Covid-19: Repercussions on the mental health of higher education students

Collaborators

Oliveira EN (0000-0002-6408-7243)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed for the study design, planning, data collection, results interpretation, and writing. Vasconcelos MIO (0000-0002-1937-8850)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed for the study supervision, data analysis, results interpretation, and critical review of the manuscript. Almeida PC (0000-0002-2867-802X)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed for the data analysis, results interpretation, and critical review of the manuscript. Pereira PJA (0000-0001-6416-9591)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed for the data analysis, results interpretation, writing, and critical review of the manuscript. Linhares MSC (0000-0001-9292-1795)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed for the study design, planning, data analysis, results interpretation, writing, and critical review of the manuscript. Ximenes Neto FRG (0000-0002-7905-9990)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed for the data analysis, results interpretation, writing, and critical review of the manuscript. Aragão JMN (0000-0003-2865-579X)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). contributed for the study design, planning, data analysis, results interpretation, writing, and critical review of the manuscript.

Variables		N	%
Gender	Male	1.409	38.2
	Female	2.265	61.4
	Other	17	0.5
Age	M=23,70 SD=6,45
	Min=18 Max=60
City of residence^* * Three subjects did not answer this question.	Caucaia	85	2.3
	Fortaleza	1.037	28.1
	Iguatu	50	1.4
	Itapipoca	64	1.7
	Juazeiro do Norte	23	0.6
	Maracanaú	50	1.4
	Quixadá	46	1.2
	Sobral	752	20.4
	Other	1.581	42.9
Family income	M=4806 SD=64867
(Amount in BRL)	Min=0 Max=3000000
Race / color	Black	384	10.4
	White	1.128	30.6
	Brown	1.997	54.1
	Indigenous	19	0.5
	Yellow	74	2.0
	Not answered	89	2.4
Marital status	Single	3.137	85.0
	Married	315	8.5
	In a stable union	191	5.2
	Divorced	46	1.2
	Widower	2	0.1
	Total	3.691	100.0

Learning conditions and social isolation questions		N	%
At your institution, what pedagogical approaches had been implemented during social isolation?	Distance learning - with online activities and assessments	1305	35.4
	Remote academic learning - with partially online activities and assessments	1492	40.4
	All activities were canceled, with no expected return	784	21.2
	Not applicable	110	3.0
On a scale of 0 to 10 how big is your satisfaction with your participation in activities established pedagogical by your institution in this isolation period? M=5,27 SD=2,97 Min=0 Max=10	Very unsatisfied	386	10.5
	1	191	5.2
	2	187	5.1
	3	265	7.2
	4	278	7.5
	5	536	14.5
	6	382	10.3
	7	478	13.0
	8	493	13.4
	9	235	6.4
	Very satisfied	260	7.0
In relation to conditions and access the internet during social isolation, How would you rate it?	Excellent	549	14.9
	Very good	750	20.3
	Good	1113	30.2
	Regular	894	24.2
	Bad	301	8.2
	Very bad	84	2.3
During isolation social do you use the internet essentially through: (19 no answers)	Cellphone	2519	68.6
	Computer	354	9.6
	Notebook	772	21.0
	Cellphone and notebook	9	.2
	Another answer	18	.5
On a scale of 0 to 10 how big is your concern about continuity of its course in person? M=8,36 SD=2,31 Min=0 Max=10	Not worried	60	1.6
	1	24	.7
	2	47	1.3
	3	62	1.7
	4	65	1.8
	5	255	6.9
	6	132	3.6
	7	244	6.6
	8	486	13.2
	9	513	13.9
	Very worried	1803	48.8
Do you know someone that has been diagnosed with coronavirus? He can tick more than one option.	No	227	6.2
	Yes, a relative	2147	58.2
	Yes, a close friend	1770	48.0
	Yes, a neighbor	1166	31.6
	Yes, a health worker	845	22.9
	Other person	959	26.0
Are you afraid to be infected with coronavirus?	Yes	2832	76.7
	No	436	11.8
	I've been infected	423	11.5
Do you feel worried if you need to leave home?	No	559	15.1
Do you feel worried if you need to leave home?	Yes	3132	84.9
Has social isolation interfered with your routine?	No	116	3.1
	My routine changed, but I managed to be adapted	2506	67.9
	It changed my routine and I couldn't adapt to it	1069	29.0
What worries you most during social isolation? Tick more than one option. What worries you most	The severity of the disease in my municipality	2057	55.7
	The severity of the disease in my state	1877	50.9
	The severity of the disease in Brazil	2326	63.0
	The severity of the disease in the world	2084	56.5
	The death of a family member or a friend due to Covid-19	2849	77.2
	Staying away from my family	1473	39.9
	The obligation to stay at home	1278	34.6
	Other	226	6.1
	Total	3691	100.0

	Male (N=1409)		Female (N=2265)		Other (N=17)		p
	N	%	N	%	N	%	p
Are you afraid of being infected with the coronavirus?
Yes	1017	72.2	1805	79.7	10	58.8	0.000
No	230	16.3	204	9.0	2	11.8
I’ve been infected	162	11.5	256	11.3	5	29.4
Do you feel worried if you or someone in your household needs to leave the house?
No	290	20.6	267	11.8	2	11.8	0.000
Yes	1119	79.4	1998	88.2	15	88.2
Did social isolation interfere with your routine?
Did not interfere	61	4.3	55	2.4	0	0.0	0.000
My routine changed, but I managed to adapt	963	68.3	1538	67.9	5	29.4
It changed my routine and I couldn't adapt	385	27.3	672	29.7	12	70.6
What worries you most during social isolation?
The severity of the disease in my municipality							0.004
No	664	47.1	959	42.3	11	64.7
Yes	745	52.9	1306	57.7	6	35.3
The severity of the disease in my State							0.047
No	729	51.7	1077	47.5	8	47.1
Yes	680	48.3	1188	52.5	9	52.9
The severity of the disease in Brazil							0.002
No	572	40.6	788	34.8	5	29.4
Yes	837	59.4	1477	65.2	12	70.6
The severity of the disease in the world							0.000
No	715	50.7	887	39.2	5	29.4
Yea	694	49.3	1378	60.8	12	70.6
The death of a family member or a fried due to Covid-19							0.000
No	383	27.2	456	20.1	3	17.6
Yes	1026	72.8	1809	79.9	14	82.4
Staying away from my family							0.000
No	941	66.8	1266	55.9	11	64.7
Yes	468	33.2	999	44.1	6	35.3
The obligation to stay at home							0.434
No	912	64.7	1492	65.9	9	52.9
Yes	497	35.3	773	34.1	8	47.1

	N	Average	Standard deviation
Dim1 - Positive affect	3691	42.4	17.8
Dim2 - Emotional ties	3691	51.1	22.8
Dim3 - Loss of emotional/behavioral control	3691	55.5	21.3
Dim4 - Anxiety	3686	48.2	21.2
Dim5 - Depression	3691	50.8	23.5
Positive Well-Being = Dim1 + Dim 2	3691	44.2	17.6
Distress = Dim3 + Dim4 + Dim5	3686	51.5	20.7
Global scale: MHI-38	3686	48.8	18.6

	Male (n=1409)	Female (n=2265)	Other (n=17)	p
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Dim1 - Positive affect	45.9±19.1^a	40.3±16.6^a	31.4±15.2^b	<0.0001
Dim2 - Emotional Ties	52.0±24.0^a	50.7±21.9^a	34.5±19.5^b	0.003
Dim3 - Loss of Emotional / Behavioral Control	61.4±20.9^a	51.9±20.6^b	39.6±22.7^c	<0.000
Dim4 - Anxiety	53.5±21.4^a	45.0±20.4^b	31.4±18.3^c	<0.0001
Dim5 - Depression	56.3±23.8^a	47.6±22.7^a	32.6±18.5^b	<0.000
Positive Well-Being	47.2±18.9^a	42.5±16.5^a	32.1±14.6^b	<0.000
Distress	57.0±20.8^a	48.1±20.0^a	34.7±18.6^b	<0.000
Global scale: MHI-38	53.4±19.0^a	46.0±17.7^b	33.7±16,7^c	<0.000

[1] Conflict of interests: non-existent

Brasil

Brasil

Covid-19: Repercussions on the mental health of higher education students

ABSTRACT