Utilizando firmas de isotopos estables de nitrógeno y carbón, investigamos la ecología trófica e identificamos los grupos de peces que potencialmente mantienen a la Arapaima en los lagos inundables de la cuenca del río Essequibo, al suroeste de Guyana. Presentamos descripciones morfológicas de las estructuras alimentarias y tracto digestivo de la Arapaima, conjuntamente a datos preliminares de sus dietas. Los isotopos estables sugieren que peces algívoros/detritívoros y peces omnívoros son los principales contribuyentes de la biomasa de la Arapaima, y estos resultados son compatibles con lo que se conoce actualmente de la dieta de la Arapaima. A diferencia, las proporciones del isotopo estable de nitrógeno para peces piscívoros en estos lagos resultaron más altas que los valores obtenidos para el isotopo estable de nitrógeno en la Arapaima. Esto indica que es improbable que sean peces piscívoros los que constituyan la fuente energética principal de la Arapaima. La población de Arapaima estudiada presenta un intestino que promedia 1,45 veces la longitud total del cuerpo, dientes relativamente pequeños, y agallas con branquiespinas numerosas y cercanamente espaciadas. Estas características morfológicas, conjuntamente a los datos obtenidos a través del uso de isotopos estables apoyan nuestra inferencia que la Arapaima es un consumidor secundario y que puede ser caracterizada como un pez omnívoro y no como un depredador mayor.
Original Articles • Neotrop. ichthyol. 11
(2)
• Jun 2013 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252013000200012 linkcopiar
Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains
Autoria
person L. Cynthia Watson
person Donald J. Stewart
Figuras | Tabelas
imageFig. 1 Map of collecting localities for stable isotope samples from the Essequibo River basin of southwestern Guyana. Sites are as follows: a) Banana Sucker Pond, b) Grass Pond, c) Makarapan Pond, d) Small Kumaka Pond, e) Inkapati Head Pond, and f) Stanley Lake. Inset shows location of study area in northern South America (black box with arrow) in relation to natural distribution of the genus Arapaima (grey shading). open_in_new

imageFig. 2 Scatter plot of δ13C and δ15N signatures for Arapaima and prey fish. The plot includes points for individual Arapaima (stars) and mean for values of prey taxa when possible (diamonds = piscivores, n = 6, triangles = omnivores, n = 12, squares = detritivores, n = 10). Species names for prey fishes are: Amb = Amblydoras sp., Anc = Ancistrus sp., Apt = Apteronotus cf. albifrons, Ch = Chilodus sp., Cre = Crenicichla sp., Cur = curimatid, Eig = Eigenmannia sp., Geo = Geophagus surinamensis, Hop = Hoplias malabaricus, Hyp = Hypostomus sp., Pla = Platydoras sp., Rin = Rineloricaria sp., Ste = Sternopygus sp., Tra = Trachycorystes trachcorystes. open_in_new

imageFig. 3 Histograms of the distribution of all feasible contributions of the three dietary fish groups for Arapaima: a) piscivores, b) omnivores, and c) algivores/detritivores based on the IsoSource model. Values in boxes are 1% percentile and 99% percentile ranges for these distributions. open_in_new

imageFig. 4 Histograms of the distribution of feasible contributions of the three dietary fish groups for Arapaima: a) piscivores, b) omnivores, and c) algivores/detritivores after imposing additional constraints of: I) omnivores > carnivores, and II) algivores/detritivores > carnivores. Values in boxes are 1% percentile and 99% percentile ranges for these distributions. open_in_new

imageFig. 5 Structures associated with feeding in Arapaima, including: a) bony plates on the roof of the buccal cavity (vo = vomer, pas = parasphenoid, enp = entopterygoid, and dpt+ecp = fused dermopalatine+ectopterygoid), b) bony tongue (abbtp = anterior basibranchial toothplate) and gill rakers (gr), and c) jaw teeth (jaw bones are d = dentary, mx = maxilla, and pmx = premaxilla). Panels a and b are for a specimen from Mamirauá Reserve, Brazil (now a dried skeleton at Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil (INPA 26583, 121 cm TL, collected by C. Arantes, Nov. 2006); panel c is of a dried skull specimen from the Essequibo River that was on display at Iwokrama Centre, Guyana (estimated 239 cm TL, based on morphometric data for Essequibo basin Arapaima, Stewart & Watson, pers. comm.). open_in_new

imageFig. 6 Anatomy of the digestive tract from a 78 cm TL juvenile Arapaima from Mamirauá Reserve, Brazil (now a dried skeleton in Manaus, INPA 26582, collected by C. Arantes, Nov. 2006). The intestine in this specimen was 1.77 times TL, which was longer than the average for both Essequibo and Mamirauá populations. open_in_new

table_chartTable 1
Mean δ13C and δ15N values (± standard deviation - SD) for fishes from the Essequibo River basin, Guyana.
| δ13C‰ | δ15N‰ | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Group and Taxon | n | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| Arapaima sp. | 9 | -28.9 ± 1.2 | 11.2 ± 0.7 |
| Piscivores | |||
| Crenicichla sp. | 4 | -27.4 ± 1.4 | 12.6 ± 0.8 |
| Hoplias malabaricus | 2 | -28.1 ± 2.1 | 12.6 ± 0.4 |
| Omnivores | |||
| Trachycorystes trachycorystes | 4 | -26.1 ± 0.6 | 11.1 ± 1.4 |
| Geophagus surinamensis | 2 | -27.0 ± 1.1 | 11.6 ± 0.3 |
| Eigenmannia sp. | 1 | -31.1 | 10.4 |
| Apteronotus cf. albifrons | 1 | -31.4 | 8.6 |
| Sternopygus sp. | 1 | -30.2 | 10.3 |
| Amblydoras sp. | 1 | -26.6 | 10.5 |
| Platydoras sp. | 1 | -32.7 | 8.8 |
| Chilodus sp. | 1 | -29.5 | 11.5 |
| Detritivores/Algivores | |||
| Hypostomus sp. | 1 | -27.3 | 11.3 |
| Ancistrus sp. | 5 | -30.7 ± 1.7 | 9.7 ± 1.6 |
| Rineloricaria sp. | 3 | -28.4 | 9.2 |
| Curimatid | 3 | -38.1 ± 0.2 | 8.8 ± 0.5 |
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