Interactive breastfeeding scale: proposition based on the middle-range theory of nursing

Souza, Cristiane Oliveira Nascimento de; Ruchdeschel, Thais; Resende, Fabiola Zanetti; Leite, Franciéle Marabotti Costa; Brandão, Marcos Antônio Gomes; Primo, Cândida Caniçali

doi:10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2017-0213

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RESEARCH • Esc. Anna Nery 22 (3) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2017-0213 copy

Interactive breastfeeding scale: proposition based on the middle-range theory of nursing

Escala interactiva de la lactancia materna: propuesta basada en la teoría de medio alcance de enfermería

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective:

To propose a tool to evaluate the dynamic interaction between mother-child-environment in breastfeeding, guided by the Interactive Theory of Breastfeeding.

Method:

A methodological study that carried out a review of the literature to identify the types of scales available and listed the Pasquali's model and the five-point Likert scale as a guide for the construction process of the Interactive Breastfeeding Scale.

Results:

The scale consists of 58 items and the response options range from 1 to 5, where 1 means Never, 2 Rarely, 3 Sometimes, 4 Often, and 5 Always. The sum of the item scores ranges from 58 to 290, the higher the score, the greater the mother-child-environment interaction.

Conclusion:

The scale may direct clinical practice in the puerperium and puericulture, helping nurses and other professionals in the maternal-infant area to evaluate the factors that influence the dynamic of mother-child-environment interaction in breastfeeding.

Keywords:
Breastfeeding; Scale; Nursing Theory; Psychometry; Maternal and Child Nursing

Concepts of the Interactive Theory of Breastfeeding	Interactive Breastfeeding Scale	Never	Rarely	Sometimes	Often	Always
Women’s Perception	1. I correctly place my baby on my breast.
	2. I feel satisfaction when my baby is satisfied after breastfeeding.
	3. I talk to and look at my baby while breastfeeding.
	4. My baby is calm and relaxed after breastfeeding.
	5. I feel relaxed and comfortable to breastfeed.
	6. I can correctly place my baby on my breast.
	7. I can correctly hold my baby to breastfeed.
	8. I can hold my baby with their head facing my breast and their body next to mine.
	9. I can explain the benefits of breastfeeding for the health of children.
	10. I can explain the benefits of breastfeeding for the health of women.
	11. I believe that the use of pacifiers is harmful to/hinders breastfeeding.
	12. I believe that what I eat influences in my milk production.
	13. I believe that breast milk nurtures the baby.
	14. I believe that the size of the breasts and nipples hinders breastfeeding.
	15. I believe that the use of baby bottles is harmful to/hinders breastfeeding.
	16. I know the benefits of breastfeeding for the health of women.
	17. I know the benefits of breastfeeding for the health of children.
	18. I believe that breastfeeding takes a lot of time out of my day.
	19. I have positive experiences with breastfeeding.
	20. I believe that it is difficult to continue breastfeeding after returning to work/studies.
Child’s Perception	21. My baby is awake and relaxed during breastfeeding.
	22. My baby let go of the breast spontaneously when he/she is full.
	23. My baby is annoyed and cries while breastfeeding them.
	24. I know when my baby is hungry.
	25. My baby is calm after breastfeeding.
	26. My baby is relaxed after breastfeeding.
Women’s Biological Conditions	27. I feel pain while breastfeeding.
	28. I can produce enough milk to breastfeed my baby.
	29. I believe that breast surgeries interfere in breastfeeding.
	30. I believe that breastfeeding the baby shortly after delivery helps suckling.
Child’s Biological Conditions	31. My baby correctly extracts milk.
	32. My baby often let go of my breast.
	33. My baby keeps suckling on my breast.
Women’s Body Image	34. I believe that having bigger breasts produces more milk.
	35. I believe that breastfeeding helps me to lose weight.
	36. I think that breastfeeding makes my breasts flaccid and saggy.
	37. I can comfortably breastfeed in the presence of men.
Space for Breastfeeding	38. I prefer to extract my milk and offer it on the bottle when I am away from home.
	39. I feel comfortable to breastfeed in the presence of other women.
	40. I am ashamed of breastfeeding in public places.
	41. I feel comfortable to breastfeed in public places.
	42. I cover my breast when breastfeeding in public places.
Mother’s Role	43 I breastfeed because I feel pleasure.
	44. I feel obliged to breastfeed.
	45. I feel pleasure when breastfeeding.
	46. I breastfeed because it is the best for my baby.
	47. I have the duty of breastfeeding my baby.
Organizational Systems for the Protection, Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding	48. I have the support of my family to breastfeed.
	49. I need professional support to breastfeed.
	50. I have my partner’s support to breastfeed.
	51. I am aware of the laws which support breastfeeding.
	52. I believe my community supports breastfeeding.
	53. I use some social support network for breastfeeding.
Family and Social Authority	54. I change my opinion according to the guidance of health professionals.
Family and Social Authority	55. I feel influenced by my family to decide about breastfeeding.
Women’s Decision Making	56. I want to breastfeed.
	57. I believe that having a positive experience influences my decision to breastfeed.
	58. I think that knowing the advantages of breastfeeding helps in the decision making to breastfeed.

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[1] Corresponding author: Cândida Caniçali Primo. E-mail: candida.primo@ufes.br