Adaptation of Cedro-Vermelha, Tarumã-Azeitona, Ingá-Doce, Branquilho-Bravo and Ocotea-Guaicá Seedlings to Shading Levels

Abstract

As native tree species are often used for densification, enrichment and degraded areas recovery, a better understanding of the behavior of their seedlings in response to light exposure is needed. This study evaluates the growth and morphological behavior of five native forest species of the Brazilian Mixed Ombrophilous Forest under shading levels of 90%, 50%, and 0%. The species were measured for height to root collar diameter (RCD) ratio (H:D), leaf area (LA), Dickson’s quality index (DQI), and stem, leaf, and root biomass. The LA did not differ among the treatments for three species and did not differ among species in full sun. The results for H:D ratio, DQI, and biomass indicate better growth in treatments with greater light availability. The species are recommended to be used as follows: Cedro-vermelha in full sun; Tarumã-azeitona, Ingá-doce, and Ocotea-guaicá in varying environmental conditions; and Branquilho-bravo in 50% shade and full sun conditions.

Keywords:
plant biometry; seedling development; luminosity; adaptation

1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Understanding the growth behavior and requirements of Brazilian tree species from different types of forest is essential to effectively use these species in rural extension programs, commercial plantations, and particularly for the recovery of degraded areas and the enrichment and densification of native forests. Although some studies on the adaptation of native tree species to different environments are available, detailed information about these species is still scarce. This lack of information was highlighted in a study performed by Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (IPEF) (2011), in which the authors observed that of the 172 analyzed native tree species, only 49 had been studied or had silvicultural information available.

Recovery of degraded areas and recomposition in native forests often imply alterations in luminosity for seedlings, which can limit plant growth. Luminosity is a key factor for initial plant growth, as the primary source of photo assimilated energy that is converted into energy for the plant by specific receptors adapted to different light intensities, qualities, and states of polarization (Atroch et al., 2001). Furthermore, luminosity is a selective factor that can define a plant community (Silva et al., 2010). Plants have the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions that lead to growth changes, mainly in leaf area, height, internode length, and reductions in branching (Souza et al., 2008; Taiz & Zeiger, 2006), which compensate for adverse conditions (Albuquerque et al., 2015). As a consequence, data about the relationship between native species and environmental factors, such as luminosity, can be a critical factor in choosing species for a range of purposes (Câmara & Endres, 2008; Marimon et al., 2008; Pacheco et al., 2013; Pinto et al., 2016; Valadão et al., 2014).

One of the richest biomes in Brazil, the Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica), which includes the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, also referred as Araucaria Moist Forest (WWF, 2000), is composed of economically and biologically important species, such as Araucaria angustifolia, Cedrella fissilis, and species of the genera Ocotea and Nectandra (Martins, 2012). However, of the original 200,000 km² of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, only 3% remains, because of unmitigated exploitation and agricultural expansion, with only a few of these remnants in a late-successional stage (MMA, 2013). Studies and data about the adaptation of native species in this forest biome are necessary, not only considering the recovery of degraded areas and forests developed for conservation and preservation purposes, but also due to advancements in the sustainable management of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Lacerda et al., 2012; Pichelli, 2014).

To evaluate the growth and adaptation of plants, several variables can be assessed. In some cases, determining height and/or diameter is sufficient; however, more information is sometimes needed, including leaf size (length, width, area), total plant weight or weight of each organ, such as roots, shoots, leaves, and fruit, as well as the relationships among these parameters (Carneiro, 1995; Ferri, 1985). Another approach to infer plant growth is to observe growth balance, obtained by the use of Dickson’s Quality Index (DQI), which indicates the plant quality based on its robustness and the balanced distribution of its organs (Fonseca et al., 2002).

Due to the lack of information regarding the acclimatization of seedlings of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and their potential silvicultural uses, this study aims to analyze the effect of different shading levels on the growth and morphology of the following native species: cedro-vermelha, Tarumã-azeitona, Ingá-doce, Branquilho-bravo, and Ocotea-guaicá.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was installed in the nursery of the Forest Engineering Department of the Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (Unicentro) in Irati, Paraná, Brazil. The climate of the region is classified as Cfb, with the occurrence of frosts in the winter, average temperature of 17 °C, and average rainfall of 1,600 mm (INMET, 2012).

Five autochthonous species of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest were evaluated in this study: Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Meliaceae); Inga vera subsp. affinis Kunth (D.C.) T.D. Penn. (Fabaceae); Ocotea puberula (Reich.) Nees (Lauraceae); Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) L.B. Smith & Downs (Euphorbiaceae); and Vitex megapotamica (Spreng) Moldenke (Lamiaceae). According to the National Cultivar Registry (MAPA, 2017), the common names of the species are: Cedro-vermelha (C. fissilis); Tarumã-azeitona (V. megapotamica); Ingá-doce (I. vera); Branquilho-bravo (S. commersoniana); and Ocotea-guaicá (O. puberula). The seedlings were produced in plastic pots with commercial substrate provided by the nursery of the Instituto Ambiental do Paraná (IAP), in the municipality of Fernandes Pinheiro. Because the age of the seedlings was unknown, they were selected according to their height, aiming to maintain a standard size. After selection, seedlings were transferred to plastic bags (20 cm x 8 cm), with a substrate composed of 90% pine bark and 10% vermiculite, without the addition of fertilizers.

The bagged seedlings were then submitted to three shading treatments: 0% shading (full sun); 50% shading; and 90% shading. Shading levels were obtained with screens and radiometrically verified with a LCi photosynthesis reader (ADC BioScientific, Hoddesdon, UK). Initially, the shade was created in 50 cm high domes with a PVC structure and a gravel base. After seedling growth, the height was raised to 1.80 m.

The experiment used a randomized block design with a factorial scheme, consisting of five species and three shading levels. Each shading treatment was composed of five blocks, and each block was composed of one plot of each evaluated species containing 11 seedlings, totaling 825 evaluated seedlings.

After two years of growth, the seedlings were measured for total height and root collar diameter (RCD). Subsequently, one seedling from each plot from all blocks was collected to assess the leaf area, and stem, leaf, and root biomass, totaling 25 seedlings selected for each species per treatment. The seedlings were selected based on the mean height of each sample, as height is associated with seedling growth and quality (Carneiro, 1995). The selected seedlings were then transferred to the laboratory and sectioned into stem, leaves, and roots. The leaf area (LA) was measured with a scanner and the software Leaf Area Measurement 1.3. The biomass of each section was assessed after drying in a stove at 50 °C until reaching a constant weight.

After measurement, height to root collar diameter ratio (H:D) and Dickson’s Quality Index (DQI) were calculated based on the following parameters: seedling height (SH); stem base diameter (SBD); stem and leaf dry matter corresponding to the aerial dry matter (ADM); root dry matter (RDM); and total dry matter (ADM + RDM = TDM). Following Dickson et al. (1960), the DQI was determined as (Equation 1):

$DQI=\frac{TDM\left(g\right)}{\left({\displaystyle \frac{SH\left(cm\right)}{SBD\left(mm\right)}}\right)+\left({\displaystyle \frac{ADM\left(g\right)}{RDM\left(g\right)}}\right)}$ (1)

Statistical analyses were performed with the software SAEG. Data normality was evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk test at 1% significance. The data for stem, root, and leaf biomass were transformed as follows: . The interaction among factors was then analyzed through variance and, when needed, Tukey’s test was applied with significance at 5%.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The LA data showed interaction among species and shading levels. Cedro-vermelha had greater LA in full sun, Branquilho-bravo had greater LA in 50% shade, while the other species showed no difference in LA on different shading levels. Among species, there was statistical difference in LA only for the following shaded treatments: Branquilho-bravo had greater LA in 50% shade, whereas Ingá-doce had greater LA in 90% shade (Table 1).

Table 1
Average leaf area (LA) for Cedro-vermelha, Ingá-doce, Ocotea-guaicá, Branquilho-bravo, and Tarumã-azeitona under shading levels of 90%, 50%, and 0%.

SPECIES	Leaf area (mm2)
	90%	50%	0%
Cedro-vermelha	783.91 Bb	10,707.49 Bc	49,820.20 Aa
Tarumã-azeitona	3,543.25 Ab	10,184.53 Ac	58,398.19 Aa
Ingá-doce	79,766.88 Aa	50,527.19 Ab	50,705.61 Aa
Branquilho-bravo	37,068.95 Bb	111,429.20 Aa	50,297.27 Ba
Ocotea-guaicá	27,068.33 Ab	34,108.80 Abc	22,508.18 Aa

• Means followed by the same capital letter in the row do not differ significantly among shading levels, and the means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ significantly among species according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.

With an increase in shade, a lower LA was observed for Cedro-vermelha, whereas Branquilho-bravo showed greater LA under 50% shading, presenting a reduction in leaf area as the shade levels increased or decreased. Shade levels have an impact on the plant leaf area in a way that a slight reduction in light exposure tends to cause an increase in leaf area, mainly in conditions of 50% shading (Pinto et al., 2016; Piña & Arboleda, 2010; Scalon et al., 2001). On the other hand, shading over 75% negatively affects the size of leaf area, as observed for Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (Pinto et al., 2016) and Sclerolobium paniculatum (Felfili et al., 1999). Although in this study no differences in leaf area were observed among treatments for Tarumã-azeitona, Ingá-doce and Ocotea-guaicá, under greater shade levels the rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration are reduced (Dalmolin et al., 2015), leading to reduced plant growth. When a reduction in LA is observed, it can suggest the inability of the plant to direct its resources to maintain leaf area (Pinto et al., 2016). In contrast, in open environments with intense radiation, simulated herein by the full sun treatment, some species can react with photoinhibition, which also leads to reductions in leaf area (Pacheco et al., 2013). In environments with intermediate levels of shading, the leaf area can increase due to changes in luminosity, humidity and temperature (Pinto et al., 2016), as observed for Branquilho-bravo with greater LA in 50% shading.

Regarding seedling RCD and height, statistical differences were found both for shading levels and species. The RCD decreased as the shading increased, except for Ingá-doce that showed the same RCD among treatments. Comparing all species, Cedro-vermelha and Branquilho-bravo had greater RCD in full sun and 50 % shade, whereas Ingá-doce had the greatest RCD in 90% shade (Table 2).

Table 2
Average root collar diameter (mm) and height (cm) for Cedro-vermelha, Ingá-doce, Ocotea-guaicá, Branquilho-bravo, and Tarumã-azeitona under shading levels of 90%, 50%, and 0%.

Variable		Root collar diameter (mm)			Height (cm)
Shading		90%	50%	0%	90%	50%	0%
SPECIES	Cedro-vermelha	6.49 Ca	10.47 Ba	12.97 Aa	28.22 Ab	31.96 Abc	27.57 Ac
	Tarumã-azeitona	1.95 Bc	7.01 Ab	8.33 Ab	15.65 Bb	51.40 Ab	53.57 Ab
	Ingá-doce	5.00 Aab	7.14 Ab	7.23 Ab	26.14 Ab	29.61 Ac	29.30 Ac
	Branquilho-bravo	5.62 Bab	10.40 Aa	10.47 Aab	71.00 Ba	103.93 Aa	82.71 Ba
	Ocotea-guaicá	3.45 Bbc	5.91 Ab	5.47 Ac	27.49 Ab	37.76 Abc	22.11 Ac

• Means followed by the same capital letter in the row do not differ significantly among shading levels, and the means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ significantly among species according to the Tukey’s test at 5% significance.

The height of seedlings showed less variation among treatments. Tarumã-azeitona had reduced height in 90% shade, whereas Branquilho-bravo had greater height in 50% shade. Among species, Branquilho-bravo demonstrated the greatest height for the three treatments (Table 2).

The H:D ratio also showed statistical difference among treatments and species. The H:D ratio decreased for all species with increased light, confirming the RCD and height responses. Cedro-vermelha, Branquilho-bravo, and Ocotea-guaicá showed significant differences in H:D among shading levels. For each treatment, Branquilho-bravo and Tarumã-azeitona showed greater H:D in full sun, whereas for the other treatments a greater H:D was observed for Branquilho-bravo (Table 3).

Table 3
Average height to diameter ratio (H:D) for Cedro-vermelha, Ingá-doce, Ocotea-guaicá, Branquilho-bravo, and Tarumã-azeitona under shading levels of 90%, 50% and 0%.

SPECIES	Height to Root Collar Diameter ratio (H:D)
	90%	50%	0%
Cedro-vermelha	4.26 Ac	3.17 ABc	2.17 Bb
Tarumã-azeitona	3.21 Bc	7.27 Ab	6.45 Aa
Ingá-doce	5.26 Ac	4.21 Ac	3.97 Ab
Branquilho-bravo	12.63 Aa	10.07 Ba	7.80 Ca
Ocotea-guaicá	7.94 Ab	6.57 Ab	4.05 Bb

• Means followed by the same capital letter in the row do not differ significantly among shading levels, and the means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ significantly among species according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.

The greater H:D ratio observed for the seedlings cultivated in shaded conditions indicate seedling etiolation due to plant adaptation to intercept light (Paciullo et al., 2008), as observed for Cedro-vermelha, Branquilho-bravo, and Ocotea-guaicá. Since etiolated plants represent lower quality plants (Pacheco et al., 2013), the results of this study show balanced height and RCD growth in the full sun environment, representing greater plant robustness (Reyes et al., 2005). It is important to highlight that Tarumã-azeitona and Ingá-doce maintained consistent quality across all tested environments. The H:D ratio mainly showed values in the range indicated by Carneiro (1995), between 5.4 and 8.1, with lower values indicating plants with good growth balance.

Unbalanced height and RCD growth in shaded environments have been reported for several other species, such as Mimosa caesalpiniifolia and Sterculia foetida, under conditions of 50%, 70%, and 92% shade, with reduced etiolation and consequently reduced H:D ratio, when light levels are increased (Câmara & Endres, 2008). For Bertholletia excelsa, however, greater growth was observed under 25% and 50% shading levels (Albuquerque et al., 2015). In other studies, Crescentia cujete (Piña & Arboleda, 2010), Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (Pinto et al., 2016), Curatella americana (Dalmolin et al., 2015) and Jatropha curcas (Sesma et al., 2009) showed greater H:D ratio in shaded environments, indicating that plants in shaded conditions have greater height and RCD than plants in full sun. Evaluating the diameter is important, as it is correlated with rates of photosynthesis and transpiration (Atroch et al., 2001). Moreover, when the diameter is correlated with plant height, providing the H:D ratio, seedling quality can be assessed, once lower H:D ratio values indicate sturdier plants in field conditions due to balanced growth (Silva et al., 2007). Thus, plants with lower H:D ratio can be associated with a better adaptation to unfavorable conditions that may occur in degraded areas or forest remnants.

Regarding Dickson’s Quality Index (DQI), statistical differences were found among species and shading treatments, with a reduced DQI as shading levels increased. For Cedro-vermelha, a greater DQI was found in full sun, and the lowest DQI was observed for Branquilho-bravo in 90% shade. For each treatment, no difference was observed in the 50% and 90% shade treatments, whereas in full sun Branquilho-bravo and Cedro-vermelha had greater DQI (Table 4).

Table 4
Average Dickson’s quality index (DQI) for Cedro-vermelha, Ingá-doce, Ocotea-guaicá, Branquilho-bravo, and Tarumã-azeitona under shading levels of 90%, 50%, and 0%.

SPECIES	Dickson's Quality Index (DQI)
	90%	50%	0%
Cedro-vermelha	0.90 Ba	1.26 Ba	6.95 Aa
Tarumã-azeitona	0.11 Aa	0.83 Aa	1.62 Ab
Ingá-doce	0.40 Aa	1.87 Aa	2.24 Ab
Branquilho-bravo	0.21 Ba	2.93 Aa	4.05 Aab
Ocotea-guaicá	0.23 Aa	0.69 Aa	1.52 Ab

• Means followed by the same capital letter in the row do not differ significantly among shading levels, and the means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ significantly among species according to the Tukey’s test at 5% significance.

In addition to the H:D ratio, the DQI also considers the dry biomass balance of the plant organs. Furthermore, in comparison to the H:D ratio, the DQI offers the advantage of considering the development of the root system (Carneiro, 1995). In this study, a better growth quality was observed for Tarumã-azeitona, Ingá-doce, and Ocotea-guaicá, for which the increased shading did not influence DQI. For Cedro-vermelha shading reduced quality, and for Branquilho-bravo only 90% shading reduced DQI (Table 3).

In studies with other species native to Southern Brazil, such as Eugenia uniflora and Bauhinia forficata, height and RCD were also greater in full sun conditions than under shade (Atroch et al., 2001; Scalon et al., 2001). Meanwhile, better DQI was observed in full sun for Crescentia cujete (Piña & Arboleda, 2010) and Curatella americana (Dalmolin et al., 2015). Other species, however, show better quality and total dry mass under low levels of shading (César et al., 2014; Pinto et al., 2016), which can explain the adaptation of Tarumã-azeitona, Ingá-doce, and Ocotea-guaicá seedlings to shaded conditions.

In environments with low light availability, an increase in a plant’s above-ground biomass in comparison to the root biomass has been observed (Felfili et al., 1999), and this can explain an unbalanced growth, as expressed in the H:D ratio and DQI for some species under shaded conditions. Thus, DQI can vary according to the phenological and physiological characteristics of each species in different environments. Mikania glomerata, an herbaceous species also present in the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest, showed greater leaf area and biomass under 80% shade, and this was interpreted as the species’ phenological response (Espindola et al., 2009). Herein, a lack of shade was generally favorable for seedlings of the five studied species, and the gradual increase in shade induced unbalanced growth, as expressed by the H:D ratio. Plant adaptation to different conditions involves physiological, anatomic and ultrastructural changes, which are determined by the light intensity to which plants are submitted (Fernandes et al., 2014). Adaptation to different environments was observed on Tarumã-azeitona, Ingá-doce, and Ocotea-guaicá, due to growth capacity and biomass allocation in the different tested conditions.

In this study, seedlings had lower H:D ratio and DQI in environments with greater light availability, which suggests better quality plants, as observed in other studies (César et al., 2014; Reyes et al., 2005). It is important to mention that, in studies evaluating the growth of forest species under shaded conditions, the time needed for plants to adapt to the environments must be considered, since plant growth in different environments can vary according to the growth stage (Pinto et al., 2016). Another important aspect is mortality, as the death of heliophile species under shaded conditions demonstrates intolerance of these species to excessive shade levels (Felfili et al., 1999). Although the species evaluated in this study are pioneer or initial secondary successional, and heliophiles, no significant mortality was observed associated with shading levels, which also suggests adaptation of the species to shaded conditions.

Stem and root biomass of the seedlings showed statistical difference among species and among shading levels (Figure 1). In general, stem and root biomass increased in full sun and 50% shading, with the greatest biomass observed for Branquilho-bravo and Cedro-vermelha. Among species in each treatment, Branquilho-bravo had greater stem and root biomass in 50% shade and full sun, respectively. Differences were also observed for leaf biomass, except for Tarumã-azeitona. Regarding the other species, Cedro-vermelha had greater leaf biomass under 90% shade and Branquilho-bravo under 50% shade and full sun treatments, whereas for Ingá-doce and Ocotea-guaicá gains in leaf biomass were observed in full sun and 50% shade treatments (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Stem (a), root (b) and leaf (c) biomass of Cedro-vermelha, Tarumã-azeitona, Ingá-doce, Branquilho-bravo, and Ocotea-guaicá in shade levels of 90%, 50%, and 0%. Means followed by the same capital letter do not differ significantly between shading levels, and Means followed by the same lowercase letter do not differ significantly between species according to the Tukey’s test at 5% significance.

The biomass of all plant organs reduced with shading, but this was particularly notable for root biomass. This result can be associated with the characteristics of the evaluated species, as shading seems to induce biomass gains for other species (Espindola et al., 2009). Shading between 30% and 50% can create better conditions for plant biomass production (Atroch et al., 2001; Pinto et al., 2016). In this study, greater stem and leaf biomass under shading was observed only for Branquilho-bravo.

For stem, leaf and root biomass, greater values were found for the 50% shade and full sun treatments, with a relevant difference in morphology among Branquilho-bravo, Ingá-doce, and Cedro-vermelha. Root and leaf biomass gains were also reported in full sun conditions for other species from different regions of Brazil, as well as for exotic species (Almeida et al., 2005; Atroch et al., 2001). In open environments, biomass allocation to roots is related to plant adaptations to ensure its survival within conditions of high levels of light availability and hydric changes (Marimon et al., 2008). However, other species are adapted to some levels of shade, such as Hymenaea courbaril and Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings, that show better root growth and total dry biomass under 50% and 80% shading levels (Lima et al., 2010). Furthermore, RCD growth is associated with greater biomass (Pinto et al., 2016); thus, a reduction in H:D ratio, as observed in this study in full sun treatment, indicates larger diameter and hence greater seedling biomass.

For species of the Atlantic Forest, higher growth is observed in intermediary shading levels (Morais Neto et al., 2000; Valadão et al., 2014), with greater total dry biomass, and root, stem, and leaf biomass, indicating balanced partitioning of the main plant structures (Felfili et al., 1999). In contrast, other species, such Eugenia uniflora, have greater biomass in full sun (Scalon et al., 2001). Nevertheless, increased shading, particularly over 70%, can be harmful to growth and cause more variations in leaf biomass (Marimon et al., 2008).

The species studied herein showed variation in their adaptation to specific environments or in more than one of the tested treatments. The growth responses to different conditions can be linked to the phytochrome, which may be associated with the habitat of each species. Moreover, light variations induce changes in ion flux, gene expression, stomatal control, and chlorophyll synthesis (Taiz & Zeiger, 2006). Mokochinski et al. (2014) observed variations of chlorophyll content for Ingá-doce, Ocotea-guaicá, and Branquilho-bravo seedlings; Ingá-doce and Ocotea-guiacá better adapted to shade due to an increase in chlorophyll content, as the level of shade increased. On the other hand, Branquilho-bravo seedlings showed adaptation to full sun and shaded conditions.

4. CONCLUSION

In this study, the evaluated species showed better growth and morphology in environments with greater light availability. Therefore, the species are recommended to be used as follows: Cedro-vermelha is adapted to environments with greater light intensity, as shown in the full sun treatment; Tarumã-azeitona, Ingá-doce, and Ocotea-guaicá are adapted to the different tested treatments and are suitable for use in environments with varying levels of shade; Branquilho-bravo shows adaptation to full sun and moderately shaded environments.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Fundação Araucária for supporting the study and for the financial support. We also thank the Instituto Ambiental do Paraná for the support and donation of seedlings to conduct the experiments. Special thanks to Filemom Mokochinski and Hetyel Dolci for their help during the evaluation of the experiment.

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FINANCIAL SUPPORT

• Fundação Araucária.

Edited by

Associate editor: José Carlos Arthur Junior 0000-0002-4161-8822

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  26 June 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  20 Jan 2017
• Accepted
  04 Feb 2019