A new genus of long-legged cricket Luzarina (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest

Abstract

In the neotropical region, the subtribe Luzarina is the most representative within Phalangopsini, currently with 128 valid species distributed in 49 genera (Cigliano et al. 2025). In this contribution, a new genus and species, <italic>Parapalpigera amazonica </italic>gen. et sp. nov., is described based on specimens collected in Northern Brazil, in the Amazon rainforest. The genus is closely related to <italic>Melanotes</italic> Desutter-Grandcolas, 1993 and <italic>Palpigera </italic>Hebard, 1928, but it can be distinguished by the following combination of characteristics: reduced tegmina without stridulatory apparatus; absent tympanum; very elongated and thin palps; shape of the endophallus sclerite; bifid endophallus apodeme; and shape of the female copulatory papilla.

Key words
Ensifera; Grylloidea; Neotropical crickets; Phalangopsinae; Phalangopsini; Taxonomy

INTRODUCTION

The Amazon is an exceptional biome, housing the largest tropical forest in the world and a mosaic of unique ecosystems, making it the most species-rich biome on the planet (Hoorn et al. 2010). Most of this forest is located in Brazil, covering nearly 60% of the national territory and spanning eight states (Brazil 2015, 2016, Guayasamin et al. 2024). With its continental expanse and diversity of terrestrial and aquatic habitats, it is estimated that Brazil harbors 20% of global biodiversity (Brazil 2015, 2016, Guayasamin et al. 2024). However, the biological richness of the Brazilian Amazon, particularly in relation to insects, remains underexplored (Peres 2005).

According to the Orthoptera Species File (Cigliano et al. 2025), Phalangopsidae includes 1,115 valid species distributed across 195 genera, found in all biogeographical regions except the Holarctic. In Brazil and the Neotropical region, Phalangopsidae crickets stands out for its remarkable diversity, being the family of Gryllidea with the highest number of recorded species in the country, totaling 132. Two subfamilies are traditionally recognized in this region: Paragryllinae and Phalangopsinae (Cigliano et al. 2025). Within this family, Phalangopsinae is the most representative in the Neotropical region. In Brazil, 113 species are currently recorded, distributed across 34 genera (Cigliano et al. 2025).

The Luzarae group was originally established by Hebard (1928), based on external morphology and different modes of life of its representatives, without considering the stridulatory apparatus or male genitalia. Later, the group’s status was elevated to the tribe (Chopard 1968) and subfamily (Desutter 1990) levels. In 2014, Gorochov reestablished Luzarina as a subtribe, using external morphological characteristics and internal genitalia. However, it was only in 2024, after the publication of Gorochov’s last work (2024), that the Orthoptera Species File updated its classification to subtribe within the tribe Phalangopsini. Currently, Luzarina includes 23 genera and 71 described species (Cigliano et al. 2025, Gorochov 2024).

Desutter (1990) recovered three groups of genera within the neotropical crickets of the “Luzarinae” (treated as a subfamily of Phalangopsidae), and classified them as groups A, B, and C. Group B corresponds (at least partially) to Luzarae as defined by Hebard (1928), including Palpigera and Melanotes, which are genera closely related to the new genus described here. These two genera share the following apomorphies: extremely enlarged palps; the anterior angle of the mirror shifted toward the edge of the tegmina rather than centrally positioned; and the pseudepiphallic arms’ ends shaped like lobes, separated from the associated sclerites (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992).

In this article, we describe Parapalpigera gen. nov., a new genus included in the subtribe Luzarina, which is related to Melanotes and Palpigera, genera included in the group B sensu Desutter-Grandcolas. This genus includes a new species, Parapalpigera amazonica sp. nov.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three specimens were analyzed. They were collected with pitfall traps in the FLONA Caxiuanã (1°43’35”S, 51°26’36”W, 45 m), in the municipality of Melgaço, Pará, Brazil. The male and female genitalia were removed with the aid of micropins and treated with a 10% aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, heated for about 15 min to remove muscles and tissues, allowing better visualization of the structures. They were then washed in water, transferred to a vial with vinegar for 5 min (to stop the KOH reaction), washed again, and then placed in a microvial with 80% alcohol, where they were stored along with the dissected specimen.

The nomenclature used for the male genitalia followed Desutter (1987, 1988), with modifications by Desutter-Grandcolas (2003): Ps.P, pseudepiphallic parameres; Ps.S, pseudepiphallic sclerite; Ect.F, ectophallic fold; Ect.A, ectophallic apodeme; Arc, ectophallic arch; Arm, pseudepiphallic arms; R, rami; En.a, endophallic apodeme; En.s, endophallic sclerite. The photographs were taken with a Leica DFC 450 camera attached to a Leica M205 A stereo microscope, stacked using Helicon Focus 8, and edited in Photoshop 2021.

The measurements were taken with a caliper and are defined as follows: Body length (BL), distance from the top of the head to the tenth tergite; pronotal length (PL), maximum distance between the anterior and posterior margins of the pronotal disc; pronotal width (PW), maximum distance between the lateral lobes of the pronotum; tegmina length (Tg), distance from the base to the apex of the tegmina; hind femur length (HF), distance from the base of the hind femur to the apex of the genicular lobes; hind tibia length (HT), distance from the base to the apex of the hind tibia; and ovipositor length (Ov), distance from the apex of the subgenital plate to the apex of the ovipositor.

All specimens analyzed will be deposited in the entomological collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG) in Belém, Pará, Brazil. The map was created using specimen label data and literature in Quantum GIS (QGis) software. When locations were not georeferenced, approximate coordinates were used. This work was registered in ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CD0401D1-E28E-439C-AA2E-FB30B2CBACA3.

RESULTS

Family Phalangopsidae Blanchard, 1845

Subfamily Phalangopsinae Blanchard, 1845

Tribe Phalangopsini Blanchard, 1845

Subtribe Luzarina Hebard, 1928

Parapalpigera Franco, Fernandes & Tavares gen. nov.

Zoobank link. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B0E5FAF3-8DCD-44E6-8741-20E6E27ED6C7.

Etymology: The prefix “para-” in the word Parapalpigera comes from the Greek “παρά” (para), which means “next to,” “close to,” or “similar to,” in relation to the genus Palpigera. The gender of the name is feminine.

Type-species: Parapalpigera amazonicaFranco, Fernandes & Tavares n. sp., described below.

Description: Male with a robust body and long and slender legs (Fig.1a). Micropterous, with tegmina reaching the posterior margin of the metanotum or slightly surpassing it (Fig. 1a). Stridulatory apparatus absent (Figs.1e-f). Maxillary palps long and white-colored (Fig. 3a). Tympana absent on the fore tibiae (Figs. 2a-b). En.s well-developed and sclerotized (Fig. 4a). En.a bifid (Fig. 4a). Ect.A well-developed and rough (Fig. 4a). Female with a body shape similar to the male, with short tegmina reaching the posterior region of the mesonotum (Figs. 5a; c), also with long and white maxillary palps (Fig. 5b). Ovipositor upcurved, almost as long as the cerci (Figs. 6c-d).

Figure 1
Parapalpigera amazonica gen. et sp. nov. Holotype male. Habitus (a) dorsal and (b) lateral views. (c) Dorsal view of head and thorax. (d) Frons. Right tegmen in (e) dorsal and (f) ventral views. (g) Metanotal gland.

Figure 2
Parapalpigera amazonica gen. et sp. nov. Holotype male. Inner (a, c, e) and outer (b, d, f) views of fore (a– b). Mid (c–d), and hind legs (e–f), respectively. Blue arrows, subapical spurs. Red arrows, apical spurs.

Figure 3
Inner (a, c, e) and outer (b, d, f) views of fore (a– b). Mid (c–d), and hind legs (e–f), respectively. Blue arrows, subapical spurs. Red arrows, apical spurs.

Figure 4
Parapalpigera amazonica gen. et sp. nov. Holotype male. (a) Right palp. (b) Sternum. Terminalia in (c) lateral, (d) ventral views, (e) dorsal views.

Figure 5
Figure 4. Parapalpigera amazonica gen. et sp. nov. Holotype male. Phallic complex in (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) lateral, (d) axial views. (e) Closer view of the distal sclerites of Ect.F. (f) Closer view of Ps.P1

Diagnosis: Parapalpigeragen. nov. differs from Palpigera and Melanotes primarily in external morphology and genital morphology. In the new genus, the tympanum is absent, whereas in Melanotes and Palpigera, the tympanum is present. In Parapalpigera gen. nov., the maxillary palps are white, like in Melanotes and Palpigera, and have a shape similar to that of Palpigera fratercula Hebard, 1928, with the last two palpomeres being long and slender. In contrast, Melanotes and other species of Palpigera have the last two palpomeres broader and shorter. In the new genus, the wings are undeveloped (micropterous), and the stridulatory apparatus is absent, differing from the other two genera, in which the tegmina are well-developed and the stridulatory apparatus is present.

Melanotes spp. and Palpigera aluzara Gorochov, 2014 (the only species of Palpigera with known genitalia) do not have the En.s as developed as in Parapalpigera gen. nov. Additionally, in the new genus, En.a comprises a medial bifid projection; in Melanotes, it is bifid and reduced to two lateral lamellae at En.s base; in P. aluzara, consists of one projection. Ect.F extends beyond the pseudepiphallic arms in all three genera. However, in Parapalpigera gen. nov., it is elongated anteriorly, surpassing the En.s, while in Melanotes and P. aluzara, it is way more shortened, not surpassing even the Ps.S.

Regarding females, the new genus has very short tegmina, scale-like, reaching the anterior margin of the mesonotum, while in Melanotes and Palpigera, the tegmina are much longer, reaching the first or the second abdominal tergite. Additionally, the ovipositor in Parapalpigera gen. nov. is slightly upcurved, while it is straight in the other two genera.

Parapalpigera amazonica Franco, Fernandes & Tavares sp. nov.

Zoobank link. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6BE386E4-C6AD-44BB-AD1B-E15725504F63.

Type material: Holotype. Male. Brazil, Pará, Melgaço, FLONA Caxiuanã—ECFPn, ESECAFLOR, 1°43’35”S, 51°26’36”W. 45 m. I.2012. D.A. Cunha leg. Pitfall [The phallic complex was removed and kept in a microvial with the specimen. All legs (except the left hind femur) and the right maxillary palp were removed and kept in the same specimen vial]. Repository: MPEG

Paratypes. 2 female. Same data as the holotype. Repository: MPEG

Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the Amazon rainforest domain, the habitat of this species.

Diagnosis. Same as for the genus.

Description:Head hypognathous, higher than wide, and dark brown (Figs. 1a-d). Lateral and median ocelli clearly visible and light brown. In dorsal view, the area around the median ocellus noticeably swollen, reaching halfway along the scape (Fig. 1c). In frontal view, lateral ocelli near the dorsal margin of the eye, taller than wide; median ocellus between the antennal orbits, close to the dorsal margin (Fig. 1d). In frontal and lateral views, eyes oval, taller than wide, and prominent (Figs. 1b-d). Antennae extending beyond the hind tibia, with large scapes, about half the width of the vertex (Figs. 1a-d). Pedicel similar to the other antennomeres, slightly wider and longer (Figs. 1c-d). Labrum half dark brown and half white; clypeus whitish (Fig. 1d). Labrum as wide as the proximal half of clypeus (Fig. 1d). Maxillary palps robust, with the last two palpomeres white (Fig. 3a), elongated and thick, twice as long as the head and twice as thick as the antennomeres (Figs. 1b, d). First two palpomeres equal in length; third twice as long as the first two combined; fourth thinner than the others, as long as the fifth; fifth upcurved, with the apical margin arched (Fig. 3a).

Thorax. Pronotum dark brown, wider than longe, similar in color to the head, with a median and longitudinal light stripe, dorsal disc anterior margin straight, and posterior margin concave (Fig. 1c). Lateral lobes as high as long, with a convex ventral margin and obtuse anteroventral and posteroventral angles (Fig. 1b). Prosternum reduced, quadrate, with a small convex arc near the posterior margin (Fig. 3b). Mesosternum subquadrate, with a straight anterior margin and a notched posterior margin (Fig. 3b). Metasternum subhexagonal and wide, almost twice as wide as the mesosternum and with a notched posterior margin (Fig. 3b). Metanotal gland covered by the tegmina, with a lateral opening on each side, covered with dense setae. Opening with a darker tone. (Fig. 1g).

Tegmina: dark brown, short, reaching the posterior margin of the metanotum (Figs. 1a-b), stridulatory apparatus absent, and with lateral and dorsal field slightly reticulated (Figs. 1e-f).

Legs: I, II, and III light brown or ochre, covered with small setae, most prominent on the fore tibiae; tympana absent (Figs. 2a-f). Fore and mid legs with nearly the same length (Figs. 2a-d). Hind legs twice as long as the body, with well-developed femora (Figs. 2e-f). Tibiae I with two apical spurs (Figs. 2a-b); tibiae II with four, those on the inner margin reduced, and those on the outer margin elongated (Figs. 2c-d); tibiae III serrulated, armed with four inner and four outer subapical spurs, and three apical spurs on each margin (Figs. 2e-f), with inner dorsal apical spur being the largest of the inner margin, followed by the medium and ventral spurs (Figs. 2e-f), and the outer mid apical spur being the largest of the outer margin, followed by the dorsal and ventral ones, respectively (Figs. 2e-f). Basitarsi at least four times longer than the other tarsomeres combined (Figs. 2e-f).

Abdomen: in dorsal view, elongated, comprising more than half of the total body length, dark brown, with the tenth tergite lighter in color (Figs. 1a-b). Subgenital plate longer than wide. In lateral view, dorsal margin slight concave in the middle-distal portion (Fig. 3c). In ventral view, broad basally with straight lateral margins and a slightly concave posterior margin (Fig. 3d). Supra-anal plate trapezoidal, with a medium-distal concavity on the lateral margins (Fig. 3e). Posterior margin slightly concave (Fig. 3e).

Male Genitalia: Phallic complex elongated, elliptical in dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 4a-d). Ps.S distal portion shortened, much wider than long; proximal portion elevated and straight in lateral view (Fig. 4c), with a rough posterior surface and bilobed dorsal margin (Fig. 4d). Arc short, covered by the Ps.S. Ps.P1 divided into two pairs, the first two elongated and rod-shaped, while the other two shorter, less than half the length of the first pair (Figs. 4b, f). Ps.P2 as two elongated and upwardly prominent lobes in lateral view (Fig. 4c) and acuminated in axial view (Fig. 4d). Ect.F very long and wide, with a distal portion divided into two lobes emerging after the Ps.S and before the Ps.P1 (Fig. 4a), a bifid medial portion with the ventral branch almost reaching the proximal pair of Ps.P1 (Figs. 4b-e), and a long proximal portion reaching the En.s (Figs. 4a-b). En.s well sclerotized, “E”-shaped (Fig. 4a), and with a bifid En.a, darker in color than the En.s (Fig. 4a). R long, narrow, and arched (Figs. 4a-c). Ect.A large, reaching halfway along the Ect.F and divergent (Fig. 4a). Arm well sclerotized; in lateral view, upcurved and tapered at the tip (Figs. 4a-d).

Female: Similar to the male in coloration and size, differing in tegmina length and the absence of the metanotal gland (Figs. 5a-b). Tegmina short, scale-like, reaching the anterior margin of the metanotum, with some poorly-marked longitudinal veins (Figs. 5c, e-f). Sternum similar to males (Fig 5d). Supra-anal plate setose, widely convex in the mid-distal region and posteriorly projected and flanked by two small medio-proximal lobes (Fig. 6a). Subgenital plate short, subtrapezoidal, with the posterior margin emarginated, forming two lobes (Fig. 6b). Ovipositor slightly upcurved, equal in length to the cerci, with an acute and tapered apex (Figs. 6c-d).

Figure 6
Parapalpigera amazonica gen. et sp. nov. Paratype female. Habitus (a) dorsal and (b) lateral views. (c) Dorsal view of head and thorax. (d) Sternum. Right tegmen in (e) dorsal and (f) ventral views.

Female Genitalia: Copulatory papilla robust and conical in shape in both dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 6e-f). In dorsal view, distal end with a large opening (Fig. 6e) and anterior margin with a pronounced border flanked by lateral concavities. In lateral view, proximal margin widely open, with a sinuose margin (Fig. 6f). In ventral view, proximal margin slightly emarginated and distal end truncated (Fig. 6g).

Measurements (mm).

Holotype. One male. BL: 18.0; PL: 3.0; PW: 4.0 Tg: 2.0; HF: 13.0; HT: 13.0

Paratypes. Two Females. BL: 16.5–19.0; PL: 2.0–3.5; PW: 3.0–4.0; Tg: 1.0; HF: 14.0–15.0; HT: 12.0–14.0; Ov: 8.0–9.0

DISCUSSION

In addition to the differences between the new genus and Melanotes and Palpigera (the two most closely related genera) cited above, Parapalpigera gen. nov. exhibits distinctive features that set it apart from other apparently similar genera within the subtribe, like Koilenoma Desutter-Grandcolas, 1993, Luzarida Hebard, 1928, Luzaridella Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992, Lecticusta Cadena-Castañeda & García García, 2012, Dyscophogryllus Rehn, 1901, and Dentoluzara Cadena-Castañeda & Quintana-Arias, 2024. The En.s is developed in a large E-shaped structure. In contrast, in Koilenoma, it is elongated. In Luzaridella and Dentoluzara, it is shortened, and in Luzarida, it is absent. In Lecticusta, it is also enlarged and somehow E-shaped, but it has an elongated posterior projection, which is absent in the new genus. However, in Parapalpigera gen. nov., the two apical palpomeres are white, elongated, and slender. Although also white in Palpigera Hebard, 1928, and Melanotes Desutter-Grandcolas, 1993, in other genera abovementioned, they are brown. The tympanum is absent, a feature found in Koilenoma and Lecticusta, whereas it is developed in the other genera. The tegmina are reduced and lack a stridulatory apparatus, like Koilenoma, where they are also reduced, but in Palpigera, Melanotes, Luzarida, Luzaridella, Lecticusta, Dentoluzara, and Dyscophogryllus, they are fully developed. Furthermore, the endophallic apodeme is bifid, more like Dentoluzara, Lecticusta, and Melanotes, whereas in Luzaridella and Koilenoma, it is reduced and single, and in the other genera, it is absent. These features reinforce the decision to describe Parapalpigera as a new genus.

Parapalpigeragen. nov. differs from Palpigera and Melanotes by having apical palpomeres that are white, elongated, and slender, while in Palpigera and Melanotes, they are wider and shorter, except in P. fratercula. The tympanum is absent in the new genus and present in Palpigera and Melanotes. The tegmina are reduced and lack a stridulatory apparatus, whereas both genera have fully developed tegmina (Melanotes has tegmina bordered by two yellow-ochre lateral bands, while in Palpigera it is concolor). The endophallic sclerite is “E”-shaped, contrasting with the oval and elongated shape of Palpigera and the triangular shape of Melanotes. The endophallic apodeme is bifid in Parapalpigera gen. nov. and Melanotes but, in Parapalpigera gen. nov., the bifurcation is medially positioned; in Melanotes, the bifurcation comprises two lateral lamellae at En.s base, and in Palpigera, it is a single projection. These differences clearly demonstrate that Parapalpigera gen. nov. is a distinct genus. Additionally, Parapalpigera gen. nov. is recorded in the Amazon rainforest (Fig. 7), while Palpigera occurs in the Cerrado formation and Melanotes in the Atlantic Forest.

Figure 7
Figure 6. Parapalpigera amazonica gen. et sp. nov. Paratype female. (a) Tenth tergite. (b) Subgenital plate. Ovipositor in (c) lateral and (d) dorsal views; copulatory papilla in (e) dorsal, (f) lateral, and (g) ventral views.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Laboratório de Invertebrados (LA-INV) of the Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) for the space and equipment provided to do this work. We also would like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, processes 88887.824481/2023-00, 88887.078349/2024-00), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, processes 421693/2022-3, 310436/2021-4), and Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas (FAPESPA) (process 2023/157870) that financed this study. G.C. Tavares also would like to thank the Orthopterists’ Society for the financial support provided by the Orthoptera Species File (OSF) Grants, which allowed the purchase of equipment that significantly improved the quality of this work. This study is part of Lianderson Farias Franco’s dissertation in the Graduate Program in Zoology (PPGZOOL) at the Federal University of Pará (UFPA).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 Sept 2025
• Date of issue
  2025

History

• Received
  22 Jan 2025
• Accepted
  8 Apr 2025