A Percepção de Oportunidades de Negócios por Imigrantes na Espanha: o impacto do capital humano geral e específico

Aliaga-Isla, Rocío

doi:10.7819/rbgn.v16i52.1615

RESUMO

A percepção de oportunidades de negócios tem um papel muito importante. O presente estudo analisa a influência do capital humano geral e específico de imigrantes em seu país de acolhimento. A análise compara um grupo de imigrantes com um grupo de espanhóis. Para o estudo, foram utilizados dados do Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) de 2008. A técnica utilizada para a análise dos dados foi regressão logística. Os resultados revelaram que o capital humano - como a educação dos imigrantes e dos espanhóis - não é relevante para a percepção de oportunidades de negócios. Pelo contrário, o impacto do capital humano específico na percepção de oportunidades de negócios é em geral relevante para ambos os grupos. Este estudo revela quais tipos específicos de capital humano são relevantes ao processo de percepção de oportunidades por imigrantes. O artigo inova ao oferecer um enfoque teórico à percepção de oportunidades no âmbito da criação de empresas por imigrantes na Espanha.

Palavras-chave:
Oportunidade; Percepção; Imigrantes; Capital humano

RESUMEN

La percepción de las oportunidades de negocios juega un rol muy importante. Este estudio analiza cómo el capital humano general y específico que poseen los inmigrantes influencia en la probabilidad de percibir oportunidades emprendedoras en el país de destino. El análisis se desarrolla comparando el grupo de inmigrantes con los autóctonos. Para el estudio se utilizan datos del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) del año 2008. La técnica utilizada en el análisis de los datos fue la regresión logística. Los resultados revelaron que el capital humano, como la educación que poseen los inmigrantes y los autóctonos, no es significante para percibir oportunidades de negocios. Por el contrario, el impacto del capital humano específico en la percepción de oportunidades de negocios, en general, es significativo para ambos grupos. Este estudio revela qué tipos específicos de capital humano son relevantes en el proceso de percibir las oportunidades entre los inmigrantes. Este artículo es novedoso porque introduce el enfoque teórico de la percepción de oportunidades en el ámbito de la creación de empresas por inmigrantes.

Palabras clave:
Oportunidad; Percepción; Inmigrantes

ABSTRACT

Perceiving business opportunities is an important part of entrepreneurship. This study analyzes how immigrants’ general and specific human capital influences their likelihood of perceiving business opportunities. Analysis focuses on comparison between a group of immigrants and a group of Spanish citizens. Data from the 2008 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) was used. Logistic regression was used to analyze data. Results revealed that both immigrants’ and Spanish citizens’ human capital such as education is not significant to perceiving opportunities. Much to the contrary: the impact of specific human capital on perceiving opportunities is in general significant to both groups. This research reveals which specific types of human capital are relevant in the process of perceiving opportunities amongst immigrants. This paper is a novelty because it introduces a theoretical approach to the perception of opportunities within the universe of new businesses established by immigrants in Spain.

Keywords:
Opportunity; Perception; Immigrants; Human capital

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Full text available only in PDF format.

REFERÊNCIAS

AMARAL, A.; BAPTISTA, R. Transitions of paid employment to entrepreneurship: an empirical study for Portugal. In: DOWLING, M.; SCHMUDE, J. (Eds.), Entrepreneurship in Europe: new perspectives. 4th ed. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2007. p. 10-30.
AMARAL, A.; BAPTISTA, R.; LIMA, F. Serial entrepreneurship: impact of human capital on time to re-entry. Small Business Economics, Dordrecht, v. 37, n. 1, p. 1-21, julho 2011.
ARENIUS, P.; MINNITI, M. Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, Dordrecht, v. 24, n. 3, p. 233-247, 2005.
ARRIBAS, I.; VILA, J. E. Human capital determinants of the survival of entrepreneurial service firms in Spain. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Heidelberg, v. 3, n. 3, p. 309-322, set. 2007.
AWOGBENLE, C.; CHIJIOTE, I. Youth unemployment: entrepreneurship development programme as an intervention mechanism. African Journal of Business Management, Sapele, v. 4, n. 6, p. 831-835, junho 2010.
BECKER, G. S. Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, Chicago, v. 70, n. 5, p. 9-49, out. 1962.
BORJAS, G. The self-employment experience of immigrants. Journal of Human Resources, Madison, v. 21, n. 4, p. 485-506, 1986.
CARRASCO, R.; JIMENO, J.; ORTEGA, C. The effect of immigration on the labor market performance of native-born workers: some evidence for Spain. Journal of Population Economics, Heidelberg, v. 21, n. 3, p. 627-648, julho 2008.
CHAGANTI, R. et al. Ethnic-immigrants in founding teams: effects on prospector strategy and performance in new Internet ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, Amsterdam, v. 23, n. 1, p. 113-139, jan. 2008.
CONDE-RUIZ, I.; GARCIA, J.; NAVARRO, M. Inmigración y crecimiento regional en España. Madrid: Fundación de Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 2008.
COOPER, A. C.; GIMENO-GASCON, F. J.; WOO, C. Y. Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, Amsterdam, v. 9, n. 5, p. 371-395, set. 1994.
DAVIDSSON, P.; HONIG, B. The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, Amsterdã, v. 18, n. 3, p. 301-331, maio 2003.
EVANS, M. Immigrant entrepreneurship: effects of ethnic market size and isolated labor pool. American Sociological Review, Washington, v. 54, n. 6, p. 950-962, dez. 1989.
FERNÁNDEZ, C.; ORTEGA, C. Labor market assimilation of immigrants in Spain: employment at the expense of bad job-matches? Spanish Economic Review, Heidelberg, v. 10, n. 2, p. 83-107, junho 2008.
FERNANDEZ, M.; KIM, K. C. Self-employment rates of Asian immigrant groups: an analysis of intragroup and intergroup differences. International Migration Review, Malden, v. 32, n. 3, p. 654-681, outono 1998.
GIMENO, J. et al. Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, Ithaca, v. 42, n. 4, p. 750-783, dez. 1997.
GREENE, W. Econometric analysis. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2008.
HATCH, N. W.; DYER, J. H. Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, Chichester, v. 25, n. 12, p. 1155-1178, dez. 2004.
HAYEK, F. The use of knowledge in society. The American Economic Review, Nashville, v. 35, n. 4, p. 519-530, set. 1945.
KANAS, A.; VAN TUBERGEN, F.; VAN DER LIPPE, T. Immigrant self-employment: testing hypotheses about the role of origin- and host-country human capital and bonding and bridging social capital. Work & Occupations, Thousand Oaks, v. 36, n. 3, p. 181-208, ago. 2009.
KIRZNER, I. Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicaco: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
KOELLINGER, P.; MINNITI, M.; SCHADE, C. “I think I can, I think I can”: overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, Amsterdam, v. 28, n. 4, p. 502-527, ago. 2007.
LE, A. T. The determinants of immigrant self-employment in Australia. International Migration Review, Malden, v. 34, n. 1, p. 183-214, primavera 2000.
LI, P. S. Immigrants’ propensity to self-employment: evidence from Canada. International Migration Review, Malden, v. 35, n. 4, p. 1106-1128, inverno 2001.
LUCAS, R. E. On the size distribution of business firms. The Bell Journal of Economics, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 508-523, outono 1978.
NECK, H.; GREENE, P. Entrepreneurship education: know worlds and new frontiers. Journal of Small Business Management, Morgantown, v. 49, n. 1, p. 55-70, jan. 2011.
OBLAK FLANDER, A. Immigration to EU Member States down by 6% and emigration up by 13% in 2008. 2011. Available in: <Available in: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-001/EN/KS-SF-11-001-EN.PDF >. Accessed in: 23 julho 2013
» http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-001/EN/KS-SF-11-001-EN.PDF
REYNOLDS, P. D. et al. Global entrepreneurship monitor: data collection design and implementation 1998-2003. Small Business Economics, Dordrecht, v. 24, n. 3, p. 205-231, abr. 2005.
REYNOLDS, P. D.; BYGRAVE, W. D.; AUTIO, E. Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2003 executive report. Babson Park, MA: GEM, 2004.
SHANE, S. Prior knowledge and the discovery of business opportunities . Organization Science, Linthicum, v. 11, n. 4, p. 448-469, ago. 2000.
SHANE, S. A general theory of entrepreneurship: the individual-opportunity nexus. Cheltenham- UK: Edward Elgar, 2003.
SHANE, S.; KHURANA, R. Bringing individuals back in: the effects of career experience on new firm founding. Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford, v. 12, n. 3, p. 519-543, junho 2003.
SHANE, S.; VENKATARAMAN, S. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, New York, v. 25, n. 1, p. 217-226, jan. 2000.
SHEPHERD, D. A.; DETIENNE, D. R. Prior knowledge, potential financial reward, and opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, [S.l.], v. 29, n. 1, p. 91-112, jan. 2005.
SPENDER, J. Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, Chichester, v. 17, n. S2, p. 45-62, invenro 1996.
UCBASARAN, D.; WESTHEAD, P.; WRIGHT, M. Opportunity identification and pursuit: does an entrepreneur’s human capital matter? Small Business Economics, Dordrecht, v. 30, n. 2, p. 153-173, fev. 2008.
UNGER, J. M. et al. Human capital and entrepreneurial success: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, Amsterdam, v. 26, n. 3, p. 341-358, maio 2011.
VENKATARAMAN, S. The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research: an editor’s perspective. In: KATZ, J.; BROCKHAUS, R. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press., 1997. v. 3, p. 119-138.
VINOGRADOV, E.; KOLVEREID, L. Cultural background, human capital and self-employment rates among immigrants in Norway. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Londres, v. 19, n. 4, p. 359-376, 2007.
WEISBERG, J. Differential teamwork performance: the impact of general and specific human capital levels. International Journal of Manpower, Bradford, v. 17, n. 8, p. 18-29, 1996.
WESTHEAD, P.; UCBASARAN, D.; WRIGHT, M. Information search and opportunity identification: the importance of prior business ownership experience. International Small Business Journal, Londres, v. 27, n. 6, p. 659-680, dez. 2009.

2
Processo de avaliação: Double Blind Review

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Jul-Sep 2014

Histórico

Recebido
24 Fev 2013
Aceito
06 Out 2014

Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons

[1] AMARAL, A.; BAPTISTA, R. Transitions of paid employment to entrepreneurship: an empirical study for Portugal. In: DOWLING, M.; SCHMUDE, J. (Eds.), Entrepreneurship in Europe: new perspectives. 4th ed. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2007. p. 10-30.

[2] AMARAL, A.; BAPTISTA, R.; LIMA, F. Serial entrepreneurship: impact of human capital on time to re-entry. Small Business Economics, Dordrecht, v. 37, n. 1, p. 1-21, julho 2011.

[3] ARENIUS, P.; MINNITI, M. Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, Dordrecht, v. 24, n. 3, p. 233-247, 2005.

[4] ARRIBAS, I.; VILA, J. E. Human capital determinants of the survival of entrepreneurial service firms in Spain. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Heidelberg, v. 3, n. 3, p. 309-322, set. 2007.

[5] AWOGBENLE, C.; CHIJIOTE, I. Youth unemployment: entrepreneurship development programme as an intervention mechanism. African Journal of Business Management, Sapele, v. 4, n. 6, p. 831-835, junho 2010.

[6] BECKER, G. S. Investment in human capital: a theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, Chicago, v. 70, n. 5, p. 9-49, out. 1962.

[7] BORJAS, G. The self-employment experience of immigrants. Journal of Human Resources, Madison, v. 21, n. 4, p. 485-506, 1986.

[8] CARRASCO, R.; JIMENO, J.; ORTEGA, C. The effect of immigration on the labor market performance of native-born workers: some evidence for Spain. Journal of Population Economics, Heidelberg, v. 21, n. 3, p. 627-648, julho 2008.

[9] CHAGANTI, R. et al. Ethnic-immigrants in founding teams: effects on prospector strategy and performance in new Internet ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, Amsterdam, v. 23, n. 1, p. 113-139, jan. 2008.

[10] CONDE-RUIZ, I.; GARCIA, J.; NAVARRO, M. Inmigración y crecimiento regional en España. Madrid: Fundación de Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 2008.

[11] COOPER, A. C.; GIMENO-GASCON, F. J.; WOO, C. Y. Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, Amsterdam, v. 9, n. 5, p. 371-395, set. 1994.

[12] DAVIDSSON, P.; HONIG, B. The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, Amsterdã, v. 18, n. 3, p. 301-331, maio 2003.

[13] EVANS, M. Immigrant entrepreneurship: effects of ethnic market size and isolated labor pool. American Sociological Review, Washington, v. 54, n. 6, p. 950-962, dez. 1989.

[14] FERNÁNDEZ, C.; ORTEGA, C. Labor market assimilation of immigrants in Spain: employment at the expense of bad job-matches? Spanish Economic Review, Heidelberg, v. 10, n. 2, p. 83-107, junho 2008.

[15] FERNANDEZ, M.; KIM, K. C. Self-employment rates of Asian immigrant groups: an analysis of intragroup and intergroup differences. International Migration Review, Malden, v. 32, n. 3, p. 654-681, outono 1998.

[16] GIMENO, J. et al. Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, Ithaca, v. 42, n. 4, p. 750-783, dez. 1997.

[17] GREENE, W. Econometric analysis. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2008.

[18] HATCH, N. W.; DYER, J. H. Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, Chichester, v. 25, n. 12, p. 1155-1178, dez. 2004.

[19] HAYEK, F. The use of knowledge in society. The American Economic Review, Nashville, v. 35, n. 4, p. 519-530, set. 1945.

[20] KANAS, A.; VAN TUBERGEN, F.; VAN DER LIPPE, T. Immigrant self-employment: testing hypotheses about the role of origin- and host-country human capital and bonding and bridging social capital. Work & Occupations, Thousand Oaks, v. 36, n. 3, p. 181-208, ago. 2009.

[21] KIRZNER, I. Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicaco: University of Chicago Press, 1973.

[22] KOELLINGER, P.; MINNITI, M.; SCHADE, C. “I think I can, I think I can”: overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, Amsterdam, v. 28, n. 4, p. 502-527, ago. 2007.

[23] LE, A. T. The determinants of immigrant self-employment in Australia. International Migration Review, Malden, v. 34, n. 1, p. 183-214, primavera 2000.

[24] LI, P. S. Immigrants’ propensity to self-employment: evidence from Canada. International Migration Review, Malden, v. 35, n. 4, p. 1106-1128, inverno 2001.

[25] LUCAS, R. E. On the size distribution of business firms. The Bell Journal of Economics, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 508-523, outono 1978.

[26] NECK, H.; GREENE, P. Entrepreneurship education: know worlds and new frontiers. Journal of Small Business Management, Morgantown, v. 49, n. 1, p. 55-70, jan. 2011.

[27] OBLAK FLANDER, A. Immigration to EU Member States down by 6% and emigration up by 13% in 2008. 2011. Available in: <Available in: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-001/EN/KS-SF-11-001-EN.PDF >. Accessed in: 23 julho 2013
» http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-11-001/EN/KS-SF-11-001-EN.PDF

[28] REYNOLDS, P. D. et al. Global entrepreneurship monitor: data collection design and implementation 1998-2003. Small Business Economics, Dordrecht, v. 24, n. 3, p. 205-231, abr. 2005.

[29] REYNOLDS, P. D.; BYGRAVE, W. D.; AUTIO, E. Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2003 executive report. Babson Park, MA: GEM, 2004.

[30] SHANE, S. Prior knowledge and the discovery of business opportunities . Organization Science, Linthicum, v. 11, n. 4, p. 448-469, ago. 2000.

[31] SHANE, S. A general theory of entrepreneurship: the individual-opportunity nexus. Cheltenham- UK: Edward Elgar, 2003.

[32] SHANE, S.; KHURANA, R. Bringing individuals back in: the effects of career experience on new firm founding. Industrial and Corporate Change, Oxford, v. 12, n. 3, p. 519-543, junho 2003.

[33] SHANE, S.; VENKATARAMAN, S. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, New York, v. 25, n. 1, p. 217-226, jan. 2000.

[34] SHEPHERD, D. A.; DETIENNE, D. R. Prior knowledge, potential financial reward, and opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, [S.l.], v. 29, n. 1, p. 91-112, jan. 2005.

[35] SPENDER, J. Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, Chichester, v. 17, n. S2, p. 45-62, invenro 1996.

[36] UCBASARAN, D.; WESTHEAD, P.; WRIGHT, M. Opportunity identification and pursuit: does an entrepreneur’s human capital matter? Small Business Economics, Dordrecht, v. 30, n. 2, p. 153-173, fev. 2008.

[37] UNGER, J. M. et al. Human capital and entrepreneurial success: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, Amsterdam, v. 26, n. 3, p. 341-358, maio 2011.

[38] VENKATARAMAN, S. The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research: an editor’s perspective. In: KATZ, J.; BROCKHAUS, R. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press., 1997. v. 3, p. 119-138.

[39] VINOGRADOV, E.; KOLVEREID, L. Cultural background, human capital and self-employment rates among immigrants in Norway. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Londres, v. 19, n. 4, p. 359-376, 2007.

[40] WEISBERG, J. Differential teamwork performance: the impact of general and specific human capital levels. International Journal of Manpower, Bradford, v. 17, n. 8, p. 18-29, 1996.

[41] WESTHEAD, P.; UCBASARAN, D.; WRIGHT, M. Information search and opportunity identification: the importance of prior business ownership experience. International Small Business Journal, Londres, v. 27, n. 6, p. 659-680, dez. 2009.

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