Altitudinal distribution and species richness of herbaceous plants in <i>campos rupestres</i> of the Southern Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Borges, Rafael Augusto Xavier; Carneiro, Marco Antônio Alves; Viana, Pedro Lage

doi:10.1590/2175-7860201162110

Abstract

The variation in the species richness of herbaceous plants along an altitudinal gradient was analyzed in the Serra do Ouro Branco and Serra do Ribeiro, in the townships of Ouro Branco and Ouro Preto, respectively. Plant similarity between both serras was also assessed. Twenty spots were sampled along a 440 m (1105 m to 1545 m) altitudinal range; at each site, herbs were collected within ten 1 m² plots, totaling 200 m². We found 101 species distributed in 59 genera and 25 families. The richest plant families in Serra do Ouro Branco were Poaceae (22 spp.), Asteraceae (14 spp.) and Cyperaceae (10 spp.), while in Serra do Ribeiro, they were Poaceae (17 spp.), Cyperaceae (12 spp.) and Asteraceae (8 spp.). Variation between the number of species and altitude was not significant. The higher number of species in Serra do Ouro Branco may be due to different local environmental factors and to the occurrence of grazing and fires. The serras presented a high similarity value (J = 0.44), but cluster and ordination analysis indicated the formation of two distinct groups, reflecting the importance of local factors to determine the floristic composition of neighboring areas of campos rupestres.

Key words:
biogeography; gradient; diversity; mountains; similarity

Resumo

A variação da riqueza de plantas herbáceas ao longo do gradiente altitudinal foi estudada em campos rupestres das Serras do Ouro Branco e do Ribeiro, localizadas respectivamente nos municípios de Ouro Branco e Ouro Preto. A similaridade entre a flora das serras também foi verificada. Foram amostrados 20 pontos num gradiente altitudinal de 440 m (1.105 m a 1.545 m); em cada ponto, as ervas foram coletadas em parcelas de 1 m², totalizando 200 m². Foram encontradas 101 espécies em 59 gêneros e 25 famílias. Na Serra do Ouro Branco, as famílias com maior número de espécies foram Poaceae (22 spp.), Asteraceae (14 spp.) e Cyperaceae (10 spp.), enquanto na Serra do Ribeiro foram Poaceae (17 spp.), Cyperaceae (12 spp.) e Asteraceae (8 spp.). Não houve variação significativa da riqueza de espécies com a altitude e a Serra do Ouro Branco apresentou um maior número de espécies. As serras apresentaram elevada similaridade entre si (J = 0,44), porém houve a formação de dois grupos distintos nas análises de agrupamento e ordenação, indicando que a riqueza de espécies em áreas relativamente próximas de campo rupestre podem estar sob influência de fatores locais predominantes.

Palavras-chave:
biogeografia; gradiente; diversidade; montanhas; similaridade

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References

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Araújo, G.M.; Barbosa A A.A.; Arantes A.A. & Amaral A.F. 2002. Composição florística de veredas do município de Uberlândia, MG. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 25: 475-493.
Bachman, S.; Baker, W.J.; Brummit, N.; Dransfield, J. & Moat, J. 2004. Elevational gradients, area and tropical island diversity: an example from the palms of New Guinea. Ecography 27: 299-310.
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Gentry, A.H. & Dodson, C.H. 1987. Diversity and biogeography of neotropical vascular epiphytes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 74: 205-233.
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Grytnes, J.A. 2003. Species-richness patterns of vascular plants along seven altitudinal transects in Norway. Ecography 26: 291-300.
Herzog, S. K., Kessler, M. & Bach, K. 2005. The elevational gradient in Andean bird species richness at the local scale: a foothill peak and a high-elevation plateau. Ecography 28: 209-222.
Hodkinson, I. D. 2005. Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude. Biological Reviews 80: 489-513.
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Jones, J.I.; Li, W. & Maberly, C. 2003. Area, altitude and aquatic plant diversity. Ecography 26: 411-420.
Kessler, M. 2000. Altitudinal zonation of Andean cryptogam communities. Journal of Biogeography 27: 275-282.
Krömer, T., Kessler, M., Gradstein, S.R. & Acebey, A. 2005. Diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes along an elevational gradient in the Andes. Journal of Biogeography 32: 1799-1809.
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Lieberman, D.; Lieberman, M.; Peralta, R. & Hartshorn, G.S. 1996. Tropical forest structure and composition on a large-scale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 84: 137-152.
Lomolino, M.V. 2001. Elevation gradients of species-density: historical and prospective views. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10: 3-13.
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Mallen-Cooper, J. & Pickering, C.M. 2008. Linear declines in exotic and native plant species richness along an increasing altitudinal gradient in the Snowy Mountains, Australia. Austral Ecology 33: 684-690.
Martinelli, G. 2007. Mountain biodiversity in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 30: 587-597.
McCoy, E.D. 1990. The distribution of insects along elevational gradients. Oikos 58: 313-322.
Mccune, B. & Grace, J.B. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design, Oregon. 302p.
McIntyre, S.; Heard, K.M.; Martin, T.G. 2003. The relative importance of cattle grazing in subtropical grasslands: does it reduce or enhance plant biodiversity? Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 445-457.
Nor, M.D. 2001. Elevational diversity patterns small mammals on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Global Ecology & Biogeography 10: 101-109.
Olff, H. & Ritchie, M.E. 1998. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 261-265.
Pausas, J.G. & Austin, M.P. 2001. Patterns of plant species richness in relation to different environments: An appraisal. Journal of Vegetation Science 12: 153-166.
Pikälä, J. 2005. Plant species responses to cattle grazing in mesic semi-natural grassland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 108: 109-117.
Pirani, J.R.; Mello-Silva, R.; Giulietti, A.M. 2003. Flora de Grão Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 21: 1-24.
Pivello, V.R.; Shida, C.N. & Meirelles, S.T. 1999. Alien grasses in brazilian savannas: a threat to the biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 1281-1294.
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» www.R-project.org
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Sano, S.M. & Almeida, S.P. (org.). 1998. Cerrado: ambiente e flora. EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF. 556p.
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Stannard, B.L. 1995. Flora of the Pico das Almas, Chapada Diamantina, Brazil. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. 853p.
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Viana, P.L. & Lombardi, J.A. 2007. Florística e caracterização dos campos rupestres sobre canga na Serra da Calçada, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 58: 159-177.
Whittaker R. J.; Willis K. J. & Field R. 2001. Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 28: 453-70.
Zappi, D.C.; Lucas, E.; Stannard, B.; Lughadha, E.; Pirani, J.R.; Queiroz, L.P.; Atkins, S.; Hind, D.J.N.; Giulietti, A.M.; Harley, R. & Carvalho, AM. 2003. Lista das plantas vasculares de Catolés, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 21: 345-398.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Jan-Mar 2011

History

Received
19 Feb 2009
Accepted
03 Aug 2010

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Alkmim, F.F. 1987. Modelo Deposicional para a seqüência de metassedimentos da Serra de Ouro Branco, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais. Anais do Simpósio sobre Sistemas Deposicionais no Pré-Cambriano. Boletim da Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia, Núcleo MG 6: 47-68.

[2] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II: Bremer, B., Bremer, K., Chase, M.W., Reveal, J.L., Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Stevens, P.F. (coord.). 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders & families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 399-436.

[3] Araújo, G.M.; Barbosa A A.A.; Arantes A.A. & Amaral A.F. 2002. Composição florística de veredas do município de Uberlândia, MG. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 25: 475-493.

[4] Bachman, S.; Baker, W.J.; Brummit, N.; Dransfield, J. & Moat, J. 2004. Elevational gradients, area and tropical island diversity: an example from the palms of New Guinea. Ecography 27: 299-310.

[5] Beckage, B.; Osborne, B.; Gavin, D.G.; Pucko, C.; Siccama, T. ; Perkins, T. 2008. A rapid upward shift of a forest ecotone during 40 years of warming in the Green Mountains of Vermont. Proceedings National Academic of Science USA 105: 4197-4202.

[6] Câmara, T.; Murta, R. 2007. Quadrilátero ferrífero: biodiversidade protegida. Gráfica Formato, Belo Horizonte. 200p.

[7] Carneiro, M.A.A.; Ribeiro, S.P. & Fernandes, G.W. 1995. Artrópodos de um gradiente altitudinal na Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 39: 597-604.

[8] Conceição, A.A. & Pirani, J.R. 2005. Delimitação de habitats em campos rupestres na Chapada Diamantina: substratos, composição florística e aspectos estruturais. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 23: 85-111.

[9] Conceição, A.A. & Pirani, J.R. 2007. Diversidade em quatro áreas de campos rupestres na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil: espécies distintas, mas riquezas similares. Rodriguésia 58: 193-206.

[10] Colwell, R.K. & Lewis, D.C. 2000. The mid-domain effect: geometric constraints on the geography of species richness. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 70-76.

[11] Crawley, M.J. 2002. Statistical computing. An introduction to data analysis using S-plus. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 761p.

[12] Drummond, G.M.; Martins, C.S.; Machado, A.B.M.; Sebaio & Antonini, Y. 2005. Biodiversidade em Minas Gerais: um atlas para sua conservação. 2ª. ed. Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte. 222p.

[13] Fernandes, G.W. & Price P.W. 1988. Biogeographical gradients in galling species richness: tests of hypotheses. Oecologia 76: 161-167.

[14] Filgueiras, T. 2002. Herbaceous plant communities. In: Oliveira P. S. & Marquis R. J. The Cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna. Columbia University Press, New York. Pp. 121-139.

[15] Gentry, A.H. & Dodson, C.H. 1987. Diversity and biogeography of neotropical vascular epiphytes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 74: 205-233.

[16] Giulietti, A.M.; Menezes, N.L.; Pirani, J.R.; Meguro, M. & Wanderley, M.G.L. 1987. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: caracterização e lista de espécies. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo. 9: 1-151.

[17] Giulietti, A.M. & Pirani, J.R. 1988. Patterns of Geographic Distribution of some Plant Species from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil. In: Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Biodiversity Distribution Patterns. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro. Pp. 39-69.

[18] Givnish, T.J. 1999. On the causes of gradients in tropical trees diversity. Journal of Ecology 87: 193-210.

[19] Gottfried, M.; Pauli, H.; Reiter, K. & Grabherr, G. 1999. A fine-scaled predictive model for changes in species distribution patterns of high mountain plants induced by climate warming. Diversity and Distributions 5: 241-251.

[20] Grytnes, J.A. 2003. Species-richness patterns of vascular plants along seven altitudinal transects in Norway. Ecography 26: 291-300.

[21] Herzog, S. K., Kessler, M. & Bach, K. 2005. The elevational gradient in Andean bird species richness at the local scale: a foothill peak and a high-elevation plateau. Ecography 28: 209-222.

[22] Hodkinson, I. D. 2005. Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude. Biological Reviews 80: 489-513.

[23] Holmgren P.K, Holmgren, N.H. & Barnett, L.C. 1990. Index Herbariorum Part I: The herbaria of the world. New York Botanical Garden, New York. 120p.

[24] Howe, H.F. 1994. Managing species diversity in tallgras prairie: assumptions and implications. Conservational Biology 8: 691-704.

[25] Jones, J.I.; Li, W. & Maberly, C. 2003. Area, altitude and aquatic plant diversity. Ecography 26: 411-420.

[26] Kessler, M. 2000. Altitudinal zonation of Andean cryptogam communities. Journal of Biogeography 27: 275-282.

[27] Krömer, T., Kessler, M., Gradstein, S.R. & Acebey, A. 2005. Diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes along an elevational gradient in the Andes. Journal of Biogeography 32: 1799-1809.

[28] Köppen, W. 1948. Climatologia; con un estudio de los climas de la tierra. Fondo de Cultura Economica, México. 478p.

[29] Lieberman, D.; Lieberman, M.; Peralta, R. & Hartshorn, G.S. 1996. Tropical forest structure and composition on a large-scale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 84: 137-152.

[30] Lomolino, M.V. 2001. Elevation gradients of species-density: historical and prospective views. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10: 3-13.

[31] Lomolino, M.V.; Riddle, B.R. & Brown, J.H. 2006. Biogeography. 3rd ed. Sinauer Associates, Suderland. 845p.

[32] Mallen-Cooper, J. & Pickering, C.M. 2008. Linear declines in exotic and native plant species richness along an increasing altitudinal gradient in the Snowy Mountains, Australia. Austral Ecology 33: 684-690.

[33] Martinelli, G. 2007. Mountain biodiversity in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 30: 587-597.

[34] McCoy, E.D. 1990. The distribution of insects along elevational gradients. Oikos 58: 313-322.

[35] Mccune, B. & Grace, J.B. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design, Oregon. 302p.

[36] McIntyre, S.; Heard, K.M.; Martin, T.G. 2003. The relative importance of cattle grazing in subtropical grasslands: does it reduce or enhance plant biodiversity? Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 445-457.

[37] Nor, M.D. 2001. Elevational diversity patterns small mammals on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Global Ecology & Biogeography 10: 101-109.

[38] Olff, H. & Ritchie, M.E. 1998. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 261-265.

[39] Pausas, J.G. & Austin, M.P. 2001. Patterns of plant species richness in relation to different environments: An appraisal. Journal of Vegetation Science 12: 153-166.

[40] Pikälä, J. 2005. Plant species responses to cattle grazing in mesic semi-natural grassland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 108: 109-117.

[41] Pirani, J.R.; Mello-Silva, R.; Giulietti, A.M. 2003. Flora de Grão Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 21: 1-24.

[42] Pivello, V.R.; Shida, C.N. & Meirelles, S.T. 1999. Alien grasses in brazilian savannas: a threat to the biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 1281-1294.

[43] Pucheta, E.; Cabido, M.; Díaz, S. & Funes, G. 1998. Floristic composition, biomass, and aboveground net plant production in grazed and protected sites in a mountain grassland of central Argentina. Acta Oecologica 19: 97-105.

[44] R Development Core Team. 2005. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena. Disponível em <www.R-project.org>. Acesso em 10 Jul 2005.
» www.R-project.org

[45] Rahbek, C. 1997. The relationship among area, elevation, and regional species richness in Neotropical birds. American Naturalist 149: 875-902.

[46] Rizzini, C.T. 1979. Tratado de fitogeografia do Brasil; Vol. 2. Edgard Blucher, EDUSP, São Paulo. 747p.

[47] Romero, R. 2002. Diversidade dos campos rupestres de Goiás, sudoeste e sul de Minas Gerais. In: Biodiversidade, conservação e uso sustentável da flora do Brasil - Boletim da Sociedade Botânica do Brasil/UFRPE 81-86.

[48] Rosenzweig, M.L. 1995. Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press, Oxford. 436p.

[49] Safford, H.F. 1999. Brazilian Páramos I. An introduction to the physical environment and vegetation of the campos de altitude Journal of Biogeography 26: 693-712.

[50] Sano, S.M. & Almeida, S.P. (org.). 1998. Cerrado: ambiente e flora. EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF. 556p.

[51] Shepherd, G.J. 1996. FITOPAC I - Manual do usuário. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 96p.

[52] Stannard, B.L. 1995. Flora of the Pico das Almas, Chapada Diamantina, Brazil. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. 853p.

[53] Terborgh, J. 1977. Bird species diversity on na Andean elevational gradient. Ecology 58: 1007-10019.

[54] Tryon, R.M. 1989. Pteridophytes. In: Lieth, H. & Werger, M.J.A. (eds.). Tropical rain forest ecosystems. Biogeographical and ecological studies. Ecosystems of the world V, 14b. Elsevier, Amsterdan. Pp. 327-338.

[55] Viana, P.L. & Lombardi, J.A. 2007. Florística e caracterização dos campos rupestres sobre canga na Serra da Calçada, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 58: 159-177.

[56] Whittaker R. J.; Willis K. J. & Field R. 2001. Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 28: 453-70.

[57] Zappi, D.C.; Lucas, E.; Stannard, B.; Lughadha, E.; Pirani, J.R.; Queiroz, L.P.; Atkins, S.; Hind, D.J.N.; Giulietti, A.M.; Harley, R. & Carvalho, AM. 2003. Lista das plantas vasculares de Catolés, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 21: 345-398.

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