Sweet grape mini tomato grown in culture substrates and effluent with nutrient complementation

Tomate sweet grape cultivado em substratos de cultivo e efluente com complementação de nutrientes

SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

SOIL AND WHATER ENGINEERING

Ananda H. N. Cunha^I; Delvio Sandri^II; Jonas A. Vieira^III; Thiago B. Cortez^IV; Thiago H. de Oliveira^V

^IEngenheira Agrônoma, Doutoranda em Agronomia, Escola de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, UFG/Goiânia - Goiás, Fone (62) 3521-1542, [e-mail]

^IIEng. Agrícola, Prof. Doutor, Faculdade de Agronomia e MedicinaVeterinária, UnB/Brasília - DF, [e-mail]

^IIIQuímico, Prof. Doutor, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, UEG/Anápolis - GO, [e-mail]

^IVEstudante de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, UEG/Anápolis - GO, [e-mail]

^VEngenheiro Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, UEG/Anápolis - GO, [e-mail]

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate production of Sweet Grape mini tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) using culture substrates and nutrient solution sewage effluent, applied by drip irrigation (fertigation). The experiment was conducted at the University of Goiás State (UEG-UnUCET), from June to November 2011 in Anápolis-GO, Brazil. The experimental design was a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with four repetitions. The plots were made by combining two nutrient solutions, effluent supplemented with mineral fertilizers (EcS); conventional nutrient solution (SnC); in addition three cultivation substrates: 60% of fine sand washed + 40% substrate composed by 20% coconut fiber plus 80% pine bark (S1); 20% coconut fiber and 80% pine bark (S2) and natural coconut fiber (S3). Sewage effluent were determined nitrate, calcium, potassium, manganese, total phosphate, total iron, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, boron, zinc and molybdenum. We evaluated average mass and average number of fruits per bunch, total fruit and total yield per plant. Statistical difference absence among tested solutions indicates sewage effluent can be used as an alternative source of nutrients in growing mini tomatoes in hydroponics.

Keywords: mini tomato; nutrient solution; reuse.

RESUMO

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produção do minitomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) variedade Sweet Grape, empregando substratos de cultivo e solução nutritiva de efluente de esgoto, aplicada por gotejamento. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG-UnUCET), de junho a novembro de 2011 em Anápolis, Goiás. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pela combinação de duas soluções nutritivas, efluente complementado com fertilizantes minerais - EcS e solução nutritiva convencional - SnC, e três substratos de cultivo, com 60% de areia fina lavada + 40% de substrato composto de 20% de fibra de coco e 80% de casca de pínus (S1); 20% de fibra de coco e 80% de casca de pínus (S2) e fibra de coco natural (S3). No efluente de esgoto, foram avaliados nitrato, cálcio, potássio, manganês, fosfato total, ferro total, magnésio, cloreto, sulfato, boro, zinco e molibdênio. Avaliaram-se a massa média e o número médio de frutos por cacho, o número total de frutos e a produção total por planta. A ausência de diferença estatística entre as soluções testadas indica que o efluente de esgoto pode ser utilizado como fonte alternativa de nutrientes no cultivo do minitomate em hidroponia.

Palavras-chave: minitomate; solução nutritiva; reúso.

INTRODUCTION

Sweet Grape tomato is produced, primarily, in Midwest and Southeast Brazil. In this context, farmers from Goiania and Anápolis are looking for new planting options in relation to traditional crops to obtain more profit on tight deadlines.

Mini tomatoes produced hydroponically and under protected environment are one of the crops that provide fast economic return (CARON et al., 2013) and their consumption has increased significantly in recent years, encouraging farmers to cultivate (ABRAHÃO et al., 2011). Therefore, the target variety has aroused great interest among farmers due to a promising market (AGUIAR et al., 2012); an excellent diversification alternative that associated with wastewater reuse might decrease production costs (RINALDI et al., 2013).

Sewage effluent has a high concentration of essential nutrients to crop production; thus, providing a feasible alternative to mineral fertilizer economy and reducing environment problems (CORRÊA et al., 2010) and nutrient solution preparation in hydroponic production. According to MELO et al. (2009), treated wastewater is rich in dissolved salts, which are essential to plants, therefore, can be used as nutrient solution, even if complementation is needed by the plant demand.

Various substrates can be used to produce hydroponic mini tomatoes in different culture environments, which is an important factor in water and salt availability to plant. An increase yield and fruit quality may come from cultivation on substrates in hydroponics (SCHULZ, 2009) as provides the proper amount of nutrients for each crop stage (CHARLO et al., 2009).

Nutrient solution via hydroponics has many advantages compared to conventional fertilizer: joint application with water, high nutrient absorption, and improved distribution and splitting, observing application via drip irrigation, enabling satisfactory performance in nutrient absorption by plants (RAGOZO et al., 2009).

Some environmental benefits of using sewage effluent in hydroponics are: clear reduction of pesticide use (no herbicide use, reduced of insecticides and fungicides), once it is performed under protected environment, i.e., greenhouse or nursery (FACTOR et al., 2008); avoid fountainhead pollution issue, caused by fertilizer loading in soil and erosion processes (MELO et al., 2009).

To minimize agriculture impacts on water resources, many countries have demonstrated feasibility of using sewage effluents in farming (SANTOS et al., 2012). Thus, effluents may be employed in various crops, among them (RINALDI et al., 2013) tomato, which as it is an important crop, its hydroponic production is facilitated when using substrate, allowing greater support and ease of management in nutrient solution application (especially when it is spotted FACTOR et al., 2008). The most appropriate water management (CUNHA et al. 2011a), nutrient supply (ABRAHÃO et al., 2011), as well as reduced salinity (PACCO et al., 2012) plant health problems and production losses (ASSIS et al., 2011) are some the advantages of growing substrates against soil cropping systems.

Researches were carried out with various substrates such as coconut husk fiber (CHARLO et al., 2009; ABRAHÃO et al., 2011 and CUNHA et al., 2011b); coffee husk waste compost (ASSIS et al., 2011); organic waste compost (BEZERRA et al., 2009); substrate treated with sewage sludge (CORRÊA et al., 2010), pickled palm heart production waste (FERMINO et al., 2010); and washed sand (BRAUN et al., 2010). Nevertheless, considering availability, cost reduction, and accumulation in environment, agricultural and municipal waste use as substrate has been investigated.

The objective of this work was to evaluate performance of mini Sweet Grape tomato grown in substrates and irrigated with nutrient solution prepared by treated sewage effluent, designated only as "effluent".

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was conducted in the University of Goiás State (UEG), at the College of Engineering and Technological Sciences (UnUCET) in Anápolis, Goiás, Campus Henrique Santillo, on BR 153 highway, at nº 3.105. The area is located at 16° 20' 34" South and 48º 52' 51" West, at 997 m altitude. According to Köppen, the city of Anápolis - GO shows Aw climate, with warm climatic conditions, humid to semi-arid, and the seasonal tropical climate with well-defined rainfall patterns, i.e., rainy season from October to March and dry season from April to September. The average annual air temperature is 25.0 °C, and the month of June has the lowest air average temperature (20.5 °C), while the month of September has the highest average temperature (31.4 °C). The average annual rainfall is 1750 mm and relative humidity is 61%.

Relative humidity data were recorded using a digital hygrometer; model THG312, Oregon Scientific brand, throughout all the crop cycle. The temperature was monitored daily at 2:00 p.m., with measurements taken at the plant height employing a maximum and minimum thermometer, Incoterm brand.

Sweet Grape tomato seeds came from Sakata Seed Sudamérica Ltd company. This variety has large expansion in consumer market with added value in Anápolis-GO and shows resistance to some fungi and viruses. Seeds were sown in May and obtained in PVC trays with 128 cells using coconut fiber substrate. They came from a specialized nursery, located in Leopoldo de Bulhões - GO. Transplant was made about 40 days after sowing (June 17), i.e., seedlings with six expanded leaves. The experiment was performed between June and November 2011.

The experimental design was held in randomized blocks in a 2 x 3 factorial design, resulting in six treatments with four replications, totaling twenty-four plots. Each plot consisted of two rows of plants (total of 10 useful plants), except for boundary plants that had three lines and an extra plant over all plots, with the bottom line and on-line plant serving as margin. The treatments were a combination of two nutrient solutions: effluent supplemented with mineral fertilizers (EcS) and conventional nutrient solution (SnC). Regarding substrates, three cultivation were used: 60% washed fine sand + 40% compound substrate (20% coconut fiber and 80% pine bark) (S1) - Tropstrato©; 20% coconut fiber and 80% pine bark (S2) - Tropstrato©; and 100% natural coconut fiber (S3) - Golden Mix©. Resulting in the following treatments: T1 = EcS S1; T2 = EcS S2; T3 = EcS S3; T4 = SnC S1; T5 = SnC S2 e T6 = SnC S3.

Fine sand had 0.05 to 0.42 mm of grain size; Tropstrato© and the Golden Mix© were obtained in local market. The analysis of pH, EC, CRA, maximum density and moisture for substrate 1 were made according to KÄMPF, et al. (2006) methods. For substrates 2 and 3, we used the pre-determined values by producer that were informed on product packaging. Substrates have the following initial characteristics that are described in Table 1.

Sewer from UnUCET/UEG was treated using a system of three modified septic tank in series with working volume of 12,500; 8,000 and 4,000 L, respectively. Then, effluent was transferred to three wetland beds with cultivation of Typha sp (Taboa) macrophyte. The wetland beds had 6 m length, 2 m width and 1 m depth, disposed in parallel and with subsurface flow. As means of plant supporting in each wetland bed, we used crushed stone #2, washed gravel, natural gravel with 50%, 43% and 56%, porosity and 5,400 L; 4,644 L; 6,048 L useful volume, respectively. Natural water was withdrawn from a semi-artesian well, and stored in 2,000-L polyethylene boxes.

Two nutrient solutions, with a prepared effluent and enriched with mineral fertilizers (EcS) and the other a conventional one prepared with well water (SnC) were used. Mineral fertilizers were added to the effluent to match conventional solution composition (SnC). Nutrient solutions were applied in accordance with two stages of plant cycle; where stage 1 is from transplanting until 45 days after transplanting (DAT) (Table 2); and stage 2 is at 45 DAT until the crop cycle end (Table 2).

Table 3 shows the average values of effluent chemical analysis before nutrient solution preparation of enriched effluent with mineral fertilizers plus added amount (CUNHA et al., 2014a). We observed that calcium, chloride and sulfate have higher values than the others do, this allowed adding smaller amounts (1.35; 0.59 and 1.37 kg, respectively). Regarding the added amount (Table 3), we should highlight nitrate, potassium and phosphate, as they are required in large amounts by plants for being essential macronutrients and they were not found in sufficient quantities in the effluent, requiring larger quantities (4.02; 12.26 and 3.73 kg, respectively), compared to sulfate, calcium and chloride (Table 3).

Nutrient solution applications were made by drip irrigation at the following schedule: 6:00 a.m., 9:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 1:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m., established by preliminary tests according to substrate retention capacity. During first two day applications, dripping was left for four minutes; from the third to the seventh for five minutes and the eighth for eight minutes, totaling 41 daily minutes without returning nutrient solution. Solutions application time was controlled by a timer triggered to pumps through switches at predetermined times. The total volume of nutrient solution applied per pot during the experiment was 327 L or 6694 mm cycle^-1 (96.7 mm day^-1).

We used black polyethylene pots with 17.8 cm top and 13.0 cm diameters, 16-cm height, where total volume is 8 L and 7 L useful L. Pots were accommodated on bricks to avoid contact with soil and reduce diseases occurrence, each pot received only one seedling.

Fruits were harvested at physiological ripeness considering their coloration based on a harvest standard recommended by JUNQUEIRA et al. (2011). Tomatoes were transported in plastic bags to the Laboratories of Agricultural Engineering and Analytical Chemistry of UnUCET / UEG for qualitative and quantitative analysis. All fruits were weighed, including those with cracks or other damage, such as pest attacks or disease symptoms being commercially avoided.

Since transplantation, Sweet Grape mini tomato cycle was 170 days, and harvest began at 60 DAT, in 16 samples. We evaluated the following parameters: average number of fruits per bunch; total number of fruits; total yield and fruit mass, using semi-analytical balance BL 320 Shimadzue brand with precision of 0.01g.

Quantitative data were subjected to variance analysis sing the F test and when they were significant, there was average comparison by Tukey test at 1% and 5% significance level, using the software Sisvar (FERREIRA, 2011).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Air temperatures in Anápolis were 14.57 ºC (lowest average) and 31.41 °C (highest average). The highest relative humidity (RH) during the crop cycle between June and July was 50%. Humidity and air temperature measures are important to grow tomatoes in greenhouses (HOLCMAN et al., 2011).

Table 4 shows the analysis of variance and "F" test at 1 and 5% probability, which shows that there was a significant difference in total number of fruits, both for the substrate and for the interaction.

Average fruit mass of mini tomato was 9 g per fruit and showed no significant differences (p>0.01) among nutrient solution types and substrates (Table 5). This value was higher than those obtained by ABRAHÃO (2011), with 7.9 g per fruit when testing six relations among K, Ca, Mg on yield and quality of mini tomato grown in substrate. Meanwhile, they were lower as SAKATA (2012) and JUNQUEIRA et al. (2011), which indicate values between 10 and 20 g. Nonetheless, one of the important factors taken into consideration when marketing is number of fruits per container, which are references to classify, since it combines weight and quantity as classification parameters. It is noteworthy that was not measured by the amount of fruit packaging, but it can be observed that the product is sold in boxes containing 200 to 300 grams (AGUIAR et al., 2012), i.e., about 20 fruit of 15 grams each.

Although the average fruit values have been somewhat lower, as the ones given by SAKATA (2012), it does not interfere with their marketing. The average number of fruits per bunch obtained ranged between 31 and 36 (Table 5). Despite this parameter does not show differences between treatments, we noted influences on total number of fruits (36 fruits per bunch with 4,620 fruits in T1).

Number of fruit per plant during growing cycle was longer comparing S1 to S2 and S3 to EcS solution, which is justified by S1 to S2 and S3 composition ratios, i.e., S1 can provide a larger number of fruits per plant (Table 5).

For SnC values of S1 and S2 were higher to S3 presented, where it combined with used solution characteristic is the least recommended, as it presented less fruit for the two tested solutions. Probably by the fact that it blocked nutrients to plant due to its composition and high salt retention (CUNHA et al., 2011b), affecting production. Even substrate has shown a better water holding capacity (PACCO et al., 2012) when compared to the other.

Assuming that, S1 had greater number of fruits for the two solutions, beings the most indicated. AS S1 is composed by sand mixed with substrate based on coir and pine bark differs from other substrate composition, which may have promoted the difference in production. It has possibly favored adequate nutrient availability, reflecting on greater absorption and consequently raised production. Even though other studies have shown that sand has lower water holding capacity (CUNHA et al., 2011b) and low porosity (BRAUN et al., 2010).

Results obtained by ABRAHÃO (2011) show a number of fruits plant^-1 similar to ours (Table 5), showing significant differences in S3 than other substrates. It is believed that it has been influenced by the white fly attack and occurrence of white mold detected at 120 DAT. In this work values between 329 and 429 fruits per plant were obtained (3290 to 4298 total fruits on ten useful plants), with a coefficient of variation (18.44%) close to value submitted by HOLCMAN et al., (2011) (18.19 %), which found a total number of 390 Sweet Grape tomato fruits on average.

The total yield for the 177 DAT cycle Sweet Grape mini tomatoes was 3.54 to 4.23 kg plant^-1 (Table 5) and, corresponding to 71 to 85% of that obtained by local farmers. According to SAKATA (2012), a production of 5 kg plant^-1 within a six to eight month cycle (180 to 240 DAT) is considered ideal for Anápolis and Goiânia region. The production obtained by HOLCMAN (2010) was similar to the study that was approximately 3.5 kg plant^-1 for same tomato variety.

It is noteworthy that the work produced tomatoes with use of effluent that is an alternative source of nutrients and provides this solution (CUNHA et al., 2014b) and production costs were lower when compared with conventional production. Noting that, as judged by CUNHA et al., (2014a) showed 40% reduction in production costs, expected better economic return, once the fruits are produced with same quantity and quality compared to conventional.

CONCLUSIONS

S1 substrate has a better production compared to other substrates.

The lack of statistical difference among tested solutions indicates that sewage effluent can be used as an alternative source of nutrients in growing mini tomatoes in hydroponics.

Recebido pelo Conselho Editorial em: 10-7-20131

Aprovado pelo Conselho Editorial em: 3-3-2014

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Sweet grape mini tomato grown in culture substrates and effluent with nutrient complementation

Tomate sweet grape cultivado em substratos de cultivo e efluente com complementação de nutrientes

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  10 Oct 2014
• Date of issue
  Aug 2014

History

• Accepted
  03 Mar 2014
• Received
  10 July 2013