Hybrid cultivars of pear in subtropics regions: processing ability in the form of jelly

Cultivares de peras híbridas em regiões subtropicais: aptidão para processamento na forma de geleia

ABSTRACT:

The aim of this study was to characterize five different hybrid cultivars pears (‘Tenra’, ‘Centenária’, ‘Cascatence’, ‘Primorosa’ and ‘Seleta’) deployed in subtropical regions of Brazil regarding its physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, as well as to evaluate the influence of these cultivars on the characteristics physicochemical, rheological properties and sensory acceptance of the obtained jelly, for identifying varieties with higher potential for industrial use. Regardingthe bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity it was observed that ‘Seleta’ cultivar was characterized by a higher phenolic content (57.68mg GAEs 100g^-1), higher antioxidant activity (13.56% of DPPH sequestration and 1.25µM of trolox g ^-1) and higher content of vitamin C (3.59mg 100g^-1). As the acidity, it ranged from 4.09 to 5.81 g of malic acid 100g^-1 (‘Tenra’ and ‘Seleta’, respectively). Regarding color, the color parameter L^* varied from 32.14 to 36.83, a^* ranged from 2.87 to 5.20, b^* ranged from 16.57 to 20.42, Chroma ranged from 16.67 to 21.02 and °Hue ranged from 74.94 to 80.18. Regarding the texture, the jellies produced from ‘Centenária’ and ‘Tenra’ were characterized by having the highest values of hardness (1.21 and 1.23N, respectively), gumminess (0.42 and 0.45, respectively) and chewiness (0.40 and 0.45N, respectively). The jelly obtained from the ‘Centenária’ still showed the highest adhesiveness (2.27N s^-1) and springiness (0.99). Already jellies prepared by ‘Cascatence’ showed the highest cohesiveness values (0.68). The jellies prepared with different pear cultivars showed good sensory acceptance for all measured properties, with average scores ranging between the hedonic terms “liked slightly” to “liked very much”. Cultivars of subtropical pear trees present different physicochemical characteristics, resulting in jellies with different physicochemical characteristics and rheological properties. Processing in the form of jelly is extremely viable due to the good acceptance by consumers of all formulations elaborated.

Key words:
Pyrus communis x Pyrus pyrifolia; quality; sensory acceptance

RESUMO:

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar cinco diferentes cultivares híbridas de peras (‘Tenra’, ‘Centenária’, ‘Cascatence’, ‘Primorosa’ e ‘Seleta’) implantadas em regiões subtropicais do Brasil quanto as caracteristicas físico-química, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante, bem como avaliar a influência destas cultivares sobre as características físico-químicas, propriedades reológicas e aceitação sensorial da geleia obtida, para identificação de cultivares com maior potentcial para a utilização industrial. Com relação aos compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante, pode-se observar que a cultivar ‘Seleta’ caracterizou-se pelo maior teor de fenólicos (57,68mg GAEs 100 g^-1), maior atividade antioxidante (13,56% de sequestro de DPPH e 1,25μM de trolox g^-1) e se destaca devido ao seu maior teor de vitamina C (3,59mg 100g^-1). A acidez, variou de 4,09 a 5,81g de ácido málico 100 g^-1 (‘Tenra’ e ‘Seleta’, respectivamente). Em relação à cor, o parâmetro de cor L^* variou de 32,14 a 36,83, a^* variou de 2,87 a 5,20, b^* variou de 16,67 a 20,42, Chroma variou de 16,57 a 21,02 e °Hue variou de 74,94 a 80,18. Em relação à textura, as geleias produzidas a partir de ‘Centenária’ e ‘Tenra’ caracterizam-se por apresentar os maiores valores de dureza (1,21 e 1,23N, respectivamente), gomosidade (0,42 e 0,45N, respectivamente) e mastigabilidade (0,40 e 0,45, respectivamente). A geleia obtida da ‘Centenária’ ainda apresentava a maior adesividade (2,27N s^-1) e a elasticidade (0,99). Já as geleias preparadas com a ‘Cascatence’ apresentaram os maiores valores de coesividade (0,68). As geleias preparadas com diferentes cultivares de pera mostraram boa aceitação sensorial para todas as propriedades avaliadas, com notas médias variando entre os termos hedônicos “gostei ligeiramente” e “gostei muito”. As cultivares de pereiras subtropicais apresentam características físico-químicas diferentes, resultando em geleias com características físico-químicas e propriedades reológicas distintas. O processamento sob a forma de geleia é extremamente viável devido à boa aceitação por parte dos consumidores de todas as formulações elaboradas.

Palavras-chave:
Pyrus communis x Pyrus pyrifolia; qualidade; aceitação sensorial

INTRODUCTION:

Plants particularly horticulture section are raw material and used by people for food, either as edible products, or for culinary ingredients, for medicinal use or ornamental and aesthetic purposes. They are genetically very diverse group and play a major role in modern society end economy. Fruits and vegetables are an important component of traditional food, but are also central to healthy diets of modern urban population (PENONI et al., 2011; GUEDES et al., 2017).

The production of pears in Brazil is quite insignificant, being around 20 tons per year. Despite the pear is a temperate fruit, there are some cultivars that adapted well in subtropical regions with mild winter, such as hybrid cultivars from Pyrus communis x Pyrus pyrifolia (NOGUEIRA et al., 2016). The main hybrid cultivars exploited in tropical regions in South America are ‘Tenra’, ‘Centenária’, ‘Cascatence’, ‘Primorosa’ and ‘Seleta’, launched by the Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas/SP (BETTIOL NETO et al., 2014).

The increased consumption of pears is related mainly to the attractive and distinctive flavor of their fruits and their nutritional and functional characteristics. Pears are rich in bioactive compounds, such as phenolic antioxidants and providing a high amount of energy, vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber (SAEEDUDDIN et al., 2016).

In general the fruits are highly perishable and there are several problems related to their conservation which may restrict their consumption so one way to raise the consumption and one way of increasing the value of the final product is the formulation of processed foods, in the form of juices and jellies.

According to the resolution - CNNPA n^o. 12, 1978, fruit jelly is the product prepared with fruits or juices that can present whole fruits or pieces in various forms, such ingredients being mixed with sugars, with or without added water, pectin, acids and further ingredients allowed by such standards; such a mixture will be suitably processed to a suitable semi-solid consistency and finally packaged in a manner to ensure its perfect preservation. The jellies can be made with one or more species of fruit and are therefore designated as simple or mixed respectively. This product may be of the common or extra type according to the proportion of juice and sugar used. Most fruits can be processed into jelly, even those with low pectin and acid content. In that case, it’s necessary to add these substances in processing. (MÉLO et al., 1999).

Due that, the objective of this study was to characterize the different hybrid cultivars pears deployed in subtropical regions of Brazil as the physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, as well as to evaluate the influence of these cultivars on the characteristics physicochemical, rheological properties and sensory acceptance of the obtained jelly, for identifying varieties with higher potential for industrial use.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The jellies were processed from five hybrid cultivars of pears (‘Tenra’, ‘Centenária’, ‘Cascatence’, ‘Primorosa’ and ‘Seleta’). Fruits were harvested from the farm in subtropical region in Brazil, at their physiological maturity. In addition to the fruit, sucrose, high-methoxyl pectin and citric acid were used for the preparation ofjellies. Those fruits that had some mechanical or microbiological damage were discarded and the removal of leaves was done manually, after this procedure the fruits were washed with water. Pears were homogenized in a blender with the addition of 50% water and for obtaining the clarified juice this slurry was passed through a sieve. To elaborate the jellies it was used 65% of clarified pear juice, 35% sugar, 1% high methoxyl pectin and 0.5% citric acid. For the development of pear jelly the sugar was added and then the mixture was heated in an open pan. Pectin was added when it entered the boiling state. At the end of the process, when it presented soluble solids of 65° Brix, the heating was stopped and citric acid was added.

The analyses were performed in the Postharvest Laboratory in three replications. To characterize the hybrid cultivars of pear, the analysis of length, diameter, unit weight, firmness, total soluble solids, total acidity, SS/total acidity (ratio), and color (L^*, a^*, b^*, Chroma and °Hue), were made in fresh fruits. Fruits of different pear cultivars were also further characterized as to phenolic compound content, vitamin C content and antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH method). Already in the jellies prepared from different hybrid cultivars pears, it was conducted the analysis of pH, total acidity, color and texture profile analysis.

Length and diameter of fruit were measured with the aid of a digital caliper 150mm, and average fruit weight was determined by individual weighing of each fruit with the aid. For conducting fruit firmness, we measured the force required for a 3mm probe coupled to a digital penetrometer, Instrutherm PTR-300, to overcome the resistance of the fruit pulp.

Total phenolic analysis was performed according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method with some modifications. Results were presented in g gallic acid equivalents (GAE). 100g^-1. Antioxidant capacities of different pear cultivars were obtained by DPPH and ABTS methods. The antioxidant capacity was determined through the reduction of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) by the antioxidant present in the sample. Results are expressed as micromoles of Trolox equivalents (TEs) per gram of fresh weight (µmol of TEs g^-1 of f.w.). Antioxidant activity by the ABTS method. Results are expressed as micromoles of Trolox equivalents (TEs) per gram of fresh weight (µmol of TEs g^-1 of f.w.). Vitamin C analysis was performed though the colorimetric method with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH).

Texture profile analyses (TPA) of the jellies were made in penetration mode under the conditions described by SOUZA et al. (2014a). The jelly samples were compressed by 30%. Parameters analyzed were hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness.

Sensory analysis of different samples was obtained in the Sensory Analysis Laboratory. Acceptance testing was obtained with 90 people, including 50 women and 40 men, where the evaluated characteristics were color, taste, texture and overall liking, by using a hedonic scale of 9 points (1 = extremely dislike, 9 = extremely like).

Univariate statistical analysis (ANOVA) and Tukey test were used to check for significant differences between the samples at a significance level of 5% (P≤0.05).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Regarding the size and weight parameters of the different pear cultivars (Table 1), it can been seen that the ‘Centenária’ presented larger dimension, with 86.04mm in average length, but in the case of the average diameter and unit mass there was no significant difference between cultivars. Average diameter ranged from 66.97mm to 79.47mm and the weight ranged from 160.66 to 236.66 grams.

Table 1
Average length (AL), average diameter (AD), unit weight (UW), total soluble solids (SS), total acidity (TA), solids / acidity (ratio), firmness (Firm.), color (L^*, a^*, b^*, Chroma and °Hue), the total phenolics, antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS) and vitamin C in five pear tree cultivars. UFLA, Lavras - MG, 2017.

Cultivars	AL(mm)	AD(mm)	UW (g)	SS (ºBrix)
‘Tenra’	73.93bc	79.47a	236.66a	11.70ab
‘Centenária’	86.04a	71.41a	211.66a	11.53ab
‘Cascatence’	83.21ab	66.97a	160.66a	10.30b
‘Primorosa’	83.28ab	70.01a	196.66a	10.60ab
‘Seleta’	70.28c	69.76a	166.66a	12.26a
CV(%)	4.88	7.86	21.29	3.86
Cultivars	TA (%)	Ratio	Firm.	L*
‘Tenra’	6.73a	1.73c	18.66bc	67.30a
‘Centenária’	1.93d	6.21a	25.70b	66.66a
‘Cascatence’	3.37ab	3.05bc	11.45c	69.61a
‘Primorosa’	2.36cd	4.54ab	49.70a	62.17b
‘Seleta’	3.28bc	3.76 bc	8.78c	67.09a
CV(%)	6.51	5.11	17.24	1.92
Cultivars	a*	b*	Chroma	°Hue
‘Tenra’	1.14ab	16.58b	16.63b	90.45a
‘Centenária’	1.85ab	20.08ab	20.18ab	91.79a
‘Cascatence’	0.53b	22.90b	22.92a	91.18a
‘Primorosa’	1.88ab	16.22a	16.33b	96.70a
‘Seleta’	2.67a	21.33a	21.50a	97.24a
CV(%)	37.04	7.92	7.82	5.00
Cultivars	Total phenolics	Antioxidant capacity - DPPH	Antioxidant capacity - ABTS	Vitamin C
‘Tenra’	43.93b	10.89b	1.41c	2.95b
‘Centenária’	21.28c	2.53c	2.44ab	2.79b
‘Cascatence’	52.79ab	10.96b	1.65bc	2.38c
‘Primorosa’	44.73b	3.78c	3.18a	1.32d
‘Seleta’	57.68a	13.56a	1.25c	3.59a
CV(%)	7.90	7.99	14.23	4.98

• ^*Mean values with common letters in the same column indicate that there is no significant difference among samples (P<0.05) from Tukey’s mean test. ^**Total acidity: g malic acid 100g^-1 f.w; Total phenolics (mg GAEs 100g^-1 f.w.); Antioxidant capacity - DPPH (% de sequestration); Antioxidant capacity - ABTS (µM de trolox g^-1 of fresh fruit); vitamin C (mg 100g^-1 f.w.). ^***Abbreviations: DPPH: 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical scavenging activity; GAE: gallic acid equivalent.

The soluble solids content ranged from 10.30 to 12.26°Brix, acidity ranged from 1.93 to 6.73g of malic acid. 100g^-1 and the ratio ranged from 1.73 to 6.73. The ‘Seleta’ highlighted by having the highest content of soluble solids. Already ‘Centenária’ presented the highest ratio, representing the cultivar with the best balance between soluble solids and acidity. These parameters often indicated the target fruit, once identified which are recommended for the consumption of fresh fruit or processing. The higher the content of sugars and organic acids, the higher the content of soluble solids. Generally, consumers opted for more sweet fruit, so the fruit with the most widely accepted are those with high soluble solids content and high content of total sugars. However, it is through the ratio of TSS/TTA (ratio), which assesses whether the fruit has a striking and distinctive flavor. This relationship (SS/AT), influenced by climatic conditions, especially by luminosity and temperature, is considered appropriate for determining fruit quality (MARO et al., 2013).

In general, the values reported for soluble solids this study are higher than those reported by BETTIOL NETO et al. (2014), where the value was in the range 9.00°Brix in those cultivars. All cultivars showed high acidity and then indicated to process through the preparation of jams, jellies and jams, which has gel formation, increased acidity is more significant.

Regarding the fruit firmness, the range of variation was from 8.78 (‘Seleta’) to 49.70N (‘Primorosa’) (Table 1). These results are in accordance with BETTIOL NETO et al. (2014), that studying different cultivars, verified that the ‘Primorosa’ was the firmest, presenting greater resistance of the pulp to penetration. Importantly, the difference in the firmness of the cultivars may be due to differences in the fruit maturation stage and not only differences due to cultivar because; although, great care has been taken, we cannot guarantee that all the fruits of all cultivars were collected exactly at the same ripening stage.

In relation to the fruit color, the color parameter L^* ranged from 62.17 to 69.61, a^* from 0.53 to 2.67 and b^* from 16.22 to 22.90 (Table 1). The ‘Primorosa’ cultivar highlighted due to the lower value of L^* (62.17), been characterized as the darker cultivar. Already ‘Cascatence’ presented the lowest values of a^* and b^* color parameters, being greener cultivars. In relation to the Chroma the ‘Cascatence’ and ‘Seleta cultivars showed the highest values, resulting in greater color intensity and for the hue angle, it was reported that all cultivars are yellowish, as expected.

Regarding to the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (Table 1), one can be seen that the ‘Seleta’ cultivar characterized by having the highest phenolic content (57.68mg GAEs 100 g^-1), higher antioxidant activity (13.56% of DPPH sequestration and 1.2 µM of trolox g^-1) and still stands out due to its higher content of vitamin C (3.59mg 100g^-1).

Tables 2 and 3, respectively, showed the average values of the physicochemical properties and textures of different jellies prepared with pear cultivars. Through the analysis of variance a significant difference was reported for all parameters, except to total acidity.

The pH values ranged from 2.99 to 3.05 (‘Centenária’ and ‘Cascatence’ respectively). As the acidity, it ranged from 4.09 to 5.81g of malic acid 100g^-1 (‘Tenra’ and ‘Seleta’, respectively) (Table 2). After processing the jellies presented pH and acidity relatively similar to each other. Regarding color, the color parameter L^* varied from 32.14 to 36.83, a^* ranged from 2.87 to 5.20, b^* ranged from 16.57 to 20.42, Chroma ranged from 16.67 to 21.02 and °Hue ranged from 74.94 to 80.18 (Table 2). According to table 2, regarding the color parameter a^*, jelly obtained by ‘Tenra’, ‘Centenária’ and ‘Cascatense’ presented a more reddish tone and in relation to the colors parameters L^* and b^*, ‘Centenária’ stood out as the clearer jelly, together with the ‘Cascatense’ as the most yellowish jelly.

Table 2
pH, total acidity (TA) and color (L^*, a^*,b^*, Chroma and °hue) in five pear jellies obtained by different cultivars. UFLA, Lavras - MG, 2017.

	--Chemical Characteristic--			------------------------------Physical Characteristics-----------------------------
Cultivars	pH	TA	L*	a*	b*	Chroma	°Hue
‘Tenra’	3.03ab	4.09a	34.53ab	4.56a	18.11ab	18.67ab	75.87b
‘Centenária’	2.99c	4.55a	36.83a	5.20a	19.38a	20.07a	74.94b
‘Cascatence’	3.05a	4.20a	32.14b	4.98a	20.42a	21.02a	76.30b
‘Primorosa’	3.01bc	4.43a	33.41b	2.87b	16.57b	16.82b	80.18a
‘Seleta’	3.04ab	5.81a	32.75b	3.42b	18.37ab	18.69ab	79.43a
CV(%)	0.40	24.99	2.96	8.56	5.03	5.13	0.81

• ^*Mean values with common letters in the same column indicate that there is no significant difference between samples (P≤0.05) by Tukey’s mean test. ^**Total acidity: g malic 100g^-1 f.w.

Regarding texture, it is perceived by the average table (Table 3) that jellies produced from ‘Centenária’ and ‘Tenra’ are characterized by present the highest values of hardness (1.21 and 1.23, respectively), gumminess (0.42 and 0.45, respectively) and chewiness (0.40 and 0.45, respectively). Jelly obtained from the ‘Centenária’ still showed the highest adhesiveness (2.27) and springiness (0.99). Already jellies prepared by cultivating ‘Cascatence’ showed the highest cohesiveness values (0.68). Hardness reflects the force necessary to obtain a certain deflection, gumminess reflects the force necessary to masticate a semi-solid food and chewiness reflects the power necessary to simulate chewing a semi-solid sample in a constant state of swallowing. In this way, the jellies obtained by ‘Tenra’ and ‘Centenária’ characterized by being more rigid and firm. As the adhesiveness reflects the force to simulate the work necessary to overcome the attractive forces between the food surface and the surface in contact with it and springiness measures the rate at which the deformed material returns to its original state after removal of the force, the jelly obtained from the ‘Centenária’ still characterized by being the more adhesive and elastic jelly. Since, cohesiveness reflects as a material can be stretched without breaking irreversibly.

Table 3
Hardness (Hard), adhesiveness (Adhe N/s), springiness (Sprin), cohesiveness (Cohe), gumminess (Gummi N) and chewiness (Chew) in five pear jellies obtained by different cultivars. UFLA, Lavras - MG, 2017.

Cultivars	Hard	Adhe	Spr	Cohe	Gum	Chew
‘Tenra’	1.23a	1.56b	0.96bc	0.34b	0.42a	0.40a
‘Centenária’	1.21a	2.27a	0.99a	0.37b	0.45a	0.45a
‘Cascatence’	0.04d	0.29c	0.98ab	0.68a	0.03c	0.03c
‘Primorosa’	0.45c	1.51b	0.95c	0.41b	0.18b	0.17b
‘Seleta’	0.71b	1.36b	0.98ab	0.37b	0.26b	0.26b
CV(%)	8.07	38.10	1.20	7.72	12.10	11.62

• ^*Mean values with common letters in the same column indicate that there is no significant difference between samples (P≤0.05) by Tukey’s mean test.

There are some reasons that explain the texture variation between jellies prepared from different cultivars; among them, sugar, pH, acidity and soluble pectin content are the main factors that can influence the gelling and the product texture (SOUZA et al., 2014b).

For consistency and overall liking attributes it was confirmed by analysis of variance a significant difference between the different formulations of pear jelly (P≤0.05). Table 4 shows the average values and significant test for the evaluated sensorial characteristics.

Table 4
Sensorial attributes of color, taste, consistency and overall liking in five pear jellies obtained by different cultivars. UFLA, Lavras - MG, 2017.

Cultivars	Color	Taste	Consistency	Overall Liking
‘Tenra’	7.19a	7.20a	5.94bc	6.56bc
‘Centenária’	7.01a	6.72a	5.14c	6.13c
‘Cascatence’	7.19a	7.24a	6.74ab	7.18a
‘Primorosa’	7.07a	7.15a	6.81a	6.89ab
‘Seleta’	7.01a	7.07a	6.54ab	6.98ab
CV(%)	13.18	16.96	25.20	17.53

• ^*Mean values with common letters in the same column indicate that there is no significant difference among samples (P≤0.05) from Tukey’s mean test.

It can been seen that the jellies prepared with different pear cultivars showed good sensory acceptance for all measured properties, with average scores ranging between the hedonic terms “liked slightly” to “liked very much” (Table 4). As for color and taste attribute, there were no significant differences between the different samples, with all samples having average scores higher than 7. Color is of fundamental importance, since it is linked to attractiveness to the consumer (MATSUURA et al., 2002). Pear jams made with the ‘Primorosa’ showed greater acceptance in relation to consistency. Conversely, the jellies elaborated by the ‘Centenária’ were less accepted. The consistency of the jelly is influenced by the acidity and the concentrations of pectin (PEREIRA et al., 2011). Regarding overall liking, the consumers demonstrated greater acceptability for the jelly made with the ‘Cascatence’. Jelly produced with the cultivar ‘Centenária’ was the least accepted.

The average table (Table 4) it can be seen that the ‘Tenra’ and ‘Centenária’ give rise jellies with lower acceptance for consistency and overall impression attributes. It can also assume that what affected the overall impression of these jellies were the lowest notes for its consistency, which was among the hedonic terms “not liked/not disliked” and “liked slightly”. However, as the gelatinous consistency can be easily handled hitting the way in which will be processed, all pear cultivars have enormous potential to be processed in form of jelly.

Higher productivity was reported in the ‘Tenra’ and lower production by plants was reported in ‘Centenária’ and ‘Seleta’ (BETTIOL NETO et al., 2014). Thus, there is an indication that the ‘Tenra’ would be a good option of cultivar to prepare jellies.

CONCLUSION:

The cultivars of subtropical pear trees presented different physicochemical characteristics, resulting in jellies with different physicochemical characteristics and rheological properties. The processing in the form of jelly is viable due to the good acceptance by the consumers of all formulations elaborated.

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• 0
  CR-2017-0331.R1

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov 2017

History

• Received
  18 May 2017
• Accepted
  21 Aug 2017
• Reviewed
  24 Sept 2017