PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PHYSICAL FITNESS AMONG FILIPINO UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

ATIVIDADE FÍSICA E APTIDÃO FÍSICA ENTRE ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS FILIPINOS

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a atividade física e a aptidão física de estudantes universitários. Quatrocentos e setenta e quatro estudantes universitários aparentemente saudáveis (167 homens; 307 mulheres) responderam a um questionário de atividade física e foram submetidos a avaliações antropométricas e de aptidão física. Os resultados indicaram que os estudantes universitários do sexo masculino eram mais ativos fisicamente e fisicamente mais aptos do que as mulheres. Especificamente, os alunos do sexo masculino superaram os estudantes do sexo feminino nos seguintes testes: salto vertical, enrolamentos e produção aeróbica. Nenhuma diferença significativa entre os sexos foi encontrada na flexibilidade da parte superior do corpo. No entanto, as fêmeas apresentaram maior flexibilidade corporal menor em comparação aos machos. Eles também tinham maior gordura corporal que os machos. Além disso, maior atividade física foi associada com maior produção aeróbia, força da perna, resistência muscular e menor gordura corporal. O aumento da atividade física entre estudantes universitários é importante não apenas para promover a aptidão física, mas também para ajudar os alunos a administrar as demandas da vida universitária. Estratégias para promover o aumento da atividade física entre os estudantes universitários devem dar atenção especial aos estudantes do sexo feminino, pois eles são mais propensos a ser menos ativos do que seus colegas do sexo masculino

Keywords:
Atividade física; Aptidão; Estudantes universitários

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to examine the physical activity and physical fitness of university students. Four hundred seventy-four apparently healthy university students (167 males; 307 females) answered a physical activity questionnaire and underwent anthropometric and physical fitness assessments. Results indicated that male university students were more physically active (p=0.012) and physically fitter than females. Specifically, male students outperformed female students in the following tests: vertical jump (p=.000), curl-ups (p=0.000), and aerobic output (p=0.000). No significant gender difference was found in upper body flexibility. However, females displayed greater lower body flexibility compared to males (p=0.000). Females also had greater body fat than males (p=0.000). Additionally, higher physical activity was associated with higher aerobic output, leg power, muscular endurance, and lower body fat. Increasing physical activity among university students is important not only to promote physical fitness but also to help students manage the demands of university student life. Strategies to promote increased physical activity among university students should give special attention to female students as they are more likely to be less active than their male counterparts.

Keywords:
Physical activity; Fitness; University students

Introduction

Increased physical activity plays an essential role in risk reduction for heart disease, stroke, and cancer¹. For university students, engagement in physical activity can lead to better mental health² and it can help them cope better with the stress and demands of university life³. Despite the importance of physical activity, there seems to be a high prevalence of sedentary lifestyle among university students⁴. The occurrence of leisure-time physical inactivity has been evident among a large number of university students⁵.

University students have a busy and demanding schedules in both their academic and extracurricular activities. They are more susceptible to adopt unhealthy coping behaviours such as high caloric food intake and alcohol consumption⁶. Also, university students have been found to exhibit decreased level of physical activity and inadequate sleep⁷. Unhealthy lifestyle of university students may lead to various diseases in their adulthood years. It is vital for them to adopt a healthy lifestyle throughout their university life.⁸

A recent report on worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity has shown that almost 40% of Filipinos are inadequately active. Guthold et al.⁹ found that 30% of Filipino males and 50% of Filipino females were insufficiently active. These numbers are alarming given that physical inactivity is a known risk factor of many chronic diseases^9. Promoting physical activity among university students may be an important strategy to ensure that they develop regular physical activity habits which they can continue throughout their adult life.

Physical activity is seen to influence the improvement of fitness parameters among university students. It has been found that the Metabolic Equivalent (MET) and body fat percentage were negatively correlated among university students¹⁰. Researchers also pointed out that increased physical activity led to positive effects on vertical jump performance among college men¹¹. Collegiate students engaging in recreational sports demonstrated higher muscular endurance as compared to those who are sedentary¹². In the study by Mesquita et al.¹³, men scored higher in cardiorespiratory fitness. Women were anticipated to have lesser cardiorespiratory fitness due to lower cardiac output and oxygen transport capacity. It has been speculated that women having lower levels of physical activity than men caused these physiological differences¹³.

There have been several publications on the comparison of the fitness levels of males and females. Male physical education students were reported to have higher physical fitness levels as compared to female students in terms of anthropometric and performance indices¹³. Furthermore, the gender differences in the adherence of physical activity in the study by Zaccagni et al.¹⁴ showed that Italian female university students were three times as sedentary as their male counterparts¹⁴.

In the Philippines, there are limited studies about physical activity levels and physical fitness among university students in Metro Manila. Thus, this study will try to establish evidence of whether male students in the local setting are more physically active than female students.

Determining the prevalence of physical activity in university settings may help conceptualize, plan, and implement programs towards improving students’ health. As a result, the purpose of this study is to compare the physical activity and fitness levels of males versus females. The current study also aims to examine the relationship between physical activity and fitness indices of Filipino university students. We hypothesize that males are more active than women and that physical active individuals have greater physical fitness levels compared to those who are sedentary.

Methods

Participants

Convenience sampling of Physical Education (PE) classes of Academic Year (AY) 2018-2019 was included. All available students in each class were invited to be screened for eligibility to participate in research. Exclusion criteria were contraindications for physical activity and lack of approval for participation in the research. A total of four hundred seventy-four (474) consented to participate. Data on eighty-two (82) participants were excluded from the analysis because of missing data on the demographic information or physical fitness domains.

Three hundred ninety-two (n = 392) apparently healthy university students participated in this study. Specifically, there were 167 male (M_age = 18.4, SD = 0.74 years) and 225 female (M_age = 18.4, SD = 1.00 years) students who volunteered to participate. During the time of the testing, the students were enrolled in a physical activity course that meets once a week for 2 hours. A written consent form was signed by the students before further experimentation. Also, Physical Activity Readiness- Questionnaire¹⁵ was used to screen the participants. This study was approved by the institutional research ethics board.

Measurement and Procedures

Data collection was conducted for two sessions separated by seven days. In the first session, test procedures were explained to the students. It was followed by answering the PAR-Q. During the second session, the participants were asked to complete the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) long form to determine their physical activity levels. Aside from answering the survey, students underwent health and fitness assessment such as (1) height, (2) weight, (3) body fat percentage, and physical fitness tests namely: (1) 20-meter shuttle run test, (2) modified sit and reach test, (3) zipper test, (4) 1-minute partial curl-up test, and (5) vertical jump test.

Measures

Physical Activity. Self-reported physical activity levels for the past seven days was assessed using the self-administered long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). This questionnaire measures physical activity undertaken across a comprehensive set of domains such as (a) leisure time physical activity; (b) domestic and gardening (yard) activities; (c) work-related physical activity and; (d) transport-related physical activity. IPAQ items provide details about the frequency (number of times in a week) and duration (number of minutes in a day) of their day-to-day activities from moderate to high-intensity efforts. Classification of physical activity levels was based on the IPAQ guidelines on data processing. Students were classified into having high physical activity if they reported having engaged in vigorous-intensity activities on at least three days and had spent at least 1500 MET-minutes/week. High physical activity levels were also assigned to those who reported having spent seven or more days doing combinations of walking, moderate-intensity or vigorous-intensity activities achieving to at least 3000 MET-minutes/week. Assignment of moderate physical activity was done to those who reported having engaged in at least three days of vigorous-intensity activities which they did for at least 20 minutes per day. Those who reported doing moderate-intensity activities for at least five days for at least 30 minutes per day were also classified as having moderate physical activity. Those who did not meet the criteria for having high or moderate physical activity levels were classified as having low physical activity levels¹⁶. In the study Craig et al.¹⁷, the measurement properties of IPAQ demonstrated acceptable reliability (report the ICC number that the study presented) and validity when the instrument was used in both developed and developing countries¹⁷.

Body fat percentage (body fat %). Body composition was measured using a two-point Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) (Inner Scan 541 N, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan). It is designed to provide information about the major health indicators to monitor the effects of lifestyle modification. It was devised for adults aged 18-99 years old.

Lower body flexibility. Hamstring and lower back flexibility were assessed using the modified sit and reach test. To administer this test, the participant was asked to be barefoot and to sit on the floor with the buttocks, shoulders, and head in contact with the wall. A yardstick was positioned in between the fully extended legs, with the zero mark facing the body. The heels were 25.4-30.48 cm apart and aligned on the 38.1 cm mark of the yardstick. Subjects were instructed to reach as far as possible without bending their knees with one hand placed on top of the other while keeping their hands parallel to each other. If a participant demonstrated bouncing motions and flexed knees, the score was not considered. Three trials were given with the highest score recorded for analysis¹⁸.

Upper body flexibility. Right shoulder and left shoulder flexibility were measured using the Zipper Test. In this test, the participant attempts to touch the middle finger on a specified elbow position placed over the thoracic region. Three trials were given with the closest distance recorded for analysis¹⁹

Lower body power. Assessment of local body muscular power was derived from the Sargent Jump Test²⁰ that measures the difference between the subject’s standing reach and the maximum height at the peak of the jump. This test is commonly utilized in numerous studies that assessed the effectiveness of an exercise or training program in developing explosive power. It is also used to predict future success in different sports disciplines that require execution of explosive leg power, including basketball and weight lifting²¹. The participant’s standing reach height was recorded first with either hand by asking the subject to put a mark on the wall while maintaining their feet flat on the floor. The jump is then initiated with knees bent at around 90 degrees. The subject may also opt to start in a standing position followed by a rapid knee flexion before jumping. The subject attempts to jump vertically as high as possible using arms and legs to project the body upwards. This test protocol allows swinging of arms when performing the jump. However, subjects were prohibited from executing preparatory steps before jumping. The fingertips marked the wall using a 2.54 cm chalk during the peak of the jump. Difference between the measures of standing reach and the peak jump height was recorded in centimetres and was used for statistical analyses²².

Muscular endurance. The abdominal muscular endurance was evaluated using the 1-minute curl up test. In this test, the participant lays down on their back with knees bent at 90 degrees. Arms were placed at the side of their body. The upper body was curled forward by lifting the head and shoulder as the fingertips slid forward by 7.62 cm after which they returned to the starting position. The total number of correct curl-ups for 1 minute was recorded¹⁸.

Cardiovascular endurance. The cardiovascular endurance was measured using the 23-level continuous sub-maximal test known as 20m shuttle run test or beep test. In this test, the runs were synchronized using a pre-recorded audio that provided a distinct sound called "beep" at set intervals. The initial speed starts at 8.5 km/hr and increases by 0.5 km/hr increment each minute after that. The subject attempts to perform continuous shuttle runs and reach the other end of the line before the next beep sounds. As the test progressed, the interval between each beep decreased. The subject who does not reach the line before the beep sounds will be given a warning of one failed attempt and must proceed to run towards the line and catch up with the pace. If the participant reached the line before the succeeding beep, their failed attempt was reset. However, the subject will be asked to withdraw from the test after performing two consecutive failed attempts. After withdrawal from the test, the last level covered was recorded²³.

Statistical Analysis

Data are displayed as mean ± standard deviation. Median and interquartile range (IQR) were used to describe the physical activity scores due to its skewed distribution. Independent t-test was utilized to identify any significant difference. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to assess the significant difference in the data on physical activity. The effect size was calculated using Cohen’s d. Spearman rank correlation (r _s ) was used to establish the relationship of physical activity with body fat and performance markers. Results of statistical tests were deemed significant at 5% level of significance. Adjustment for Type I error was done using Bonferroni correction for the multiple comparison tests done. Statistical analysis was performed using a commercial statistical package²⁴.

Results

Overall Physical Activity Level

The total physical activity of the 50%of the university students was at least 2001.0 MET-minute/week, which revealed moderate levels of physical activity. 37% of the university students have high levels of physical activity and 15% have low levels of physical activity. Table 1 shows the physical activity levels of Filipino University students.

Table 1
Physical activity levels of Filipino university students (n=392)

Total physical activity (MET-min/week	Median: 2001.0 IQR: 988.5 - 3823.5
Physical activity level	No (%)
Low	60 (15.31)
Moderate	188 (47.96)
High	144 (36.73)

• Source: The authors

Males demonstrated greater physical activity than females z = 2.51, p = 0.012. However, the difference in the distribution of physical activity levels between males and females is not significant. Among the Filipino university students examined females have a low physical activity level that equals to lower than 600 MET physical activities. In the high physical activity category, males and females did at least 1500 MET/week physical activity (Table 2).

Table 2
Physical activity levels of Filipino university students by sex (n=392)

Physical activity levels	Male (n=167)	Female (n=225)	Total (n=392)
	No. (%)	No. (%)	No. (%)
Low	22 (13.17)	38 (16.89)	60 (15.31)
Moderate	70 (41.92)	118 (52.44)	188 (47.96)
High	75 (44.91)	69 (30.67)	144 (36.73)

• Notes: Chi-square = 8.37, p = 0.015
• Source: The authors

Domain Specific Physical Activity Level

Results suggested that Filipino university students have no engagement in a job-related activity. No significant differences were found in the domains except in leisure (p=0.0006). Most males were more active during their leisure time as compared to females (Table 3).

Table 3
Physical activity (MET-min/week) of Filipino university students by domain and sex

Physical activity domains	Male (n=167)		Female (n=225)		Total (n=392)
	Median	IQR	Median	IQR	Median	IQR
Work	0		0		0
Active Transportation	693.0	330.0-1188.0	594.0	264.0-1039.5	660.0	297.0-1171.5
Domestic and Garden work	270.0	0-870.0	202.5	0-660.0	210.0	0-720.0
Leisure	443.0	1122.0-4812.0	1789.0	0-693.0	235.5	0-972.0
Total	2226.0	1122.0-4812.0	1789.0	814.0-3090.0	2001.0	988.5-3823.5

• Notes: No IQR for work domain because its range is from 0 to 0. Type I error adjustment using Bonferroni correction was done (α^*= 0.013). Wilcoxon rank-sum test was done to compare median physical activity levels PER domain. All were non-significant EXCEPT for leisure (p = 0.0006)
• Source: The authors

Independent t-Test revealed a significant difference in height between males and females, t(390) = 2.78, p = .000, d = 1.96. Males were also seen to be heavier compared to females at t(390) = 12.7, p = .000, d = 1.25. Females posted greater body fat than males t(390) = -14.7, p = .000, d = 1.48 (Table 4).

Table 4
Anthropometrics, physical activity, and performance scores of males and females

Variables	Males (n = 167)	Females (n = 225)
Height (cm)§	168 ± 6.77	156 ± 5.39*
Mass (kg)§	67.3 ± 14.6	52.3 ± 8.75*
% Body fat§	18.8 ± 6.68	28.2 ± 6.03*
Physical Activity	Median: 2226 IQR: 1112 - 4812	Median: 1789 IQR: 814 - 3090
Sit and Reach§	15.7 ± 4.53	18.3 ± 4.70*
Zipper Test - Right§	4.07 ± 2.19	3.91 ± 1.79
Zipper Test - Left§	3.15 ± 1.99	3.04 ± 1.55
Vertical Jump§	104 ± 5.14	91.2 ± 3.81*
Curl-up§	47.7 ± 19.4	38.1 ± 14.5*
20-meter shuttle run test§	27.2 ± 4.57	22.6 ± 2.92*

• Note: ^§Type I error adjustment using Bonferroni correction was done (α^*= 0.006). * p < 0.0001
• Source: The authors

For performance measures, no significant difference was seen in right shoulder flexibility, t (390) = .777, p = .390. Left shoulder flexibility was also non-significant between groups, t (390) = .605, p = .545. Females showed greater sit and reach than males, t(390) = -5.55, p = .000, d = 0.56. Males posted higher vertical jump than females, t (390) = 28.3, p = .000, d = 2.83. There was a significant difference in curl-up performance between both groups, t(390) = 5.64, p = .000, d = 0.56. Males scored higher aerobic output than females, t(390) = 12.2, p = .000, d = 1.20 (Table 4).

Spearman Rank Correlation showed a negative relationship between physical activity and body fat, r _s = -0.099. There was a positive relationship between physical activity and vertical jump, r _s = 0.183. Similarly, curl-up was positively related to physical activity r _s = 0.219. A positive correlation between physical activity and 20 m shuttle run test performance existed, r _s = 0.254 (Table 5).

Table 5
Relationship between the physical activity of body fat and fitness indices

Fitness Indices	Physical Activity (r s)
Body fat%	-0.099*
Sit and Reach	0.127*
Zipper Test - Right	0.042
Zipper Test - Left	0.064
Vertical Jump	0.183**
Curl-up	0.219**
20m shuttle run	0.254**

• Note: ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
• Source: The authors

Discussion

The purpose of the study is to compare the physical activity levels between male and female university students. Results of the current study indicated that a high percentage of students has moderate to high levels of physical activity. According to the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), the range of physical activity levels per week of 500-1000 MET- minutes will result in significant health benefits²⁵. Thus, most of the university students were reported to have more than the recommended levels of physical activity. As expected, males were found to be more physically active than female students. This result is consistent with previous studies reporting that males were more physically active than females²⁶.

Another aim of this study is to compare the physical performance indices of males and females. The results of the present study revealed that males outperformed females in their physical fitness performance with the exception in the modified sit and reach test. These findings were in agreement with the study of Jourkesh and colleagues²⁷.

Results from this study confirmed that female subjects had significantly higher body fat percentage as compared with male subjects. It has been shown in women that 18 to 20% of the total body weight is composed of body fat, while men comprise 10 to 15%. The reason behind the morphological difference in women may be attributed to the needed energy reserve in the form of fat in expectation of pregnancies in the future²⁸.

In terms of flexibility assessment using the zipper test, men scored higher than women, although it was not statistically significant. This result may be unique delineating to the common findings that women are more flexible than men. The result is somewhat related to the report of Kim et al.²⁹ that shoulder flexibility was found to have no significant difference between genders. In the evaluation of flexibility using the modified sit and reach test, females outperformed males. Such finding is consistent with the result of previous studies that reported women having a broader range of motion³⁰. Also, research indicated that women demonstrated greater flexibility than men³¹. Men, in general, have higher muscle volume, which negatively affects flexibility²⁸, and they have lesser hamstring elasticity³².

In the current study, males demonstrated superior leg power as compared to their counterparts. They have naturally greater vertical jump, lower extremity strength, and force and power than females³³. Another research revealed that females scored lower in the vertical jump as compared to males³⁴.

For muscular fitness tests, results revealed that men surpassed the ratings of women. This result coincides with the findings of Sidney and Jette³⁵, which stated that males performed better than females in terms of average scores in partial curl-ups. Also in the present study, males scored higher in terms of cardiovascular fitness as compared to females. Such a result is consistent with the low levels of cardiovascular fitness that have been observed among African-American female college students in the study by Kelley et al.³⁶. Lower levels of cardiovascular fitness could also be attributed to a higher percentage of body fat as presented in the study by Meckel et al.³⁷. Moreover, increased physical activity level could also affect the cardiovascular fitness of the individual. This notion is evident in the study of Jourkesh et al.²⁷ among college students in Iran.

Another purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between fitness levels with physical activity levels. The study revealed that performances indices in health-related fitness tests were positively correlated with physical activity levels except for flexibility and body fat percentage. Regular physical activities and exercise regimen lead to significant changes in men and women, specifically in the enhancement of physical fitness³⁸. In addition, college students who participate in regular exercise develop a high level of physical fitness as compared to those who do not exercise regularly³⁹.

Similar to the findings of Ruchan¹⁰, the result of the current study confirms that body fat percentage is negatively correlated with physical activity levels. This result is supported by Hoffman and colleagues that weight gain and fat mass increase occur in freshman year of college due to reduced physical activity. Furthermore, physical activity was associated with a higher percentage of fat-free mass^40,41.

The positive relationship between physical activity and muscular endurance was suggested in the current investigation. The same correlation was observed with the study conducted by Parikh and Arora¹² that college students participating in recreational sports exhibited greater muscular endurance as compared to those who are sedentary. Furthermore, it was revealed in the study by Milanović et al.¹¹ that vertical jump performance was positively correlated with increased physical activity. Also, the current result corresponds with the report of Irēna, Anna and Anda³² that the performance in 20 m shuttle run test was positively correlated with physical activity levels. Magutah⁴² assessed the cardiorespiratory fitness markers using the 20m shuttle run tests among university students. It was revealed that subjects who were regularly exercising obtained lowest diastolic blood pressure at exhaustion compared to subjects who were exercising irregularly or not exercising.

Physical Education teachers should empower female university students to become more physically active. More activities should specifically address the students’ needs and preferences to enhance their health-related fitness levels and their physical activity levels not only during their class but during their leisure or recreational time as well. More reliable iPhone and Android applications can be recommended as well as pedometer watches or gadgets and fitness trackers in assessing the physical activity level. Aside from the required physical activity courses, different universities should organize the preferred and comprehensive fitness, recreational and sports programs for male and female students to compensate for the insufficient time given in class. Availability of appropriate facilities is vital in increasing students’ levels of physical activity⁴³. It is important to maintain an active lifestyle to maintain higher fitness levels and prevent the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases¹³. Additional successful interventions should be conducted to promote physical activity⁴⁴.

Conclusion

This is the first comprehensive study performed in the Philippines that investigates the physical activity and physical fitness levels among university students as far as the authors know. The current study provides local data for the educational institutions to become more aware on the need to implement programs to promote physical activity and physical fitness among university students. The results show that Filipino university students have similar physical activity levels compared to the rest of the world. This study is in accordance with the literature that male university students were more physically active and fitter than females. Although this study found that a high percentage of university students had moderate to high levels of physical activity, future research needs to examine the strategies on how to increase physical activity among university students, especially among females, to help ensure that they remain active throughout their university life.

Acknowledgments:

The authors would like to thank all the volunteers who agreed to participate in this study.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Dec 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  31 Jan 2019
• Reviewed
  22 May 2019
• Accepted
  23 June 2019