Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

FATORES ASSOCIADOS À NEOFOBIA ALIMENTAR EM CRIANÇAS: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Identificar os fatores associados à neofobia alimentar em crianças por meio de uma revisão sistemática.

Fontes de dados:

Esta pesquisa foi baseada nas recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, ScienceDirect e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), com a conjugação dos descritores em saúde em português e inglês: (“Food Neophobia” OR “Feeding Behavior” OR “Food Preferences” OR “Food Selectivity”) AND Child, no período de 2000 a 2019. Foram incluídos os estudos que avaliaram os fatores associados à neofobia alimentar em crianças. A qualidade dos estudos foi mensurada por meio da ferramenta Effective Public Health Practice Project: Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies (QATQS).

Síntese dos dados:

Dezenove trabalhos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. A prevalência da neofobia alimentar variou de 12,8 a 100%. Os estudos utilizaram três diferentes escalas a fim de medir o nível de neofobia alimentar. Os principais fatores associados a esse quadro foram: influência parental nos hábitos alimentares da criança, preferência inata das crianças por sabores doces e salgados, influência do aspecto sensorial do alimento, pressão dos pais para a criança comer, falta de encorajamento e/ou afetividade dos pais no momento das refeições, ansiedade na infância, dietas pouco variadas e com baixa qualidade nutricional.

Conclusões:

Os fatores associados à neofobia alimentar permeiam diversos âmbitos da vida da criança, assim, o acompanhamento interprofissional torna-se essencial no processo de intervenção.

Palavras-chave:
Neofobia alimentar; Comportamento alimentar; Preferências alimentares; Crianças; Revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To identify the factors associated with food neophobia in children through a systematic review.

Data sources:

This research was based on the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The research was carried out in the PubMed, Science Direct, and Scientific Electronic Library Online databases, with the combination of health descriptors in English and Portuguese: (“Food Neophobia” OR “Feeding Behavior” OR “Food Preferences” OR “Food Selectivity”) AND Child, from 2000 to 2019. Studies that evaluated factors associated with food neophobia in children were included. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project: Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies (QATQS).

Data synthesis:

19 studies were included in the systematic review. The prevalence of food neophobia ranged from 12.8 to 100%. The studies used three different scales to measure the level of food neophobia. The main factors associated with food neophobia were: parental influence on children’s eating habits, children’s innate preference for sweet and savory flavors, influence of the sensory aspect of the food, parents’ pressure for the child to eat, parents’ lack of encouragement and/or affection at mealtime, childhood anxiety, and diets with low variety and low nutritional quality.

Conclusions:

The factors associated with food neophobia permeate several areas of the child’s life, thus, interprofessional follow-up becomes essential in the intervention process.

Keywords:
Food neophobia; Feeding behavior; Food preferences; Children; Systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO

A neofobia alimentar é caracterizada pela relutância em consumir ou a falta de vontade de experimentar alimentos desconhecidos.11. Pliner P. Development of measures of food neophobia in children. Appetite. 1994;23:147-63. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1994.1043
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/...
Esse comportamento, em uma perspectiva evolucionista, pode minimizar riscos de ingestão de alimentos prejudiciais à saúde, entretanto, essa aversão ocasiona a monotonia alimentar, que pode resultar em deficiências nutricionais.22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,33. Knaapila A, Tuorila H, Silventoinen K, Keskitalo K, Kallela M, Wessman M, et al. Food Neophobia shows heritable variation in humans. Physiol Behav. 2007;91:573-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.019
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
A alimentação não deve ser vista apenas como necessidade básica, mas também fonte de prazer, socialização, transmissão de cultura e fator de grande importância para a saúde.44. Viveiros CC. Estudo do comportamento alimentar, preferências alimentares e neofobia alimentar em crianças pré-escolares e da eficácia de um programa de promoção de comportamentos alimentares saudáveis em contexto escolar: um estudo exploratório [master’s thesis]. Lisboa: Universidade de Lisboa; 2012. Esses aspectos influenciam na formação dos hábitos alimentares, que em sua maioria têm origem na infância, e a família tem papel fundamental no aprendizado da alimentação da criança.55. Gaiga CA. Neofobia alimentar e desenvolvimento infantil [undergraduate thesis]. Limeira (SP): Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2014.

O comportamento neofóbico ocorre principalmente na faixa etária de dois a cinco anos, período significativo para a formação dos hábitos alimentares.66. Addessi E, Galloway AT, Visalberghi E, Birch LL. Specific social influences on the acceptance of novel foods in 2-5-year-old children. Appetite. 2005;45:264-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2005.07.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Em razão do pouco conhecimento sobre esse comportamento, muitos pais não o identificam em seus filhos, o que reforça a possibilidade de a prevalência da neofobia ser ainda maior do que os dados encontrados na literatura.55. Gaiga CA. Neofobia alimentar e desenvolvimento infantil [undergraduate thesis]. Limeira (SP): Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2014. A falta de identificação da neofobia é preocupante, visto que os alimentos que mais a despertam são de alto valor nutricional.77. Faccin R. Preferências alimentares e neofobia alimentar em crianças de escolas municipais no município de Porto Alegre [undergraduate thesis]. Porto Alegre (RS): Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2013.

O desenvolvimento da neofobia alimentar está associado a vários fatores, como os individuais, biológicos, psicológicos, econômicos, antropológicos e socioculturais.88. Gedrich K. Determinants of nutritional behaviour: a multitude of levers for successful intervention? Appetite. 2003;41:231-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2003.08.005
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
O conhecimento sobre os fatores relacionados permite delinear uma abordagem adequada para enfrentar a neofobia, uma vez que o comportamento alimentar sofre persuasões diversas. Para que haja intervenção, é fundamental o estudo dessa condição associada a outras variáveis, especialmente aos hábitos alimentares de quem mais proximamente influencia as preferências alimentares das crianças.99. Ramalho C, Sampaio M, Rocha N, Poínhos R. Food neophobia among primary school children and their caregivers. Acta Port Nutr. 2016;7:10-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21011/apn.2016.0703
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.210...

A falta de diversidade na alimentação ocasionada pela neofobia alimentar restringe a ingestão de nutrientes necessários para a manutenção da homeostase corporal. Quando essa restrição é severa e/ou perdura por muito tempo, ela tende a afetar diversos sistemas do organismo, como o nervoso, afetando as capacidades cognitivas e motoras da criança.1010. Medeiros RT. Caracterização da neofobia alimentar em crianças de três a seis anos [master’sthesis]. Natal (RN): Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; 2008.

Considerando os fatores associados à neofobia alimentar em crianças e seu impacto no desenvolvimento, faz-se necessária a realização de estudos nessa perspectiva para possibilitar a disseminação do conhecimento sobre a neofobia e, consequentemente, sua prevenção, identificação precoce e intervenção adequada. É válido considerar que a identificação dificultada da neofobia faz com que esse comportamento possa se prolongar por tempo suficiente para afetar rigorosamente o desenvolvimento e a saúde da criança. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem o objetivo de identificar os fatores associados à neofobia alimentar em crianças por meio de uma revisão sistemática.

MÉTODO

Trata-se de um estudo de revisão sistemática, baseado nas normas do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA),1111. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine. 2009;6:e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
sobre estudos que avaliaram os fatores associados à neofobia alimentar em crianças. Nesta revisão, adotou-se o conceito da neofobia alimentar como sendo a tendência a rejeitar alimentos novos ou desconhecidos.11. Pliner P. Development of measures of food neophobia in children. Appetite. 1994;23:147-63. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1994.1043
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/...
Entretanto, houve a necessidade de inclusão de outros descritores na busca dos artigos, em decorrência da confusão conceitual ainda presente na literatura.

Para tanto, foi realizada a investigação eletrônica de artigos indexados nas bases de dados PubMed, ScienceDirect e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), com a conjugação dos seguintes descritores (DeSC/MeSH): (“Food Neophobia” OR “Feeding Behavior” OR “Food Preferences” OR “Food Selectivity”) AND Child e (“Neofobia Alimentar” OR “Comportamento Alimentar” OR “Preferências Alimentares” OR “Seletividade Alimentar”) AND Criança. Consideraram-se os estudos publicados no período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2019.

Foram incluídos os artigos que analisaram fatores associados à neofobia alimentar em crianças, publicados em português e inglês. Excluíram-se os de revisão, dissertações, teses, editoriais e estudos que não apresentem correlação com os descritores utilizados. Os trabalhos disponíveis nas bases de dados foram selecionados e analisados por dois revisores independentes (TOT e DRG), usando formulários que contemplavam os critérios de elegibilidade, entre eles o título, o resumo e, por fim, o artigo na íntegra. Discordâncias entre os dois revisores foram resolvidas em consulta a um terceiro revisor (MPM).

As informações pertinentes dos artigos selecionados foram sistematizadas em planilha do Word contendo os seguintes dados: autores, ano de publicação, locais, tipos de estudos, amostra, escore de qualidade, prevalência da neofobia alimentar em crianças, escala de neofobia alimentar, nível da neofobia, ambiente de origem da amostra e fatores associados. O local do estudo foi descrito conforme o país e a cidade de realização. Quanto ao aspecto temporal, os artigos foram apresentados segundo o ano de publicação. A amostra de cada estudo caracterizou-se pelo número dos participantes.

A qualidade metodológica dos artigos selecionados foi avaliada utilizando a escala Effective Public Health Practice Project: Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies (QATQS) (https://merst.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/quality-assessment-tool_2010.pdf). Com essa ferramenta, analisaram-se as publicações de acordo com cinco componentes (classificados como forte, moderado ou fraco): viés de seleção, desenho de estudo, fatores de confundimento, método de coleta de dados e tipo de análise empregada. Posteriormente, os trabalhos foram classificados da seguinte forma: (1) forte, para estudos que não apresentaram componentes classificados como fracos; (2) moderado, para estudos que apresentaram apenas um componente fraco; (3) fraco, para estudos que possuíram dois ou mais componentes com essa mesma classificação.

RESULTADOS

As estratégias de busca estão apresentadas na Figura 1. Identificaram-se 8.542 artigos nas bases de dados. Os trabalhos excluídos foram artigos de revisão, dissertações, teses e editoriais, além das duplicatas, além dos que não abordava a neofobia alimentar na infância. Assim, 19 artigos foram eleitos para análise na revisão sistemática. 22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
,1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1818. Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2020. Mustonen S, Tuorila H. Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer. 2010;21:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2626. Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2828. Kähkönen K, Rönkä A, Hujo M, Lyytikäinen A, Nuutinen O. Sensory-based food education in early childhood education and care, willingness to choose and eat fruit and vegetables, and the moderating role of maternal education and food neophobia. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:2443-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001106
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...

Figura 1
Fluxograma da estratégia e dos resultados das buscas nas bases de dados.

As principais características dos estudos selecionados estão apresentadas na Tabela 1. Ao classificá-los quanto ao delineamento, notou-se a presença exclusiva de investigações de corte transversal. Os estudos selecionados foram realizados em 10 países diferentes, sendo os Estados Unidos o país com mais publicações (cinco artigos), 22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
,1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
seguido da Austrália (quatro artigos).1111. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine. 2009;6:e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1818. Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
Os trabalhos selecionados foram conduzidos nos anos 2000,22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
2003,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
2006,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
2008,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
2010,2020. Mustonen S, Tuorila H. Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer. 2010;21:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
2012,1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
2014,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
2015,1818. Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
2016,1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
2017,1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2626. Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
20182727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2828. Kähkönen K, Rönkä A, Hujo M, Lyytikäinen A, Nuutinen O. Sensory-based food education in early childhood education and care, willingness to choose and eat fruit and vegetables, and the moderating role of maternal education and food neophobia. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:2443-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001106
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
e 2019.2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Quanto ao idioma, os 19 artigos encontravam-se na língua inglesa. O tamanho amostral das pesquisas variou de 70 a 560 crianças de origem diversa em critérios como: ambiente escolar, 22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2020. Mustonen S, Tuorila H. Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer. 2010;21:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2626. Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2828. Kähkönen K, Rönkä A, Hujo M, Lyytikäinen A, Nuutinen O. Sensory-based food education in early childhood education and care, willingness to choose and eat fruit and vegetables, and the moderating role of maternal education and food neophobia. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:2443-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001106
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
ambiente domiciliar,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
,1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
ambiente hospitalar2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
e ambulatório pediátrico.1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1818. Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...

Tabela 1
Características dos estudos selecionados na revisão sistemática da neofobia alimentar em crianças.

Na avaliação do rigor metodológico, segundo os critérios QATQS, constatou-se que 14 (74%) artigos foram classificados como moderados1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1818. Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2020. Mustonen S, Tuorila H. Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer. 2010;21:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2828. Kähkönen K, Rönkä A, Hujo M, Lyytikäinen A, Nuutinen O. Sensory-based food education in early childhood education and care, willingness to choose and eat fruit and vegetables, and the moderating role of maternal education and food neophobia. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:2443-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001106
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
e cinco (26%) como fracos.22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2626. Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
O desenho de estudo foi o item que contribuiu para classificar de forma moderada a qualidade do estudo, já o detalhamento da coleta de dados e os fatores de confundimento foram os que mais contribuíram para o seu fraco rigor metodológico (Figura 2).

Figura 2
Sumarização do rigor metodológico global de estudos selecionados para revisão sistemática dos fatores associados à neofobia alimentar em crianças.

A prevalência e o nível de neofobia alimentar na infância estão destacados na Tabela 2. A prevalência da neofobia alimentar esteve presente em 10 (53%) estudos e variou entre 12,81818. Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
e 100%.2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Para a identificação da neofobia, foram utilizadas algumas escalas, como a de Pliner e Hobden, 1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2020. Mustonen S, Tuorila H. Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer. 2010;21:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
a de Pliner1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2626. Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
ou a de Maiz, Balluerka e Maganto.1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Com base nesses instrumentos estimou-se o nível da neofobia, que obteve pontuação média condizente com a classificação média1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2020. Mustonen S, Tuorila H. Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer. 2010;21:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2626. Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
e alta1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
para a neofobia.

Tabela 2
Prevalência e nível de neofobia alimentar na infância.

Quanto aos fatores associados a esse quadro em crianças, destacaram-se: influência parental nos hábitos alimentares,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
preferência inata das crianças por sabores doces e salgados,1818. Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
influência do aspecto sensorial do alimento,2020. Mustonen S, Tuorila H. Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer. 2010;21:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
pressão para comer gerada pelos pais,1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
falta de encorajamento e/ou afetividade dos pais no momento das refeições,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
dietas pouco variadas e com baixa qualidade nutricional,22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
,1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1818. Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2626. Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
ansiedade na infância,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
,1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
pouco tempo para preparo das refeições,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
mães com neofobia alimentar,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
baixa disponibilidade à variedade de alimentos,1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
falta de exposição a novos alimentos,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
preferência por alimentos ricos em gordura e/ou açúcar,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
dificuldade dos pais em interpretar sinais de fome e saciedade,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
falta de autonomia da criança na alimentação,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
reações negativas a novos estímulos,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
família residente em zona rural2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
e baixa escolaridade das mães2828. Kähkönen K, Rönkä A, Hujo M, Lyytikäinen A, Nuutinen O. Sensory-based food education in early childhood education and care, willingness to choose and eat fruit and vegetables, and the moderating role of maternal education and food neophobia. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:2443-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001106
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
(Tabela 3).

Tabela 3
Ambiente de origem da amostra e fatores associados à neofobia alimentar em crianças.

DISCUSSÃO

A neofobia alimentar é um comportamento prevalente na infância por ser um período de descobertas táteis, gustativas e olfativas em que há a formação dos hábitos alimentares. Essa prevalência é ainda maior, considerando-se que por vezes a neofobia não é identificada.55. Gaiga CA. Neofobia alimentar e desenvolvimento infantil [undergraduate thesis]. Limeira (SP): Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2014. A causalidade que a determina ainda não foi totalmente reconhecida. Esse fenômeno é determinado pela interação entre diversos fatores complexos, como: fatores biológicos, antropológicos, econômicos, psicológicos e/ou socioculturais, que são moldados pelo contexto individual.88. Gedrich K. Determinants of nutritional behaviour: a multitude of levers for successful intervention? Appetite. 2003;41:231-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2003.08.005
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...

Nesta revisão, observou-se alta variabilidade da prevalência da neofobia alimentar em crianças. Essa prevalência é determinada pela idade e seu desenvolvimento é considerado mais alto dos dois aos cinco anos de idade.55. Gaiga CA. Neofobia alimentar e desenvolvimento infantil [undergraduate thesis]. Limeira (SP): Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2014.,66. Addessi E, Galloway AT, Visalberghi E, Birch LL. Specific social influences on the acceptance of novel foods in 2-5-year-old children. Appetite. 2005;45:264-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2005.07.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Durante a puberdade e a idade adulta, o risco de desenvolver essa atitude em relação à comida diminui significativamente, entretanto, na idade avançada aumenta novamente, o que se explica pelo fato de o comportamento neofóbico poder proteger o organismo de uma possível intoxicação por causa da idade avançada.2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Os estudos de Kozioł-Kozakowska et al.,2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
analisando a prevalência de neofobia alimentar na população de crianças polonesas em idade pré-escolar, mostraram que essa atitude é observada em uma a cada 10 crianças.

Alguns dos estudos selecionados utilizaram as escalas de neofobia alimentar de Pliner e Hobden, 1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2020. Mustonen S, Tuorila H. Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer. 2010;21:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
de Pliner1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2626. Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
ou de Maiz, Balluerka e Maganto1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
para medir o nível desse comportamento na amostra. Essa heterogeneidade de instrumentos reforça os achados de Damsbo-Svendsen,3030. Damsbo-Svendsen M, Frøst MB, Olsen A. A review of instruments developed to measure food neophobia. Appetite. 2017;113:358-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.032
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
que sinalizou a diversidade de dispositivos utilizados para medir a neofobia alimentar por conta dos diferentes pontos fortes e fracos, dado que nenhum instrumento é suficientemente adequado para medir todos os aspectos envolvidos. A escala mais utilizada foi a de Pliner e Hobden, composta de 10 itens que buscam analisar a disposição a experimentar novos alimentos, entretanto, ela possui como limitação o fato de não englobar alimentos de diferentes culturas.3131. Pliner P, Hobden KL. Development of a scale to measure the trait of food neophobia in humans. Appetite. 1992;19:105-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6663(92)90014-W
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Além disso, trata-se de uma escala formulada para o público adulto, podendo gerar resultados deturpados quando aplicada no público infantil.

Já a escala de Pliner é uma versão da primeira, adaptada para crianças de cinco a 11 anos de idade e que dispõe de 34 alimentos. Os pais relatam a familiaridade de seus filhos com esses alimentos e sua disposição a experimentá-los.11. Pliner P. Development of measures of food neophobia in children. Appetite. 1994;23:147-63. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1994.1043
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/...
Entre as limitações presentes, cita-se o fato de ela também não englobar alimentos de diferentes culturas e ser formulada para uma faixa etária superior à encontrada em diversos estudos nos quais foi utilizada. A terceira escala citada é voltada para crianças e adolescentes, uma versão em espanhol, culturalmente adaptada do Food Situation Questionnaire (FSQ), composta de 10 itens que também buscam avaliar a disposição a experimentar novos alimentos.3232. Maiz E, Balluerka N, Maganto C. Validation of a questionnaire to measure the willingness to try new foods in Spanish-speaking children and adolescents. Food Qual Prefer. 2016;48:138-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.09.004
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Diante dos pontos fracos e fortes dos instrumentos citados, torna-se essencial optar pelo que melhor avalie a neofobia alimentar no público-alvo, para não gerar resultados incoerentes.

A pontuação média apresentada nos artigos que utilizaram essa ferramenta indicou maior ocorrência dos níveis médio1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2020. Mustonen S, Tuorila H. Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer. 2010;21:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
,2626. Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
e alto1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
de neofobia, o que é um fator preocupante, visto que revela maiores restrições alimentares bem como maior relutância a novos alimentos. Níveis elevados de neofobia alimentar estão associados à falta de variedade na alimentação e à alta ingestão de gordura saturada, contribuindo para uma dieta de baixa qualidade nutricional.22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Entre os nutrientes comumente restritos diante desse comportamento, destacaram-se vitamina E, folato, cálcio, zinco e fibras.22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Deve-se ponderar que tais nutrientes são imprescindíveis para a manutenção da saúde, principalmente na infância, que é um período de desenvolvimento em que deficiências nutricionais podem acarretar o baixo desenvolvimento físico e intelectual, o comprometimento do sistema nervoso e imunológico, a futura ocorrência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, entre demais morbidades associadas.1010. Medeiros RT. Caracterização da neofobia alimentar em crianças de três a seis anos [master’sthesis]. Natal (RN): Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; 2008.

Entre os fatores associados, sobressai a influência parental nos hábitos alimentares.1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Esta engloba diversos outros fatores observados neste estudo, como mães que apresentam neofobia aos mesmos alimentos que os filhos,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
sendo a dieta de ambos com baixo consumo de vegetais, grupo alimentar importante para uma alimentação adequada e que é alvo dos comportamentos neofóbicos.1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Estudos ratificam que o alto nível de neofobia na mãe está correlacionado com a maior neofobia nas crianças.3333. Dematté ML, Endrizzi I, Gasperi F. Food neophobia and its relations with oflaction. Front Psychol. 2014;5:127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00127
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/...
,3434. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Pediatrii K, Gastroenterologii I, Żywienia P, Pediatrii I, et al. Neofobia żywieniowa, jej uwarunkowania i konsekwencje zdrowotne. Stand Med Pediatr. 2013;1:1-6.,3535. Kral TV, Rauh EM. Eating behaviors of children in the context of the ir family environment. Physiol Behav. 2010;100:567-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,3636. Faith MS, Heo M, Keller KL, Pietrobelli A. Child food neophobia is heritable, associated with less compliant eating, and moderates familial resemblance for BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:1650-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20369
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/...
Assim, reforça-se a importância de os pais terem hábitos alimentares adequados como estratégia para reduzir a neofobia alimentar na infância.

O papel dos pais na formação dos hábitos alimentares adequados em crianças tem sido evidenciado na literatura.1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,3737. Lafraire J, Rioux C, Giboreau A, Picard D. Food rejections in children: cognitive and social/environmental factors involved in food neophobia and picky/fussy eating behavior. Appetite. 2016;96:347-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.008
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,3838. Cosmi V, Scaglioni S, Agostoni C. Early taste experiences and later food choices. Nutrients. 2017;9:107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020107
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/...
,3939. Harper LV, Sanders KM. The effects of adults’ eating on young children’s acceptance of unfamiliar foods. J Exp Child Psychology. 1975;20:206-14. As atitudes alimentares das crianças são moldadas por observação e imitação de comportamentos e reações das pessoas ao redor.3838. Cosmi V, Scaglioni S, Agostoni C. Early taste experiences and later food choices. Nutrients. 2017;9:107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020107
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/...
As crianças tendem a seguir os hábitos de seus pais em virtude do vínculo afetivo, o que inclui se interessar pelos mesmos alimentos consumidos por eles.2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
O estudo de Harper e Sanders mostrou que os filhos eram muito mais propensos a experimentar um alimento desconhecido quando, ao mesmo tempo, suas mães também comiam o produto e reagiam com entusiasmo. Esse efeito foi mais forte do que quando os pais apenas encorajaram verbalmente a criança a experimentar a comida.3939. Harper LV, Sanders KM. The effects of adults’ eating on young children’s acceptance of unfamiliar foods. J Exp Child Psychology. 1975;20:206-14. Dessa forma, é importante que os pais estejam dispostos a incluir tais alimentos em seus hábitos, para que despertem o interesse da criança.

Uma explicação dada pelos pais para a pouca oferta de alimentos ricos nutricionalmente foi a pressa para comer diante de uma rotina atarefada,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
de modo que eles recorrem a alimentos de fácil preparo e que, em sua maioria, são de baixo valor nutricional, além de ricos em sódio e gorduras. Além disso, é importante incluir a criança no momento do preparo do alimento. A análise de van der Horst4040. van der Horst L. Over coming picky eating. Eating enjoyment as a central aspect of children’s eating behaviors. Appetite. 2012;58:567-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.019
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
mostrou que o envolvimento de crianças na preparação das refeições pode reduzir a intensidade dos comportamentos neofóbicos e contribuir para a construção de experiências positivas com os alimentos. Assim, é notável a importância da disponibilidade, da acessibilidade a alimentos variados e de alto valor nutricional e da inclusão da criança no preparo das refeições no ambiente familiar.

Nesse ambiente, são importantes não só a exposição a esses alimentos, mas também a forma com que são ofertados, pois um fator intimamente associado à neofobia alimentar é a pressão para comer gerada pelos pais1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
e a falta de encorajamento e/ou afetividade dos pais durante as refeições.2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Essa pressão muitas vezes é resultado da dificuldade dos responsáveis em interpretar os sinais de fome e saciedade, associada à preocupação com o baixo peso dos filhos.2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Além disso, a ausência de comportamentos afetivos durante as refeições contribui para que as crianças associem esse momento ao desprazer, a uma mera necessidade fisiológica. Desconsidera-se, assim, a importância de estabelecer uma boa relação entre a criança e o alimento. Essa relação contribuirá para despertar o interesse pelos sabores, texturas e sensações do alimento. Trata-se de aspectos emocionais que demonstram ter grande influência no surgimento de comportamentos neofóbicos. Por esse motivo, o ambiente durante a comensalidade deve promover o prazer em se alimentar.

A pressão dos pais para a criança ingerir alimentos de que não gosta resulta em maior resistência ao seu consumo. Estudos confirmaram que, quanto mais autoritários os pais são durante a refeição, mais frequentemente a criança rejeita os produtos oferecidos.1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,3535. Kral TV, Rauh EM. Eating behaviors of children in the context of the ir family environment. Physiol Behav. 2010;100:567-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,4141. Mitchell GL, Farrow C, Haycraft E, Meyer C. Parental influences on children’s eating behaviour and characteristics of successful parent-focussed interventions. Appetite. 2013;60:85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.014
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Isso é consistente com as conclusões de Rigal et al.4242. Rigal N, Chabanet C, Issanchou S, Monnery-Patris S. Links between maternal feeding practices and children’s eating difficulties. Validation of French tools. Appetite. 2012;58:629-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.016
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
que constataram a dificuldade de alimentar crianças de 20 a 36 meses, principalmente como resultado das práticas coercitivas autoritárias dos pais, que forçam a criança a consumir os alimentos rejeitados. Curiosamente, os autores também apontaram que um estilo de alimentação permissivo, no qual os pais satisfazem todos os desejos da criança para evitar conflitos alimentares não aumenta a disposição da criança de experimentar o alimento desconhecido. Assim, os pais precisam avaliar as subjetividades do filho e escolher o melhor caminho para obter sucesso na introdução alimentar.

A predileção inata pelos gostos doce e salgado e a aversão a substâncias amargas e ácidas foi um dos fatores associados à neofobia alimentar. Há um baixo nível de aceitação das crianças por novos produtos alimentares cujo sabor predominante seja o amargor ou a acidez. Tal comportamento pode contribuir potencialmente para moldar a atitude neofóbica em relação a tipos específicos de alimentos, especialmente aqueles com sabor nitidamente amargo.3434. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Pediatrii K, Gastroenterologii I, Żywienia P, Pediatrii I, et al. Neofobia żywieniowa, jej uwarunkowania i konsekwencje zdrowotne. Stand Med Pediatr. 2013;1:1-6.,4343. Blissett J, Fogel A. Intrinsic and extrinsic influences on children’s acceptance of new foods. Physiol Behav. 2013;121:89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,4444. Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostini C. Factors influencing children’s eating behaviours. Nutrients. 2018;10:706. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060706
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/...
Muitas análises mostraram que os vegetais são o grupo de produtos mais frequentemente rejeitado em razão de hipersensibilidade ao sabor amargo.3737. Lafraire J, Rioux C, Giboreau A, Picard D. Food rejections in children: cognitive and social/environmental factors involved in food neophobia and picky/fussy eating behavior. Appetite. 2016;96:347-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.008
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,4444. Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostini C. Factors influencing children’s eating behaviours. Nutrients. 2018;10:706. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060706
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/...
,4545. Dovey TM, Staples PA, Gibson EL, Halford JC. Food neophobia and ‘picky/ fussy’ eating in children: a review. Appetite. 2008;50:181-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.009
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,4646. Dinehart ME, Hayes JE, Bartoshuk LM, Lanier SL, Duffy VB. Bittertastemarkers explain variability in vegetables sweetness, bitterness, and intake. Physiol Behav. 2006;87:304-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.018
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Dessa forma, destaca-se a importância da inserção de diferentes sabores na alimentação da criança, com a finalidade de moldar as preferências alimentares futuras.

Nessa direção, a amamentação torna-se extremamente importante, dado que durante o consumo do leite materno a criança tem a possibilidade de degustar vários sabores, dependendo do tipo de alimento escolhido pela mãe. Isso contribui para a maior aceitação de novos alimentos na introdução alimentar das crianças, principalmente dos produtos alimentares que a mãe consumia regularmente durante a gravidez e a lactação.4747. Lobos P, Januszewicz A. Food neophobia in children. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019;25:150-4. https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2019.87711
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5114/...
As crianças alimentadas com leite artificial tendem a se acostumar com o gosto constante e específico da mistura e, como consequência, mostram menor tolerância ou até aversão durante a exposição a novos alimentos.3737. Lafraire J, Rioux C, Giboreau A, Picard D. Food rejections in children: cognitive and social/environmental factors involved in food neophobia and picky/fussy eating behavior. Appetite. 2016;96:347-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.008
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,4343. Blissett J, Fogel A. Intrinsic and extrinsic influences on children’s acceptance of new foods. Physiol Behav. 2013;121:89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,4444. Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostini C. Factors influencing children’s eating behaviours. Nutrients. 2018;10:706. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060706
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/...
,4848. Cooke L. Genetic and environmental influences on food neophobia. In: Reilly S, editor. Woodhead publishing series in foodscience, technology and nutrition. Food neophobia: behavioral and biological influences. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2018. p.237-54. Um estudo de Mennella et al.4949. Mennella JA, Jagnow CP, Beauchamp GK. Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human infants. Pediatrics. 2001;107:E88. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.6.e88
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/...
descobriu que crianças cujas mães consumiam suco de cenoura no terceiro trimestre de gravidez e/ou durante a amamentação eram mais propensas a comer purê de cenoura, quando comparadas aos filhos de mães que não bebiam o suco. Tais informações evidenciam a importância de escolhas alimentares mais saudáveis desde a gestação e a lactação, para minimizar as atitudes neofóbicas na infância.

A resistência da criança em comer certos alimentos também pode ser condicionada à introdução tardia de novos produtos na dieta. A abertura para provar sabores desconhecidos é mais alta em bebês de até 12 meses de idade e diminui com a idade.3737. Lafraire J, Rioux C, Giboreau A, Picard D. Food rejections in children: cognitive and social/environmental factors involved in food neophobia and picky/fussy eating behavior. Appetite. 2016;96:347-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.008
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Além disso, a exposição contínua de um novo produto após a reação negativa inicial da criança pode resultar na necessidade de eliminar esse alimento da dieta diária.4747. Lobos P, Januszewicz A. Food neophobia in children. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019;25:150-4. https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2019.87711
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5114/...
Estudos demonstraram que apenas 10 a 15 experiências positivas são suficientes para resultar na aceitação do produto.3838. Cosmi V, Scaglioni S, Agostoni C. Early taste experiences and later food choices. Nutrients. 2017;9:107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020107
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/...
,4747. Lobos P, Januszewicz A. Food neophobia in children. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019;25:150-4. https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2019.87711
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5114/...
,4848. Cooke L. Genetic and environmental influences on food neophobia. In: Reilly S, editor. Woodhead publishing series in foodscience, technology and nutrition. Food neophobia: behavioral and biological influences. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2018. p.237-54. Ademais, a percepção sensorial de novos alimentos, com aparência, consistência e textura variadas, pode enfraquecer a relutância das crianças em comê-los na vida futura.4747. Lobos P, Januszewicz A. Food neophobia in children. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019;25:150-4. https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2019.87711
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5114/...
,5050. Coulthard H, Sealy AM. Play with your food! Sensory play is associated with tasting of fruits and vegetables in preschool children. Appetite. 2017;113:84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Outro erro comum na introdução alimentar é a imposição das preferências alimentares dos pais, impedindo a criança de conhecer diferentes alimentos e formar suas próprias escolhas alimentares.5151. Carruth BR, Skinner JD. Revisiting the pick yeater phenomenon: neophobic behaviors of young children. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:771-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718077
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/...
Esses achados reforçam a importância dos cuidados necessários na introdução alimentar da criança, a fim de reduzir a neofobia alimentar.

Dietas pouco variadas e de baixa qualidade nutricional22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
,1414. Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1717. Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1818. Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,2222. Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2323. Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2626. Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
são características proximamente associadas à neofobia alimentar, visto que esse comportamento muitas vezes não restringe a quantidade de alimentos ingeridos, mas comumente afeta a qualidade da alimentação. Crianças com esse comportamento possuem alimentação restrita, principalmente quanto aos nutrientes necessários para a manutenção da saúde, o que ocasiona deficiências nutricionais severas e, consequentemente, colabora para o surgimento de morbidades.

A baixa variedade e qualidade nutricional afeta diversos grupos alimentares, principalmente legumes, carnes e frutas,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
alimentos ricos em nutrientes e importantes aliados para uma alimentação adequada. Outro fator que contribui para uma dieta desequilibrada é o fato de que os comportamentos neofóbicos a esses alimentos comumente estão associados ao alto consumo de gorduras e açúcares.22. Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Além disso, a preferência inata das crianças por sabores doces e salgados faz com que esses alimentos não sejam alvo da neofobia.1818. Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
,1919. Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...

As dietas restritas estão vinculadas principalmente com a influência parental, pois os pais e demais pessoas do convívio da criança costumam ofertar apenas o que está inserido no hábito alimentar familiar e em suas crenças alimentares.2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
A conduta acima priva a criança de conhecer novos alimentos, muitas vezes não lhe dando a autonomia necessária na sua alimentação,1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
dessa forma, é necessário que haja disponibilidade de alimentos à criança mesmo que eles não estejam inseridos nos hábitos alimentares da família, a fim de estimular a autonomia da criança na escolha da sua alimentação.

Outro fator que condiciona a atitude em relação à alimentação é a ansiedade na infância. A ansiedade1212. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/...
,1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
é um transtorno emocional comum em crianças neofóbicas e está associada ao fato de os pais dessas crianças não terem o costume de encorajá-las a participar ativamente da sua refeição,1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
como na escolha dos alimentos e na montagem da sua refeição, além da frequente pressão para comer gerada pelos pais.1313. Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2121. Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2929. Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Foi demonstrado que, quando as crianças são forçadas a comer alimentos que não desejam, elas começam a sentir ansiedade e tensão, e seu desgosto com os produtos aumenta.

Isso contribui para o desenvolvimento de associações negativas relacionadas ao consumo de refeições e leva à exacerbação de comportamentos neofóbicos.3737. Lafraire J, Rioux C, Giboreau A, Picard D. Food rejections in children: cognitive and social/environmental factors involved in food neophobia and picky/fussy eating behavior. Appetite. 2016;96:347-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.008
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,4141. Mitchell GL, Farrow C, Haycraft E, Meyer C. Parental influences on children’s eating behaviour and characteristics of successful parent-focussed interventions. Appetite. 2013;60:85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.014
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,5252. Mosli RH, Miller AL, Peterson KE, Lumeng JC. Sibling feeding behavior: mothers as role models during mealtimes. Appetite. 2016;96:617-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.006
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Notou-se também que essas crianças possuem dificuldades de socialização no ambiente escolar, o que afeta seu autoconceito social, físico e acadêmico.1515. Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Logo, tornar o momento da alimentação prazeroso, com comportamentos afetivos, e induzir a participação da criança nas refeições podem minimizar a ocorrência de traços de ansiedade, visto que são alternativas que dão segurança e autonomia a ela.

Além disso, encontrou-se correlação positiva entre neofobia alimentar e reações negativas a novos estímulos,2424. Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
,2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
mesmo quando não eram estímulos alimentares. As crianças que apresentaram maior nível de neofobia temiam novidades, evitando objetos e alimentos com formas, cores ou texturas desconhecidas. Seria relevante a realização de estudos que analisassem a presença da ansiedade antes e depois da ocorrência da neofobia alimentar, para possibilitar melhor caracterização da associação da ansiedade com a neofobia alimentar em crianças.

O local de moradia também foi um fator associado ao comportamento neofóbico na infância. As crianças que residem em zona urbana apresentaram menor nível de neofobia alimentar comparadas às residentes em zona rural.2525. Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
Essa característica pode estar relacionada com a disponibilidade de alimentos nesses locais, visto que normalmente em áreas rurais o acesso à variedade é dificultado,5353. Flight I, Leppard P, Cox DN. Food neophobia and associations with cultural diversity and socio-economic status amongst rural and urban Australian adolescents. Appetite. 2003;41:51-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6663(03)00039-4
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
dessa forma, deve-se considerar que a exposição e a disponibilidade a novos alimentos são aspectos imprescindíveis para se evitar ou intervir na neofobia alimentar.

Outro fator relacionado à neofobia alimentar na infância foi a baixa escolaridade dos pais.2828. Kähkönen K, Rönkä A, Hujo M, Lyytikäinen A, Nuutinen O. Sensory-based food education in early childhood education and care, willingness to choose and eat fruit and vegetables, and the moderating role of maternal education and food neophobia. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:2443-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001106
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
Essa relação é explicada pelo conhecimento insuficiente dos pais para distinguir qual a alimentação adequada para seus filhos no que concerne a: composição nutricional, manipulação, preparo e exposição apropriada aos alimentos ao longo da vida. Dado que esses saberes representam um importante papel na atenuação do comportamento neofóbico,1616. Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
a baixa escolaridade dos pais pode contribuir para a maior oferta de alimentos de baixa qualidade nutricional e a menor oferta daqueles com rico teor nutricional, o que pode ter como consequência o surgimento de comportamentos neofóbicos a esses alimentos.2828. Kähkönen K, Rönkä A, Hujo M, Lyytikäinen A, Nuutinen O. Sensory-based food education in early childhood education and care, willingness to choose and eat fruit and vegetables, and the moderating role of maternal education and food neophobia. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:2443-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001106
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/...
Assim, destaca-se a importância da educação alimentar e nutricional aos pais, a fim de informá-los sobre a alimentação adequada para o público infantil, bem como ajudá-los a identificar, evitar ou intervir na neofobia alimentar.

A educação alimentar e nutricional torna-se uma ferramenta fundamental por possibilitar um processo ativo, lúdico e interativo, com incentivo às experiências prévias, a fim de facilitar a adoção voluntária de hábitos alimentares ou de qualquer comportamento relacionado à alimentação que conduza à saúde e ao bem-estar.5454. Carmo MC, Castro LC, Novaes JF. Educação nutricional para pré-escolares: uma ferramenta de intervenção. Extensio: Revista Eletrônica de Extensão 2013;12:64-74. https://doi.org/10.5007/1807-0221.2014v11n18p63
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5007/...
Além disso, tem como vantagem a fácil aplicação e o baixo custo, podendo ser aplicada individualmente ou no ambiente escolar, por exemplo. Há, também, a educação alimentar com base sensorial, a qual se mostra promissora na intervenção de respostas neofóbicas.2727. Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
Esse tipo de atividade estimula a curiosidade por novas formas, cores e texturas, podendo contribuir para o suporte emocional e o encorajamento necessário ao cuidado da criança com atitudes neofóbicas, quando aplicada em um ambiente propício e reconfortante.

Nessa direção, a identificação precoce da neofobia alimentar permite que haja uma intervenção adequada, evitando maiores danos à saúde da criança, uma vez que esse comportamento em longo prazo pode afetar o desenvolvimento físico, cognitivo e psicossocial.55. Gaiga CA. Neofobia alimentar e desenvolvimento infantil [undergraduate thesis]. Limeira (SP): Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2014.,77. Faccin R. Preferências alimentares e neofobia alimentar em crianças de escolas municipais no município de Porto Alegre [undergraduate thesis]. Porto Alegre (RS): Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2013.,1010. Medeiros RT. Caracterização da neofobia alimentar em crianças de três a seis anos [master’sthesis]. Natal (RN): Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; 2008. A abordagem interprofissional é imprescindível nesse processo, pela complexidade que permeia o quadro. Acredita-se que o cuidado interprofissional,5555. Mattos MP, Gomes DR. Vivências interprofissionais em saúde: formação inovadora da Liga Interdisciplinar de Saúde da Criança no Oeste da Bahia. In: Ferla AA, Torres OM, Baptista GC, Schweickardt JC, editors. Ensino cooperativo e aprendizagem baseada no trabalho: das intenções à ação em equipes de saúde. Porto Alegre (RS): Rede Unida; 2019. p.26-45. por meio da interação entre diferentes saberes e práticas profissionais, possibilite um agir coletivo em prol da promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Nessa perspectiva, o acompanhamento nutricional torna-se essencial para evitar, atenuar ou erradicar a neofobia alimentar, sendo essa assistência não só para a criança, como para a família, já que o ambiente familiar é um dos maiores influentes na ocorrência desse comportamento.55. Gaiga CA. Neofobia alimentar e desenvolvimento infantil [undergraduate thesis]. Limeira (SP): Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2014. Incentiva-se, assim, uma rede de cuidado que estimula uma alimentação saudável, alegre, criativa, divertida, afetiva, prazerosa e focada na necessidade de saúde da criança.

Nota-se que esta revisão e os estudos nela incluídos possuem certas limitações, como a escassez de trabalhos brasileiros e amostras decorrentes de diferentes origens, além da grande variabilidade de escalas para medir a neofobia alimentar, o que impossibilita a comparabilidade dos dados. Essa falta de padronização pode ter sido responsável pela ampla variação da prevalência da neofobia alimentar. Assim, é interessante que haja um olhar individualizado sobre cada pesquisa, já que a falta de uniformização das escalas de neofobia pode provocar generalizações e interpretações equivocadas.

Em conclusão, a neofobia alimentar determina significativamente os hábitos alimentares das crianças. A prevalência encontrada nos estudos selecionados confirma que se trata de um comportamento facilmente encontrado na infância, principalmente em níveis mais elevados, os quais estão relacionados com graves restrições alimentares e impactos à saúde. Os fatores associados à neofobia alimentar referiram-se principalmente à influência parental nos hábitos de nutrição. Entretanto, tais fatores englobaram diversos âmbitos da vida da criança, demonstrando a importância do acompanhamento interprofissional durante todo o processo de intervenção.

Nessa direção, a adoção de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional também deve ser incentivada, a fim de possibilitar o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre o comer humano, principalmente na infância. Assim, com base nas informações encontradas neste estudo, percebe-se a necessidade da oferta de uma alimentação variada, incluindo também alimentos que não participam dos hábitos alimentares familiares. No intuito de evitar ou intervir na neofobia alimentar, faz-se necessário dar autonomia à criança em sua alimentação, apoiá-la emocionalmente, além de motivá-la a participar da preparação das refeições, tornando o momento agradável e afetuoso.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Pliner P. Development of measures of food neophobia in children. Appetite. 1994;23:147-63. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1994.1043
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1994.1043
  • 2
    Falciglia GA, Couch SC, Gribble LS, Pabst SM, Frank R. Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1474-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00412-0
  • 3
    Knaapila A, Tuorila H, Silventoinen K, Keskitalo K, Kallela M, Wessman M, et al. Food Neophobia shows heritable variation in humans. Physiol Behav. 2007;91:573-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.019
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.03.019
  • 4
    Viveiros CC. Estudo do comportamento alimentar, preferências alimentares e neofobia alimentar em crianças pré-escolares e da eficácia de um programa de promoção de comportamentos alimentares saudáveis em contexto escolar: um estudo exploratório [master’s thesis]. Lisboa: Universidade de Lisboa; 2012.
  • 5
    Gaiga CA. Neofobia alimentar e desenvolvimento infantil [undergraduate thesis]. Limeira (SP): Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2014.
  • 6
    Addessi E, Galloway AT, Visalberghi E, Birch LL. Specific social influences on the acceptance of novel foods in 2-5-year-old children. Appetite. 2005;45:264-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2005.07.007
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2005.07.007
  • 7
    Faccin R. Preferências alimentares e neofobia alimentar em crianças de escolas municipais no município de Porto Alegre [undergraduate thesis]. Porto Alegre (RS): Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2013.
  • 8
    Gedrich K. Determinants of nutritional behaviour: a multitude of levers for successful intervention? Appetite. 2003;41:231-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2003.08.005
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2003.08.005
  • 9
    Ramalho C, Sampaio M, Rocha N, Poínhos R. Food neophobia among primary school children and their caregivers. Acta Port Nutr. 2016;7:10-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21011/apn.2016.0703
    » https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21011/apn.2016.0703
  • 10
    Medeiros RT. Caracterização da neofobia alimentar em crianças de três a seis anos [master’sthesis]. Natal (RN): Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; 2008.
  • 11
    Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine. 2009;6:e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  • 12
    Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:692-8. https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/jada.2003.50134
  • 13
    Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Feel DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: what combination of factor results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer. 2016;50:57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006
  • 14
    Tan CC, Holub SC. Maternal feeding practices associated with food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:483-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.012
  • 15
    Maiz E, Balluerka N. Trait anxiety and self-concept among children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Res Int. 2018;105:1054-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.037
  • 16
    Russell CG, Worsley A. A population-based study of preschoolers’ food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:11-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007
  • 17
    Howard AJ, Mallan KM, Byrne R, Margarey A, Daniels LA. Toddlers food preferences. The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia. Appetite. 2012;59:818-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.022
  • 18
    Perry RA, Mallan KM, Koo J, Mauch CE, Daniels LA, Margarey AM. Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight in children aged 24 months: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0184-6
  • 19
    Cooke L, Carnell S, Wardle J. Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5 year old children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-14
  • 20
    Mustonen S, Tuorila H. Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer. 2010;21:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001
  • 21
    Cassells EL, Margarey AM, Daniels LA, Mallan KM. The influence of maternal infant feeding practices and beliefs on the expression of food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite. 2014;82:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.001
  • 22
    Laureati M, Bergamaschi V, Pagliarini E. School-based intervention with children. Peer-modeling, reward and repeated exposure reduce food neophobia and increase liking of fruits and vegetables. Appetite. 2014;83:26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.031
  • 23
    Maratos FA, Staples P. Attentional biases towards familiar and unfamiliar foods in children. The role of food neophobia. Appetite. 2015;91:220-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.003
  • 24
    Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Temperamental approach/withdrawal and food neophobia in early childhood: concurrent and longitudinal associations. Appetite. 2016;107:654-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.013
  • 25
    Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Schlegel-Zawadzka M. Prevalence of food neophobia in pre-school children from Southern Poland and its association with eating habits, dietary intake and anthropometric parameters: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1106-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003615
  • 26
    Helland SH, Bere E, Bjørnarå HB, Øverby NC. Food neophobia and its association with intake of fish and other selected foods in a Norwegian sample of toddlers: a cross-sectional study. Appetite. 2017;114:110-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.025
  • 27
    Rioux C, Leglaye L, Lafraire J. Inductive reasoning, food neophobia, and domain-specificity in preschoolers. Cogn Dev. 2018;47:124-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.05.001
  • 28
    Kähkönen K, Rönkä A, Hujo M, Lyytikäinen A, Nuutinen O. Sensory-based food education in early childhood education and care, willingness to choose and eat fruit and vegetables, and the moderating role of maternal education and food neophobia. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:2443-53. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001106
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001106
  • 29
    Kutbi HA, Alhatmi AA, Alsolami MH, Alghamdi SS, Albaggar SM, Mumena WA, et al. Food neophobia and pickiness among children and associations with socioenvironmental and cognitive factors. Appetite. 2019;142:1043-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104373
  • 30
    Damsbo-Svendsen M, Frøst MB, Olsen A. A review of instruments developed to measure food neophobia. Appetite. 2017;113:358-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.032
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.032
  • 31
    Pliner P, Hobden KL. Development of a scale to measure the trait of food neophobia in humans. Appetite. 1992;19:105-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6663(92)90014-W
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6663(92)90014-W
  • 32
    Maiz E, Balluerka N, Maganto C. Validation of a questionnaire to measure the willingness to try new foods in Spanish-speaking children and adolescents. Food Qual Prefer. 2016;48:138-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.09.004
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.09.004
  • 33
    Dematté ML, Endrizzi I, Gasperi F. Food neophobia and its relations with oflaction. Front Psychol. 2014;5:127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00127
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00127
  • 34
    Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Pediatrii K, Gastroenterologii I, Żywienia P, Pediatrii I, et al. Neofobia żywieniowa, jej uwarunkowania i konsekwencje zdrowotne. Stand Med Pediatr. 2013;1:1-6.
  • 35
    Kral TV, Rauh EM. Eating behaviors of children in the context of the ir family environment. Physiol Behav. 2010;100:567-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.031
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.031
  • 36
    Faith MS, Heo M, Keller KL, Pietrobelli A. Child food neophobia is heritable, associated with less compliant eating, and moderates familial resemblance for BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:1650-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20369
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20369
  • 37
    Lafraire J, Rioux C, Giboreau A, Picard D. Food rejections in children: cognitive and social/environmental factors involved in food neophobia and picky/fussy eating behavior. Appetite. 2016;96:347-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.008
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.008
  • 38
    Cosmi V, Scaglioni S, Agostoni C. Early taste experiences and later food choices. Nutrients. 2017;9:107. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020107
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020107
  • 39
    Harper LV, Sanders KM. The effects of adults’ eating on young children’s acceptance of unfamiliar foods. J Exp Child Psychology. 1975;20:206-14.
  • 40
    van der Horst L. Over coming picky eating. Eating enjoyment as a central aspect of children’s eating behaviors. Appetite. 2012;58:567-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.019
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.019
  • 41
    Mitchell GL, Farrow C, Haycraft E, Meyer C. Parental influences on children’s eating behaviour and characteristics of successful parent-focussed interventions. Appetite. 2013;60:85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.014
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.014
  • 42
    Rigal N, Chabanet C, Issanchou S, Monnery-Patris S. Links between maternal feeding practices and children’s eating difficulties. Validation of French tools. Appetite. 2012;58:629-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.016
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.12.016
  • 43
    Blissett J, Fogel A. Intrinsic and extrinsic influences on children’s acceptance of new foods. Physiol Behav. 2013;121:89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.013
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.013
  • 44
    Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostini C. Factors influencing children’s eating behaviours. Nutrients. 2018;10:706. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060706
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060706
  • 45
    Dovey TM, Staples PA, Gibson EL, Halford JC. Food neophobia and ‘picky/ fussy’ eating in children: a review. Appetite. 2008;50:181-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.009
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.009
  • 46
    Dinehart ME, Hayes JE, Bartoshuk LM, Lanier SL, Duffy VB. Bittertastemarkers explain variability in vegetables sweetness, bitterness, and intake. Physiol Behav. 2006;87:304-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.018
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.018
  • 47
    Lobos P, Januszewicz A. Food neophobia in children. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2019;25:150-4. https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2019.87711
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2019.87711
  • 48
    Cooke L. Genetic and environmental influences on food neophobia. In: Reilly S, editor. Woodhead publishing series in foodscience, technology and nutrition. Food neophobia: behavioral and biological influences. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing; 2018. p.237-54.
  • 49
    Mennella JA, Jagnow CP, Beauchamp GK. Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human infants. Pediatrics. 2001;107:E88. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.6.e88
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.6.e88
  • 50
    Coulthard H, Sealy AM. Play with your food! Sensory play is associated with tasting of fruits and vegetables in preschool children. Appetite. 2017;113:84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.003
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.003
  • 51
    Carruth BR, Skinner JD. Revisiting the pick yeater phenomenon: neophobic behaviors of young children. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:771-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718077
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718077
  • 52
    Mosli RH, Miller AL, Peterson KE, Lumeng JC. Sibling feeding behavior: mothers as role models during mealtimes. Appetite. 2016;96:617-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.006
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.006
  • 53
    Flight I, Leppard P, Cox DN. Food neophobia and associations with cultural diversity and socio-economic status amongst rural and urban Australian adolescents. Appetite. 2003;41:51-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6663(03)00039-4
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6663(03)00039-4
  • 54
    Carmo MC, Castro LC, Novaes JF. Educação nutricional para pré-escolares: uma ferramenta de intervenção. Extensio: Revista Eletrônica de Extensão 2013;12:64-74. https://doi.org/10.5007/1807-0221.2014v11n18p63
    » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5007/1807-0221.2014v11n18p63
  • 55
    Mattos MP, Gomes DR. Vivências interprofissionais em saúde: formação inovadora da Liga Interdisciplinar de Saúde da Criança no Oeste da Bahia. In: Ferla AA, Torres OM, Baptista GC, Schweickardt JC, editors. Ensino cooperativo e aprendizagem baseada no trabalho: das intenções à ação em equipes de saúde. Porto Alegre (RS): Rede Unida; 2019. p.26-45.

Financiamento

  • O estudo não recebeu financiamento.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    06 Nov 2020
  • Data do Fascículo
    2021

Histórico

  • Recebido
    07 Abr 2020
  • Aceito
    25 Jun 2020
  • Publicado
    03 Nov 2020
Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo R. Maria Figueiredo, 595 - 10o andar, 04002-003 São Paulo - SP - Brasil, Tel./Fax: (11 55) 3284-0308; 3289-9809; 3284-0051 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rpp@spsp.org.br