Abstract in Spanish:

El problema de la irreversibilidad encuentra su origen a fines del siglo xix y comienzos del siglo xx con los trabajos de Maxwell, Boltzmann y Gibbs. La controversia surge al intentar compatibilizar la evolución macroscópica irreversible de los sistemas termodinámicos con la dinámica t-invariante de sus constituyentes microscópicos. En la formulación tradicional de la mecánica estadística, la evolución irreversible se explica mediante la introducción de un grano grueso sobre la dinámica microscópica subyacente. Por este motivo, suele considerarse que la mecánica estadística sólo brinda una descripción subjetiva o meramente gnoseológica de la irreversibilidad. El propósito del presente trabajo consiste en impugnar las interpretaciones tradicionales de la irreversibilidad, poniendo de manifiesto que su único fundamento es la implícita adopción de un realismo metafísico que adjudica prioridad ontológica al mundo microscópico. Argumentaremos que las dificultades se disuelven cuando el problema es abordado sobre la base de un pluralismo ontológico de raíces kantianas, inspirado en el realismo internalista de Putnam. Desde esta perspectiva filosófica, la irreversibilidad macroscópica es una propiedad objetiva que no necesita ser explicada en términos microscópicos para adquirir legitimidad ontológica: el grano grueso que vincula ambas evoluciones no es más que la relación entre dos descripciones igualmente objetivas.

Abstract in English:

The problem of irreversibility finds its roots at the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century with the works of Maxwell, Boltzmann and Gibbs. The controversy arises when trying to make compatible the irreversible macroscopic evolution of thermodynamics systems with t-invariant dynamics of its microscopic components. In the traditional approach of statistical mechanics, the irreversible evolution is explained by introducing a coarse grain on the underlying microscopic dynamics. For this reason, it is generally accepted that statistical mechanics offers a subjective description of irreversibility. The purpose of this work is to reject the traditional approaches of the problem by stressing that its only foundation is the implicit adoption of metaphysical realism that adjudges ontological priority to the microscopic world. We will argue that the problem can be addressed on the basis of an ontological pluralism of kantian roots, inspired by Putnam's internalist realism. From this philosophical framework, macroscopic irreversibility is an objective property that has not need to be explained in microscopic terms to acquire ontological legitimacy: the coarse grain is the relationship between two equally objective descriptions.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Apesar das inúmeras críticas que recebeu ao longo de sua produção acadêmica, Thomas Kuhn produziu, inegavelmente, uma nova imagem acerca do progresso científico. A rigor, ele mostrou que o progresso ocorre em duas direções diferentes e complementares. Isso o levou a advogar a tese de que o desenvolvimento da ciência se dá por intermédio de uma tensão essencial entre o normal e o revolucionário. Segundo Kuhn, há o progresso no sentido de aprofundamento do conhecimento - proporcionado pela aquisição de um paradigma - e há o progresso no sentido de ampliação do conhecimento - gerado pela emergência da incomensurabilidade. O argumento central que desenvolvemos, neste artigo, afirma que o problema de Kuhn foi ter começado, com o passar do tempo, a pensar esses dois conceitos fundamentais (paradigma e incomensurabilidade) somente em suas conotações lingüísticas e teóricas.

Abstract in English:

Despite many criticisms received along his academic career, Thomas Kuhn has undoubtedly advanced a new image about scientific progress. He showed that progress occurs in two different, but complementary directions. His thesis was that scientific development occurs through the essential tension between what is normal and what is revolutionary in science. According to Kuhn, there is progress in the sense of profounding of knowledge, given by the acquisition of a paradigm, and there is progress by means of the enlargement of knowledge accomplished by the emergence of incommensurability. The main point developed in this article states that Kuhn's problem was to think incommensurability and paradigms as concepts which have only linguistic and theoretical meanings.

Abstract in Spanish:

En este artículo discuto el problema de las leyes científicas en general y de las leyes de la biología en particular. Después de pasar revista al debate acerca de la existencia de leyes en biología, examino el tema a la luz de la noción estructuralista de ley fundamental y argumento a favor de la ley de concordancia como la ley fundamental de la genética.

Abstract in English:

In this paper I discuss the problem of scientific laws in general and laws of biology in particular. After reviewing the debate about the existence of laws in biology, I examine the subject under the light of the structuralist notion of a fundamental law and argue for the law of matching as the fundamental law of genetics.