Vascular flora of Serra do Japi Biological Reserve, Jundiaí, southeastern Brazil

Flora vascular da Reserva Biológica Municipal da Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, SP

ORIGINAL PAPERS

Vascular flora of Serra do Japi Biological Reserve, Jundiaí, southeastern Brazil

Flora vascular da Reserva Biológica Municipal da Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, SP

Julio Antonio Lombardi^I,II,1; Carolina da Silva Carvalho^III; Leonardo Biral^IV; Mariana Naomi Saka^IV; Sean Miki Hieda^III

^IUniversidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, Depto. Botânica, Av. 24-A 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

^IIResearch Productivity Fellowship CNPq, proccess 300240/2009-0

^IIIPIBIC Scholarship CNPq/UNESP, Undergraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24-A 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil

^IVCNPq Scholarship. Graduate Program in Biological Sciences (Plant Biology), Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24-A 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Floristic sampling was carried out in Serra do Japi Biological Reserve, Jundiaí, state of São Paulo, Brazil, including physiognomies of semideciduous montane forest, a type of forest formation within the Atlantic Forest domain. Six hundred and sixty one species distributed in 129 families were recorded; the ten most diverse phanerogam families were: Asteraceae (56 species), Fabaceae (37), Rubiaceae (29), Poaceae (25), Solanaceae (24), Cyperaceae (19), Euphorbiaceae (19), Orchidaceae (19), Melastomataceae (17), and Piperaceae (17). The addition of 322 species from other floristic surveys increased the number of species of Serra do Japi to 976, distributed in 141 families. Compared to other floristic surveys carried out in the Atlantic Forest, our results highlight the floristic diversity of the study area and the importance of preserving the vegetation of this highly urbanized region.

Keywords: Brazil, semideciduous montane forest, floristic, Atlantic Forest, vascular plants.

RESUMO

Amostragem florística foi feita em áreas da Reserva Biológica Municipal da Serra do Japi, Jundiaí, Estado de São Paulo, incluíndo fisionomias de floresta semidecídua montana, classificada como parte das formações da Mata Atlântica. Foram encontradas 661 espécies em 129 famílias, as dez fanerogâmicas mais diversas foram: Asteraceae (56 espécies), Fabaceae (37), Rubiaceae (29), Poaceae (25), Solanaceae (24), Cyperaceae (19), Euphorbiaceae (19), Orchidaceae (19), Melastomataceae (17), e Piperaceae (17). O acréscimo de 322 espécies adicionais compiladas de listagens florísticas suplementares eleva, para a Serra do Japi em geral, o número registrado a 976 espécies em 141 famílias. Comparada a outros levantamentos florísticos na Mata Atlântica, esses resultados demonstram a diversidade florística da área estudada e ressaltam o valor da preservação da vegetação nessa região altamente urbanizada.

Palavras-chave: Brasil, floresta semidecídua montana, florística, Mata Atlântica, plantas vasculares.

Introduction

The Atlantic Forest is highly complex, both floristically and structurally. In the past, it covered an almost continuous range along the coast, from the state of Rio Grande do Norte to the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which represents ca. 12% of the Brazilian territory (Consórcio Mata Atlântica 1992; Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica & INPE 2002; Galindo-Leal & Câmara 2003). It comprises different vegetation types, from forests to fields. Its current legal circumscription is given by Decree no. 750/93, which deals with the use of the Atlantic Forest, defining it as forest formations and associated ecosystems inserted in the domain of the Atlantic Forest, with their respective official delimitations established (IBGE 1991).

The flora of the Atlantic Forest was estimated in 20 thousand species of vascular plants, of which approximately eight thousand would be endemic (Myers et al. 2000). Although this estimate allows us to place this formation within the so-called biodiversity hotspots (Mittermeier et al. 2004), we can still consider it relatively poorly known, in particular because from 1990 to 2006 more than 1,100 new species from this biome were described; over 40% of more than 1,100 new species described from Brazil were made from this biome (Sobral & Stehmann 2009). Floristic inventories including non-tree species are relatively rare in the Atlantic Forest, whereas tree species are better known, mainly due to several phytosociological studies carried out in the state of São Paulo (e.g. Leitão-Filho 1982).

The Serra do Japi range is considered a priority area for conservation, representing the largest inland continuous forest of the state of São Paulo, and, despite the impacts of mining, logging and human occupation that it has undergone, it still represents an important remnant of the flora and fauna of southeastern Brazil (Joly 1992; Leitão-Filho & Morellato 1997, Morellato 1992a).

The range is located in a highly populated region within the urban areas of São Paulo, Jundiaí, and Campinas, which potentializes the risks of disordered occupation that the area is subjected to. However, since 1983, Serra do Japi is under governmental trust (CONDEPHAAT - Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico do Estado/Council for the Defense of the Historical, Archaeological, Artistic and Touristic Heritage) and, from 1984 on, it was declared a reserve (APA - Área de Proteção Ambiental/Environmental Protection Area), partially located within the municipalities of Jundiaí and Cabreúva. The Serra do Japi Biological Reserve (RBMSJ - Reserva Biológica Municipal da Serra do Japi) was created in 1992 (Jundiaí 1991-1992), and in 1993 it was included in the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve (Leitão-Filho & Morellato 1997).

The Serra do Japi Biological Reserve has been extensively studied in terms of arboreal flora (Cardoso-Leite et al. 2002; Leitão-Filho 1992; Rodrigues et al. 1989), physiognomy (Cardoso-Leite et al. 2005; Rodrigues & Shepherd 1992), phenology (Morellato et al. 1989; Morellato et al. 1990; Morellato 1992b), and fauna (e.g. Brown Jr. 1992; Haddad & Sazima 1992; Marinho-Filho 1992; Sazima & Haddad 1992; Silva 1992).

The objective of the present study was to contribute to the knowledge of the flora of Serra do Japi Biological Reserve, creating a floristic list that includes all life forms, thus complementing the lists already published for the area and comparing it to other lists and taxonomic studies, aiming to check the presence of invasive, rare or endemic species, in order to give support to future conservation and management projects.

Material and Methods

Study area

The massif of Serra do Japi is located within the municipalities of Jundiaí, Itupeva, Cabreúva, Pirapora do Bom Jesus, and Cajamar, approximately between 23º11'S and 46º52'W, and covers 354 km² (Leitão-Filho & Morellato 1997). The altitude of this mountain varies from 700 to 1,300 m, and its average annual temperature varies from 15.7ºC in the highest areas to 19.2ºC in the lowest areas. July is the coldest month, with average temperatures between 11.8 ºC and 15.3ºC; the warmest month is January, with average temperatures between 18.4ºC and 22.2ºC. Hence, the local summer is warm and humid and the winter is cold and dry (Pinto 1992).

Serra do Japi Biological Reserve is located within the municipality of Jundiaí (between 23º12'-23º21'S and 46º30'-46º05'W), and comprises 2,071.20 ha (Fig. 1) covered mainly by seasonal semideciduous montane forest (Cardoso-Leite et al. 2005; IBGE 1991; Jundiaí 1991-1992).

Collections of botanical material were carried out monthly, from May 2007 to November 2008; only reproductive specimens were collected. Marked trails were covered, with eventual incursions into the surrounding vegetation. Considering that previous inventories focused on sampling the tree stratum, we focused on sampling specimens of other life forms, mainly herbs and lianas.

The samples were pressed and dried following Fidalgo & Bononi (1984) and notes on life form, height, color, and other characters were taken. Exsiccates were deposited in the collection of Herbarium Rioclarense (HRCB), of the Institute of Bioscience of Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). Species were identified based on the literature, exchange of duplicates and consultation with specialists, as well as by comparison with identified specimens deposited in other herbaria in the state of São Paulo (^{Appendix 1}). The abbreviations of herbaria followed Thiers (2009). The classification of angiosperms followed APG III (2009), whereas the classification of Lycophyta, Monilophyta, and gymnosperms followed, respectively, Kramer & Tryon (1990), Smith et al. (2006), and Page (1990).

The floristic list presented encompasses species collected in this inventory, plus species reported as occurring in the area in previously published lists for Serra do Japi (Cardoso-Leite et al. 2002; Leitão-Filho 1992; Pansarin & Pansarin 2008; Rodrigues et al. 1989). Vouchers are mentioned only for collections carried out in the present study.

Names of native species included in the lists presented here were checked on the Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil (Forzza et al. 2010). The botanical synonymy and authorship of species were checked in the literature (Forzza et al. 2010, "The Plant List"), and through consultation with specialists. Whenever necessary, updating and correction were made.

In the floristic comparison among Atlantic Forest areas (Braga 2005), only species collected in the present inventory were considered; the six other areas of Atlantic Forest s.l. used for comparison were selected from papers published in the past ten years, which were extensive and not restricted to a particular life form: Araldo Forest (Mata do Araldo), state of Paraná (Souza & Monteiro 2005); Santa Genebra Municipal Reserve (Reserva Municipal de Santa Genebra), Campinas, state of São Paulo (Guaratini et al. 2008); Caratinga Biological Station (Estação Biológica de Caratinga) and Rio Doce State Park (Parque Estadual do Rio Doce), state of Minas Gerais (Lombardi & Gonçalves 2000); João Vasconcelos-Sobrinho Ecological Park (Parque Ecológico João Vasconcelos-Sobrinho), state of Pernambuco (Rodal & Sales 2007); Intervales State Park (Parque Estadual Intervales), Saibadela Base, state of São Paulo (Zipparro et al. 2005); Toró Forest (Mata do Toró), state of Permanbuco (Rodal et al. 2005).

Results and Discussion

In the Serra do Japi Biological Reserve, 661 species from 129 families (^{Appendix 1}) were collected. The ten best-represented phanerogam families were: Asteraceae (56 species), Fabaceae (37), Rubiaceae (29), Poaceae (25), Solanaceae (24), Cyperaceae (19), Euphorbiaceae (19), Orchidaceae (19), Melastomataceae (17), and Piperaceae (17). Among pteridophytes, the three most important families were: Polypodiaceae, Pteridaceae (11 species each), and Blechnaceae (6).

The addition of 322 species compiled from other floristic lists increased the number of species recorded for Serra do Japi to 976 species from 141 families. Compared to the other inventories selected (Tab. 1), the number of species sampled in the present study was only smaller than that reported in the inventory of the Atlantic Forest of Minas Gerais (Lombardi & Gonçalves 2000), which includes two areas: Caratinga Biological Station (Estação Biológica de Caratinga) and Rio Doce State Park (Parque Estadual do Rio Doce). The ten most common families were also present in the other inventories used for comparison; Fabaceae was the most important family in terms of number of species in eight inventories, whereas in Serra do Japi Biological Reserve the predominance of Asteraceae over Fabaceae is explained by the inclusion of ruderal species in the present study.

Although all sampled areas exhibited different signs of anthropic alteration, the large number of species found in this study highlights the high floristic richness of the region. Additional collections could add more species to the list presented here.

The identification of the specimens sampled in Serra do Japi Biological Reserve recorded species previously considered extinct in the state: Prestonia solanifolia (Müll.Arg.) Woodson and Peperomia nitida Dahlst. (Mamede et al. 2007), as well as several species considered vulnerable: Cissampelos pareira L., Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., Eugenia brasiliensis Lam., Euterpe edulis Mart., and Trichilia hirta L. (Mamede et al. 2007).

Cissus striata subsp. argentina (Suess.) Lombardi was observed in the region, which had been previously recorded for the state of São Paulo only in collections from the municipalities of São Bernardo do Campo and Campos do Jordão, where it was found up to the Caparaó Mountain Range (Serra do Caparaó), state of Minas Gerais, always in high-altitude areas, but with its geographic distribution restricted mainly to southern Brazil and northern Argentina (Lombardi 2000, 2002). Moreover, a new species, Sida sp. nov., was discovered and is being described (A. Krapovickas, personal communication).

In Serra do Japi Biological Reserve, 112 of the collected species can be classified as cultivated, both non-invasive (29 species) or invasive (83 species) (^{Appendix 1}).

The species considered as cultivated non-invasive were collected in the surroundings of the Ecological Base (head office) or in ruins of abandoned residences, and were apparently unable to self-propagate, since other individuals outside these sites have not been observed. These species, according to Colautti & MacIsaac (2004), are non-invasive and classified in stages III and IVb, non-native species that, respectively, have restricted populations and are numerically rare, or are locally restricted but dominant in the area.

The species considered as invasive here are non-native with a capacity for self-propagation, represented by widely distributed individuals and apparently maintaining a population in the study areas, which, according to Colautti & MacIsaac (2004), are invasive species classified in stages IVa and V, non-native species that are well distributed in the study area and, respectively, rare or dominant. The vast majority of these species are herbs, few are ornamental woody or fruit-bearing. Especially common along the trails and most illuminated areas are the herbs Impatiens walleriana Hook.f., very common along trails and borders, particularly in humid areas, and Crocosmia crocosmiiflora (Lemoine ex Morren) N.E.Br. that occurs in more restricted areas, mainly along the trail Ecological Base-Belvedere (Base Ecológica-Mirante), which has more intense visitation. Some tree or shrub species, such as Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. and Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f., are sometimes found growing in the forest; the dispersal of these species is probably carried out by the autochthonous fauna, such as birds, taking into account that they are dispersed in the region.

We considered these invasive species to be integrated in the ecosystem, in a 'natural' evolution under human interference; according to some authors, efforts to amend situations such as these are useless and considered a waste of resources (Hobbs et al. 2006). Eradicating these species in order to restore the ecosystem to a previous condition is probably very difficult, or even impossible, since these species are well distributed in the study areas, though they occupy areas of relatively narrow ecological range, on borders and humid areas, where they can be rare (stage IVa: Eriobotrya japonica and Citrus limon) or dominant (stage V: Impatiens walleriana and Crocosmia crocosmiiflora).

The species richness observed in the Serra do Japi Biological Reserve shows the great importance of this area for biodiversity conservation in a region of the state of São Paulo where few areas with extensive native vegetation are found. The conservation of this important reserve with 2,071.20 ha of vegetation, despite the alterations that it has undergone so far, is even more urgent in a region where urbanization and industrialization are very intensive (Florgård 2004). Furthermore, it is very important to preserve headwaters and to promote well-being in the region (Gowdy 1997; Kellert 1993; Pretty 2004; Ulrich 1993).

Acknowledgments

FAPESP – São Paulo Research Foundation (process no. 2006/07225-4) funded this research. CNPq - National Council for Scientific and Technological Development granted JAL (process number 306395/2006-1) a research productivity fellowship and CSC, MNS, and SMH undergraduate research scholarships. Jundiaí City Administration (Prefeitura Municipal de Jundiaí) and the Municipal Department of Planning and Environment (Secretaria Municipal de Planejamento e Meio Ambiente) granted us a permit for carrying out the present study. We also thank one anonymous reviewer, whose criticisms improved substantially the writing style of the manuscript. João Vasconcellos Neto helped us elaborate the original project. Natália Macedo Ivanauskas gave us invaluable suggestions for an early version of the manuscript. The specialists reported in the species list helped identifying species.

Artigo recebido em 25/08/2010

Aceito para publicação em 31/10/2011

This paper has additional data published in its electronic version.

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• Ulrich, R. 1993. Biophilia, biophobia, and natural landscapes. In: Kellert, S.R. & Wilson, E.O. (ed.). The biophilia hypothesis. Island Press, Washington. Pp. 73-137.
• Zipparro, V.B.; Guilherme, F.A.G.; Almeida-Scabbia, R.J. & Morellato, L.P.C. 2005. Levantamento florístico de Floresta Atlântica no sul do estado de São Paulo, Parque Estadual Intervales, Base Saibadela. Biota Neotropica 5: 147-170. Available in <http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v5n1/pt/abstract?inventory+BN02605012005>. Access on 24 Aug 2010.

Appendix 1

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 Jan 2013
• Date of issue
  June 2012

History

• Received
  25 Aug 2010
• Accepted
  31 Oct 2011