizando o software, Virtual Nutri. Os nutrientes analisados foram: carboidratos, fibras, proteínas, lipídios, iodo, sódio, cálcio, magnésio, ferro, zinco, manganês, potássio, fósforo, cobre, selênio, vitaminas A, C, B6, B12, D, niacina e folato. Os nutrientes tiveram seus valores comparados com recomendações diárias de ingestão das Dietary Reference Intake para adultos da faixa etária de 19 a 50 anos. O percentual de adequação foi feito baseado em uma dieta de 2000kcal para indivíduos saudáveis, de acordo com o preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde.

Resultados

Observou-se que a maioria dos cardápios teve sua composição de macro e micronutrientes aquém do determinado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e das recomendações das Dietary Reference Intake para adultos de 19 a 50 anos.

Conclusão

O seguimento dessas dietas em longo prazo pode ser um fator de risco a diversas doenças carenciais que pode trazer perigos à saúde dos indivíduos.

Palavras-chave
Dietas da Moda; Mídia; Nutrientes; Adequação nutricional

INTRODUCTION

Dietary and nutritional patterns in the Brazilian population are influenced by the so-called ‘nutritional transition’, which refers to changes in the diet of individuals and it is correlated with economic, demographic and epidemiological changes. Nutritional transition is characterized by reduced deficits of malnutrition and short stature instead of obesity [11 Souza EB. Transição nutricional no Brasil: análise dos principais fatores. Cad UniFOA. 2017 [citado 2018 jul 15];5(13):49-53. Disponível em: http://revistas.unifoa.edu.br/index.php/cadernos/article/view/1025/895
http://revistas.unifoa.edu.br/index.php/...
]. However, the increase in obesity and high prevalence of chronic diseases are outstanding [22 Silva CSM, Kirsten VR. Avaliação da adequação de dietas publicadas por revistas não científicas. Disc Scient. 2014 [citado 2018 jul 18];15(1):101-12. Disponível em: https://www.periodicos.unifra.br/index.php/disciplinarumS/article/view/1069/1013
https://www.periodicos.unifra.br/index.p...
].

Together with the concern regarding diseases and current beauty pattern, a significant portion of the population is excessively concerned with weight and body composition. Having a lean body seems to be the only type valued in society, which leads to illnesses in individuals who do not fit into the hegemonic beauty patterns. Fat has become a symbol of moral failure and the obese carry a stigma as inappropriate weight is considered a morally and socially undesirable quality [33 Vargas AN, Pessoa LS, Rosa RL. Jejum intermitente e dieta low carb na composição corporal e no comportamento alimentar de mulheres praticantes de atividade física. Rev Bras Nutr Espor. 2018 [citado 2018 nov 15];12(72):483-90. Disponível em: http://www.rbne.com.br/index.php/rbne/article/view/1067/783
http://www.rbne.com.br/index.php/rbne/ar...
,44 Magalhães LM, Bernardes ANB, Tiengo A. Influência de blogueiras fitness no consumo alimentar da população. Rev Bras Obes Nutr Emagr. 2017 [citado 2018 nov 15];11(68):685-92. Disponível em: http://www.rbone.com.br/index.php/rbone/article/view/629/492
http://www.rbone.com.br/index.php/rbone/...
].

Thus, irregular eating practices seeking weight loss have become prevalent. The media plays an important role in the construction and deconstruction of food processes [55 Floriano RS, Mazur CE, Schwarz KS, Benincá C, Machado TWMM. Dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em um magazine direcionado ao público feminino: análise do conteúdo nutricional. Scient Med. 2017;26(2):ID22663. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.2.22663
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016....
]. Websites and blogs have become vehicles of fad diets that target fast weight loss and suppression of foods labelled as the “villains”. These diets may be deficient in micronutrients, promoting unfavorable nutritional, emotional and weight loss effects. Among these diets, the intermittent fasting diet, gluten-free diet and low-carb diet are the most common ones. The strategy of the intermittent fasting diet is to undergo different periods of fasting [66 Santos AKM, Pinheiro ARPM, Brito CL, Galvão FGR, Macêdo FIF, Beserra TL, et al. Consequências do jejum intermitente sobre as alterações na composição corporal: uma revisão integrativa. Rev E-Ciênc. 2017;5(1):29-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19095/rec.v5i1.209
https://doi.org/10.19095/rec.v5i1.209...
]. The gluten-free diet excludes any source of gluten from the diet and it has been widely used for weight loss [77 Freire RH, Fernandes LR, Silva RB, Coelho BSL, Araújo LPT, Ribeiro LS, et al. Wheat gluten intake increases weight gain and adiposity associated with reduced thermogenesis and energy expenditure in an animal model of obesity. Inter J Obes. 2016:40:479-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.204
https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.204...
]. The low-carb diets include the Atkins diet, ketogenic diet and zone diet, which restrict consumption of carbohydrates. Some of these diets are stricter than others [88 Almeida G. Pouco carboidrato, muita controvérsia. Ciênc Cult. 2017;69(4)18-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.218 00/2317-66602017000400007
https://doi.org/10.21800/2317-6660201700...
].

The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the menus of the intermittent fasting diet, low-carb diet and gluten-free diet on national websites and blogs and compare them with the dietary macro and micronutrient recommendations for adult women.

METHODS

Fad diets were selected from blogs and websites from October to November 2017. The three most popular dieting methods were: the low-carb diet, gluten-free diet and intermittent fasting diet. Fifteen examples of diets were used, five of each of the three types selected. The five diets of each group were chosen from the same website address and were obtained from two websites and one blog. The menus available on blogs and websites offer an average of 4 daily meals. Two meals from the intermittent fasting menu and six meals from the low carb menu were chosen. This variation occurred at the discretion of the website and blog that provided the information. For ethical reasons, the names of blogs and websites have been omitted.

The inclusion factors for choosing the diets were: to explain the goal of weight loss; be publicly accessible web pages. The exclusion criteria were: not specifying the type of food and quantity to be consumed; preparations that did not provide recipes and specific foods whose nutritional composition was not found in the food composition tables.

After choosing the menus, they were inserted into the Virtual Nutri Plus software program (São Paulo, Brazil), version 2.0, for calorie and nutrient verification. Arithmetic Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) and adequacy were calculated using Microsoft Excel®, 2013 version (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Washington, DC, United States).

The following nutrients were analyzed: carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, lipids, iodine, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, potassium, phosphorus, copper, selenium, vitamins A, C, B6, B12, D, niacin and folate. The nutrient values were compared with the daily intake recommendations of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for women aged 19-50 years.

The percentage of adequacy of macronutrients was based on a 2,000kcal diet for healthy individuals, according to the World Health Organization [55 Floriano RS, Mazur CE, Schwarz KS, Benincá C, Machado TWMM. Dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em um magazine direcionado ao público feminino: análise do conteúdo nutricional. Scient Med. 2017;26(2):ID22663. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.2.22663
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016....
], corresponding to approximately 60% of carbohydrates or 1,200kcal (300g), 15% of proteins or 300kcal (75g) and 25% of lipids or 500kcal (56g).

The classification of energy level and calorie restriction were determined in accordance with Souza et al. [99 Souza MG, Andrade IEL, Ramalho AA. Adequação nutricional de dietas para perda de peso em revistas não científicas brasileiras. Demetra. 2015;10(4):947-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2015.16229
https://doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2015.16...
]; a high calorie-restricted diet consisted of a daily intake of 800-1,200kcal and a mild calorie-restricted diet consisted of a daily intake of more than 1,200kcal.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The minimum and maximum caloric values for each type of diet found on the websites and blogs surveyed are shown in Table 1. The intermittent fasting diets were classified as a highly calorie-restricted diet, while the low-carb and gluten-free diets ranged from highly calorie-restricted diet to mild calorie-restricted diet according to Souza et al. [99 Souza MG, Andrade IEL, Ramalho AA. Adequação nutricional de dietas para perda de peso em revistas não científicas brasileiras. Demetra. 2015;10(4):947-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2015.16229
https://doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2015.16...
]. In the percentage calculation, 80% of the low-carb diets and 60% of the gluten-free diets were considered highly calorie-restricted diets. Floriano et al. [55 Floriano RS, Mazur CE, Schwarz KS, Benincá C, Machado TWMM. Dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em um magazine direcionado ao público feminino: análise do conteúdo nutricional. Scient Med. 2017;26(2):ID22663. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.2.22663
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016....
] investigated diets published in non-scientific journals and found that 40% of the diets were calorie restricted.

Table 1
Minimum and maximum calorie levels found in the menus analyzed for the intermittent fasting diet, low-carb diet and gluten-free diet. Ouro Preto (MG), Brazil, 2018.

Table 2 shows the arithmetic mean, standard deviation and percentage of macronutrient adequacy of the diets analyzed. All macronutrients in the intermittent fasting diet and gluten-free diet were below the 100% adequacy level regarding a 2,000kcal diet.

Table 2
Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) and percentage of adequacy of the menus analyzed for the intermittent fasting diet, low-carb diet and gluten-free diet. Ouro Preto (MG), Brazil, 2018.

The macronutrients in the low-carb diet were below the recommended percentages, except for the lipids, as the principle of this diet recommends carbohydrate restriction and not lipid restriction [1010 Willhelm FF, Oliveira RB, Coutinho VF. Composição nutricional de dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em revistas não científicas: comparação com as recomendações dietéticas atuais de macronutrientes. Nutr Rev Soc Bras Alim. 2014;39(2):179-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/nutrire.2014.016
https://doi.org/10.4322/nutrire.2014.016...
,1111 Hall KD, Bemis T, Brychta R, Chen KY, Courville A, Crayner EJ, et al. Calorie for calorie, dietary fat restriction results in more body fat loss than carbohydrate restriction in people with obesity. Cell Metabol. 2015;22(3):427-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.021
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.0...
].

Carbohydrate restriction promotes the mobilization of muscle and liver glycogen reserves, a metabolic process that leads to water uptake. Therefore, body weight loss is the result of water loss, and weight is recovered as soon as carbohydrate intake is reestablished [55 Floriano RS, Mazur CE, Schwarz KS, Benincá C, Machado TWMM. Dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em um magazine direcionado ao público feminino: análise do conteúdo nutricional. Scient Med. 2017;26(2):ID22663. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.2.22663
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016....
].

Although most diets have adequate carbohydrate values, 20.0% of the diets analyzed in the study by Floriano et al. [55 Floriano RS, Mazur CE, Schwarz KS, Benincá C, Machado TWMM. Dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em um magazine direcionado ao público feminino: análise do conteúdo nutricional. Scient Med. 2017;26(2):ID22663. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.2.22663
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016....
] had values below the recommended ones. Carbohydrate intake was also below the recommended levels in 10.8% of the diets published in the lay press for the female audience and in 33.3% of the diets for the male audience [1212 Abreu ES, Paternez ACAC, Chaud DMA, Valverde F, Gaze JS. Parâmetros nutricionais de dietas anunciadas na imprensa leiga destinada ao público masculino e feminino. Ciênc Saúde. 2013;6(3):206-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1983-652X.2013.3.13479
https://doi.org/10.15448/1983-652X.2013....
].

The low levels of fiber found in the three types of diet are also worrisome because dietary fiber deficiency leads to disorders and gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, appendicitis, diverticulitis, Crohn’s disease, hemorrhoids and intestinal constipation [1313 Bernaud FSR, Rodrigues TC. Fibra alimentar: ingestão adequada e efeitos sobre a saúde do metabolismo. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2013 [citado 2018 nov 15];57(6):397-405. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abem/v57n6/01.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abem/v57n6/01.p...
].

Of the micronutrients analyzed in all three diets (Table 3), sodium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, potassium and copper were lower than the DRI. On the other hand, the percentages of calcium, phosphorus, iron and selenium were higher than 100% in the gluten-free menus and the percentages of phosphate and selenium were higher in the low-carb diet. Mineral deficiency was present in the intermittent fasting diet due to the long-term absence of food intake as the individual only eats two meals within a 24-hour interval.

Table 3
Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) and percentage of adequacy of micronutrients in the menus analyzed for the intermittent fasting diet, low-carb diet and gluten-free diet. Ouro Preto (MG), Brazil, 2018.

Diets with high calorie restriction are inefficient for long-term weight loss. Floriano et al. [55 Floriano RS, Mazur CE, Schwarz KS, Benincá C, Machado TWMM. Dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em um magazine direcionado ao público feminino: análise do conteúdo nutricional. Scient Med. 2017;26(2):ID22663. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.2.22663
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016....
] reported that the daily intake of less than 1,200kcal does not supply the minimum micronutrient needs and basal metabolic rate for adult women. Nutritional micronutrient deficiencies can cause various consequences to the body as they are important for vital metabolic reactions. For example, sodium and potassium cause hydroelectrolytic imbalance and cellular dysfunctions [1414 Baptista FCB, Silva LLD. Desenvolvimento de emulsão cremosa para reposição de eletrólitos em humanos. Cad Esc Sau. 2017 [citado 2018 nov 15];1(7):209-71. Disponível em: http://portaldeperiodicos.unibrasil.com.br/index.php/cadernossaude/article/view/2352/1924
http://portaldeperiodicos.unibrasil.com....
,1515 Díaz TG, Teodoro AL, Rojas ICO, Chitiva AFP, Guzman JAP. Metabolismo do cobre na nutrição animal: revisão. PUBVET. 2015 [citado 2018 nov 16];6 (9);252-86. Disponível em: http://www.pubvet.com.br/artigo/210/metabolismo-do-cobre-na-nutricao-animal-revisao
http://www.pubvet.com.br/artigo/210/meta...
]. Iodine deficiency causes cognitive changes, goiter and hypothyroidism [1616 Coelho I, Delgado I, Costa S, Castanheira I, Calhau MA. Iodo em alimentos consumidos em Portugal. Instituto Nacional de Saúde. 2015 [citado 2018 nov 16]. Disponível em: http://www2.insa.pt/sites/INSA/Portugues/ComInf/Noticias/Paginas/Iodo_ICPMS.aspx
http://www2.insa.pt/sites/INSA/Portugues...
], and magnesium deficiency causes neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders [1717 Aranda P, Planells E, Llopis J. Magnesio. Ars Pharm. 2017 [citado 2018 nov 16];41(1):91-100. Disponível em: http://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/article/view/5736
http://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/...
]. Zinc deficiency reduces immune function [1818 Silva DJS, Maria RMDSR, Jesus B, Almendra FS. Deficiência de zinco na criança e no adolescente com doença hepática crônica. J Health Sci. 2015;16(2):149-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2014v16n2p%25p
https://doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2014v...
], manganese deficiency causes neurodegeneration [1919 Miranda JD. O papel dos metais na doença de Huntington e na esclerose lateral amiotrófica [dissertação]. Porto: Universidade Fernando Pessoa; 2016.] and, finally, copper deficiency causes anemia, immune system and fertility alterations [2020 Fink D, Drumond L, Basílio MI, Sartori CM, Andrade TR, Santos NZ, et al. Visceral gout uric in manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) in Southern of Brazil. Arq Bras Med Vet Zoot. 2018;70(2):486-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9916
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9916...
].

Similar to what occurs in the intermittent fasting and low-carb diets, calcium and iron content was also found to be inadequate in studies by Floriano et al. [55 Floriano RS, Mazur CE, Schwarz KS, Benincá C, Machado TWMM. Dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em um magazine direcionado ao público feminino: análise do conteúdo nutricional. Scient Med. 2017;26(2):ID22663. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.2.22663
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016....
], Abreu et al. [1212 Abreu ES, Paternez ACAC, Chaud DMA, Valverde F, Gaze JS. Parâmetros nutricionais de dietas anunciadas na imprensa leiga destinada ao público masculino e feminino. Ciênc Saúde. 2013;6(3):206-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1983-652X.2013.3.13479
https://doi.org/10.15448/1983-652X.2013....
], and Carvalho et al. [2121 Carvalho TBP, Faicari LM. Análise nutricional das dietas de emagrecimento veiculadas por revistas de circulação nacional. Rev Bras Obes Nutr Emferm. 2014 [citado 2018 nov 16];8(43):4-15. Disponível em: http://www.rbone.com.br/index.php/rbone/article/view/309
http://www.rbone.com.br/index.php/rbone/...
]. The zinc content was unsuitable for the three types of diets analyzed, which was also reported in the studies by Floriano et al. [55 Floriano RS, Mazur CE, Schwarz KS, Benincá C, Machado TWMM. Dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em um magazine direcionado ao público feminino: análise do conteúdo nutricional. Scient Med. 2017;26(2):ID22663. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.2.22663
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016....
] and Marangoni & Maniglia [2222 Marangoni JS, Maniglia FP. Análise da composição nutricional de dietas da moda publicadas em revistas femininas. Rev Assoc Bras Nutr. 2017 [citado 2018 nov 17];8(1):31-6. Disponível em: http://www.rbone.com.br/index.php/rbone/article/view/309
http://www.rbone.com.br/index.php/rbone/...
].

Table 4 shows the levels of vitamin inadequacies (deficits or excesses) for the all diets analyzed. Deficiencies were found for vitamin C (low-carb diet), vitamin B6 (intermittent fasting diet), vitamin B12 (intermittent fasting and gluten-free diets), vitamin D (all diets), vitamin B3 (intermittent fasting and low-carb diets) and vitamin B9 (all diets).

Table 4
Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) and percentage of adequacy of vitamins in the menus analyzed for the intermittent fasting diet, low-carb diet and gluten-free diet. Ouro Preto (MG), Brazil, 2018.

Vitamin inadequacy causes disorders in the body like mineral deficiency. Vitamin A was above recommended levels in all diets. Excess vitamin A can cause hair loss, double vision, vomiting, headaches and damage to the liver and bones [2323 Ward M, Williams M, Secretariat FSA, Secretariat DH, Butler M, Mulholland M. Committee on toxicity of chemicals in food, consumer products and the environment. London: Imp College; 2015 [cited 2018 Nov 17]. Available from: https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/cotfinalminutes-27oct15.pdf
https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/fi...
]. This result differs from that reported by Floriano et al. [55 Floriano RS, Mazur CE, Schwarz KS, Benincá C, Machado TWMM. Dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em um magazine direcionado ao público feminino: análise do conteúdo nutricional. Scient Med. 2017;26(2):ID22663. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.2.22663
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016....
] who found that 5 of the 20 diets analyzed had lower values of vitamin A than the recommended level.

Excess vitamin C, as found in the intermittent fasting and gluten-free diets, causes diarrhea, urinary oxalate excretion and formation of renal calculus [2424 Quadros L, Barros RLS. Vitamina C e performance: uma revisão. Rev Bras Nutr Esport, 2016 [citado 2018 nov 20];10(55):112-9. Disponível em: http://www.rbne.com.br/index.php/rbne/article/view/557/532
http://www.rbne.com.br/index.php/rbne/ar...
], whereas its deficiency, as found in the low-carb diet, is associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [2525 Moretti M, Fraga DB, Rodrigues AL. Preventive and therapeutic potential of ascorbic acid in Neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2017;23(12):921-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.12767
https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.12767...
]. In the studies of Floriano et al. [55 Floriano RS, Mazur CE, Schwarz KS, Benincá C, Machado TWMM. Dietas para emagrecimento publicadas em um magazine direcionado ao público feminino: análise do conteúdo nutricional. Scient Med. 2017;26(2):ID22663. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016.2.22663
https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2016....
] and Abreu et al. [1212 Abreu ES, Paternez ACAC, Chaud DMA, Valverde F, Gaze JS. Parâmetros nutricionais de dietas anunciadas na imprensa leiga destinada ao público masculino e feminino. Ciênc Saúde. 2013;6(3):206-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1983-652X.2013.3.13479
https://doi.org/10.15448/1983-652X.2013....
], 80% and 82% of the analyzed diets, respectively, had adequate levels of vitamin C. Similarly, Marangoni & Maniglia [2222 Marangoni JS, Maniglia FP. Análise da composição nutricional de dietas da moda publicadas em revistas femininas. Rev Assoc Bras Nutr. 2017 [citado 2018 nov 17];8(1):31-6. Disponível em: http://www.rbone.com.br/index.php/rbone/article/view/309
http://www.rbone.com.br/index.php/rbone/...
] found adequate vitamin C levels in their study, as recommended by the DRI.

It is noteworthy that the level of B-complex vitamins was inadequate in intermittent fasting diet and vitamin B9 and vitamin D were deficient in all diets.

Vitamin B9 deficiency is associated with a number of diseases such as megaloblastic anemia, congenital malformations and cardiovascular diseases [2626 Rubert A, Engel B, Rohlfes ALB, Baccar LMNM. Vitaminas do complexo B: uma breve revisão. Rev Jov Pesq. 2017;7(1):30-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17058/rjp.v7i1.9332
https://doi.org/10.17058/rjp.v7i1.9332...
], whereas vitamin D deficiency can cause bone disorders and rickets [2727 Caserta L, Piloto JAR. Consumo excessivo de produtos vitamínicos: uma revisão. Rev Uningá. 2018 [citado 2018 nov 21];47(1). Disponível em: http://revista.uninga.br/index.php/uninga/article/view/1250
http://revista.uninga.br/index.php/uning...
].

In addition to anemia, B12 deficiency may also be associated with non-hematological complications, including increased risk of failed pregnancy, cognitive impairment, osteopenia, and vascular occlusive disease, probably due to Homocysteine accumulation (Hcy) [2828 Ralph G. Vitamin B12 deficiency from the perspective of a practicing hematologist. Blood. 2017;129:2603-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-10-569186
https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-10-56...
].

Thus, ‘fad diets’ promoted by social media can contribute to the increase in deficiency diseases and eating disorders, as both macro and micronutrients are deficient in these diets.

CONCLUSION

Calorie, macronutrient and micronutrient values were lower than the recommended levels for adult women in most of the menus. Food plans published on the Internet may be a potential risk to human health. Dietary planning should be individualized and prescribed by a nutritionist considering each individual’s nutritional needs and goals.

How to cite this article

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    2019

History

  • Received
    09 Sept 2018
  • Reviewed
    04 Dec 2018
  • Accepted
    02 Jan 2019
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