Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Desencadeantes de transfusão maciça em trauma grave: Scoping review* * Artigo extraído da tese de doutorado “Assesment and Resuscitation of major trauma. Massive Transfusion Triggers”, apresentada à Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Espanha.

Resumos

Objetivo

identificar as variáveis preditivas ou os desencadeantes de transfusão maciça em pacientes com trauma grave através das escalas existentes.

Método

foi realizada uma revisão da literatura utilizando o método Scoping Review, nas bases de dados eletrônicas CINAHL, MEDLINE, LILACS, nas bibliotecas Cochrane e IBECS, e a ferramenta de busca do Google Scholar.

Resultados

foram identificados 578 artigos na pesquisa no total, dos quais foram incluídos os 36 artigos publicados nos últimos dez anos, sendo 29 artigos originais e 7 artigos de revisão. A partir da análise, foram examinadas as escalas de transfusão maciça e seus desencadeantes preditivos.

Conclusão

a falta de critérios universais com relação aos desencadeadores de transfusão em maciça em pacientes traumatizados levou à criação de diferentes escalas, sendo os estudos sobre sua validação considerados importantes para as estudos sobre quando iniciar essa estratégia.

Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea; Ferimentos e Lesões; Reanimação; Transfusão de Sangue; Ressuscitação; Serviços Médicos de Emergência


Objective

to identify the predictive variables or the massive transfusion triggers in severely traumatized patients through the existing scales.

Method

a review of the literature was carried out using the Scoping Review method across the electronic databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, LILACS, the Cochrane and IBECS libraries, and the Google Scholar search tool.

Results

in total, 578 articles were identified in the search and the 36 articles published in the last ten years were included, of which 29 were original articles and 7 review articles. From the analysis, scales for massive transfusion and their predictive triggers were examined.

Conclusion

the absence of universal criteria regarding the massive transfusion triggers in traumatized patients has led to the development of different scales, and the studies on their validation are considered relevant for the studies about when to initiate this strategy.

Blood Coagulation Disorders; Wounds and Injuries; Blood Transfusion; Resuscitation; Emergency Medical Service


Objetivo

identificar las variables predictivas o los triggers de transfusión masiva en el paciente traumatizado grave a través de las escalas existentes.

Método

se realizó una revisión de la literatura mediante el método Scoping Review, en las bases de datos electrónicas CINAHL, MEDLINE, LILACS, las bibliotecas Cochrane e IBECS, y el buscador Google Scholar.

Resultados

un total de 578 artículos fueron identificados en la búsqueda, de los cuales, se incluyeron un total de 36 publicados en los últimos diez años, distribuidos en 29 originales y 7 de revisión. Del análisis, se examinaron las escalas de transfusión masiva y sus triggers predictivos.

Conclusión

la inexistencia de criterios universales respecto a los triggers de transfusión masiva en el paciente traumatizado ha traído consigo la creación de diferentes escalas, donde los estudios de validación de las mismas se detectan como relevantes para la investigación sobre cuando iniciar esta estrategia.

Trastornos de la Coagulación Sanguínea; Heridas y Lesiones; Transfusión Sanguínea; Resucitación; Servicios Médicos de Urgencia


Introdução

A hemorragia é a principal causa de mortalidade potencialmente evitável em pacientes com trauma, de modo que a intervenção precoce nas primeiras 24 horas após o evento é fundamental em termos de sobrevivência(11. Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau J, Fernández-Mondéjar E, et al. Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care. 2013; 17(2):1-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12685...
-22. Henriksen HH, Rahbar E, Baer LA, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA, Steinmetz J, et al. Pre-hospital transfusion of plasma in hemorrhaging trauma patients independently improves hemostatic competence and acidosis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2016; 24(1):145. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13049-016-0327-z.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13049-016-032...
). Desta forma, as lesões traumáticas têm sido consideradas um problema de saúde pública, podendo ter um impacto não apenas na mortalidade, mas também nos anos de vida perdidos em adultos jovens(33. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Estadísticas Sanitarias Mundiales. Ginebra, Suiza: OMS; [Internet] 2014 [Acceso 20 jun 2016]. Disponible en: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/131953/1/9789240692695_spa.pdf.
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665...
).

Gradativamente, nas últimas décadas, novas estratégias e protocolos têm sido criados com o objetivo de evitar a chamada “tríade letal”, com seus componentes: acidose, hipotermia e coagulopatia, causados pela grande perda sanguínea(44. Spinella P, Holcomb JB. Resuscitation and transfusion principles for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Blood Rev. 2009; 23(6):231-40. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2009.07.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2009.07...
-55. Mitra B, Rainer TH, Cameron RA. Predicting massive blood transfusion using clinical scores post-trauma. Vox Sang. 2012; 102(4):324-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01564.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
). Neste contexto, visando sua prevenção e resolução, a Damage Control Surgery (DCS) ou “cirurgia de controle de danos” é utilizada exclusivamente na sala de cirurgia e, ao longo dos anos, sua conceituação evoluiu para Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR) ou “ressuscitação para controle de danos”, que também abrange as áreas de emergência extra-hospitalar e hospitalar(22. Henriksen HH, Rahbar E, Baer LA, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA, Steinmetz J, et al. Pre-hospital transfusion of plasma in hemorrhaging trauma patients independently improves hemostatic competence and acidosis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2016; 24(1):145. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13049-016-0327-z.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13049-016-032...
,66. Le Noël A, Mérat S, Ausset S, De Rudnicki S, Mion G. Le concept de damage control resuscitation. Annales Françaises d’Anesthésieet de Réanimation. 2011; 30(9):665-78. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annfar.2011.05.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annfar.2011....
-77. Pohlman TH, Walsh M, Aversa J, Hutchison EM, Olsen KP, Reed RL. Damage control resuscitation. Blood Rev. 2015; 29(4):251-62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2014.12.006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2014.12...
). Dentre as principais estratégias da DCR incluem-se a denominada Massive Transfusion (MT) ou “transfusão maciça”, que consiste na administração de dez ou mais hemocomponentes (hemácias, plasma e plaquetas) nas primeiras 24 horas, de acordo com a concepção tradicional(44. Spinella P, Holcomb JB. Resuscitation and transfusion principles for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Blood Rev. 2009; 23(6):231-40. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2009.07.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2009.07...
,88. Khan S, Allard S, Weaver A, Barber C, Davenport R, Brohi K. A major haemorrhage protocol improves the delivery of blood component therapy and reduces waste in trauma massive transfusion. Injury, Int J Care Injured. 2013; 4(5):587-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.09.029.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012....
-99. Estebaranz Santamaría C, Palmar Santos AM, Pedraz Marcos A. Valoración y reanimación del trauma grave: triggers de transfusión masiva. NURE Invest. [Internet]. 2017 [Acceso 8 Ago 2017]; 14(88). Disponible en: http://www.nureinvestigacion.es/OJS/index.php/nure/article/view/1002.
http://www.nureinvestigacion.es/OJS/inde...
). Outras definições reconhecidas incluem quatro ou mais componentes na primeira hora(1010. Phaml HP, Shazl BH. Update in massive transfusion. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(6):1379-85. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aet376.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aet376...
), ou cinco ou mais componentes durante as primeiras quatro horas(1111. Mitra B, Cameron PA, Gruen RL, Mori A, Fitzgerald M, Street A. The definition of massive transfusion in trauma: a critical variable in examining evidence for resuscitation. Eur J Emerg Med. 2011; 18(3):137-42. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0b013e328342310e.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3283...

12. Zatta AJ, McQuilten ZK, Mitra B, Roxby DJ, Sinha R, Whitehead S, et al. Elucidating the clinical characteristics of patients captured using different definitions of massive transfusion. Vox Sang. 2014; 107(1):60-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vox.12121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vox.12121...
-1313. Olaussen A, Peterson EL, Mitra B, O’Reilly G, Jennings PA, Fitzgerald M. Massive transfusion prediction with inclusion of the pre-hospital Shock Index. Injury, Int J Care Injured. 2015; 46(5):822-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.12.009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014....
).

A principal vantagem da administração da MT em relação as outras estratégias da DCR, como a terapia de fluidos, é a melhora da oxigenação final dos tecidos. Por esta razão, o início precoce é priorizado por meio da transferência precoce para um centro hospitalar, embora não seja um procedimento padronizado disponível na própria emergência extra-hospitalar(99. Estebaranz Santamaría C, Palmar Santos AM, Pedraz Marcos A. Valoración y reanimación del trauma grave: triggers de transfusión masiva. NURE Invest. [Internet]. 2017 [Acceso 8 Ago 2017]; 14(88). Disponible en: http://www.nureinvestigacion.es/OJS/index.php/nure/article/view/1002.
http://www.nureinvestigacion.es/OJS/inde...
,1414. Meyer DE, Vincent LE, Fox EE, O’Keeffe T, Inaba K, Bulger E, et al. Every minute counts: Time to delivery of initial massive transfusion cooler and its impact on mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017; 83(1):19-24. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001531.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
). Sobretudo, a MT tem demonstrado um aumento na sobrevida, uma diminuição na necessidade subsequente de transfusões e uma diminuição no tempo médio de internação hospitalar(88. Khan S, Allard S, Weaver A, Barber C, Davenport R, Brohi K. A major haemorrhage protocol improves the delivery of blood component therapy and reduces waste in trauma massive transfusion. Injury, Int J Care Injured. 2013; 4(5):587-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.09.029.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012....
,1414. Meyer DE, Vincent LE, Fox EE, O’Keeffe T, Inaba K, Bulger E, et al. Every minute counts: Time to delivery of initial massive transfusion cooler and its impact on mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017; 83(1):19-24. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001531.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...

15. Nardi G, Agostini V, Rondinelli B, Russo E, Bastianini B, Bini G, et al. Trauma-induced coagulopathy: impact of the early coagulation support protocol on blood product consumption, mortality and costs. Crit Care. 2015; 19(83):1-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0817-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-081...
-1616. Brown JB, Sperry JL, Fombona A, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB, Guyette FX. Pre-Trauma Center Red Blood Cell Transfusion Is Associated with Improved Early Outcomes in Air Medical Trauma Patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2015; 220(5):797-808. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.01.006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg....
).

No entanto, nem todos os pacientes com trauma grave serão submetidos a essa estratégia, de modo que prever a real necessidade da MT é considerada essencial, e só pode ser realizada após a avaliação de uma série de parâmetros clínicos, analíticos e anatômicos, que são descritos como preditores ou “desencadeantes”(99. Estebaranz Santamaría C, Palmar Santos AM, Pedraz Marcos A. Valoración y reanimación del trauma grave: triggers de transfusión masiva. NURE Invest. [Internet]. 2017 [Acceso 8 Ago 2017]; 14(88). Disponible en: http://www.nureinvestigacion.es/OJS/index.php/nure/article/view/1002.
http://www.nureinvestigacion.es/OJS/inde...
,1717. Rossaint R, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau J, Fernández-Mondéjar E, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fourth edition. Crit Care. 2016; 20:100. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1265-x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-126...
). Para sua mensuração e interpretação, foram criadas escalas que combinam diferentes tipos de variáveis, com a finalidade de atingir um elevado valor preditivo e aumentar sua especificidade. No entanto, apesar da diversidade de escalas investigadas e dos frequentes estudos de validação, ainda não foi estabelecido um consenso sobre os “desencadeantes” da MT(77. Pohlman TH, Walsh M, Aversa J, Hutchison EM, Olsen KP, Reed RL. Damage control resuscitation. Blood Rev. 2015; 29(4):251-62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2014.12.006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2014.12...
).

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a scoping review para identificar as variáveis preditivas clínicas, fisiológicas e anatômicas de transfusão maciça, ou “desencadeantes”, em pacientes com trauma grave, através das escalas existentes.

Método

O referencial teórico utilizado para a scoping review foi proposto em 2005 por dois autores ingleses(1818. Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International J Soc Res Methodol. 2005; 8(1):19-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645570320001...
). Essa metodologia utiliza uma abordagem que visa a síntese narrativa, ideal para comparar artigos científicos e contempla as seguintes etapas, que foram seguidas no presente estudo: 1) identificação da pergunta ou das perguntas da pesquisa; 2) identificação dos estudos relevantes; 3) seleção dos estudos; 4) extração de dados; 5) síntese e descrição dos resultados; e 6) divulgação(1818. Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International J Soc Res Methodol. 2005; 8(1):19-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645570320001...
-1919. Davis K, Drey N, Gould D. What are scoping studies? A review of the nursing literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009; 46(10):1386-400. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.02.010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.200...
).

Começando com a primeira etapa desta metodologia, a pergunta da pesquisa a partir da qual a scoping review teve início foi: Quais são as variáveis preditivas ou os desencadeantes das escalas de transfusão maciça em pacientes traumatizados? Para sua resolução, iniciou-se uma segunda fase caracterizada pela identificação de estudos relevantes através de uma busca principal, realizada ao longo de vários meses de acordo com recomendações anteriores de especialistas sobre os termos de busca e as bases de dados apropriadas para sua elaboração.

Assim, a busca na literatura foi realizada utilizando os seguintes recursos eletrônicos e as bases de dados: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Índice Bibliográfico Espanhol de Ciências da Saúde (IBECS), Cochrane Library e o mecanismo de busca Google Scholar, como mostra a Figura 1. Nessas bases de dados, como estratégia de busca, foram utilizadas combinações dos conceitos: “Massive”, “Transfusion”, “Trauma”, “Predict*” e os descritores: “Ferimentos e Lesões”, “Transfusão Sanguínea”, com os operadores booleanos “and” e “or”. Além disso, nas bases de dados em que as palavras mencionadas estavam disponíveis, foi especificado que aquelas que aparecessem nos campos do título e/ou resumo, estivessem nos idiomas: inglês, espanhol, português ou francês. Em relação ao intervalo dos anos analisados, optou-se por abranger os últimos dez anos, incluindo o ano em curso de 2017, devido à contemporaneidade da transfusão maciça, ao seu contínuo interesse científico e à dimensão das contribuições significativas sobre o tema da pesquisa. Além disso, alguns estudos anteriores à data acima, resultantes da busca, foram inicialmente analisados por serem considerados relevantes para a compreensão e o desenvolvimento das escalas preditivas de transfusão maciça.

Figura 1
Fluxograma PRISMA de identificação, seleção e inclusão de artigos. Madri, Espanha, 2017

Para a seleção dos artigos, na terceira fase da scoping review, foram incluídos estudos originais e de revisão, levando-se em conta tanto as áreas relacionadas com a criação das escalas e suas validações subsequentes, quanto as pesquisas mais específicas nas quais os desencadeantes foram analisados individualmente, bem como outros conceitos gerais de transfusão maciça.

Para garantir que este conjunto não apresentasse resultados tendenciosos, dificultando a possibilidade de extrapolar as conclusões para um grupo populacional específico, também foi fundamental adotar critérios de exclusão para a seleção final dos artigos e sua elegibilidade. Os artigos em que a população era pediátrica ou com etiologia não traumática de MT foram excluídos, embora essas populações também fossem alvo da estratégia.

Deste modo, no total, foram obtidos 578 artigos usando a estratégia de busca, dos quais 36 finalmente preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A distribuição dos artigos identificados nas bases de dados e os processos de busca e seleção são ilustrados no fluxograma da Figura 1.

A partir das publicações selecionadas, foi realizada a extração dos dados correspondentes à quarta fase, através de uma análise em duas fases, iniciada primeiramente com os estudos que deram origem às escalas, sendo identificados: dados gerais (data e local), tipo de publicação com o seu respectivo desenho (prospectivo ou retrospectivo), características da amostra (incidência de MT), resultados estatísticos - sensibilidade (S), especificidade (E), Área Sob a Curva (AUC), Odds Ratio (OR), valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) - e principais conclusões. Em segundo lugar, foram avaliados outros artigos que tinham como objetivo validar as escalas com outras amostras, analisar determinados desencadeantes de forma específica e rever outros conceitos sobre a MT.

Por fim, foi realizada a etapa de agrupamento e síntese dos resultados, com o objetivo principal de apresentar uma visão geral de todo o material por meio de uma construção temática, organizada para sua posterior fase de divulgação. Desta forma, nesta scoping review estão incluídos tanto os artigos originais como os de revisão, para obter uma compreensão detalhada da questão a ser analisada, neste caso, as variáveis preditivas ou os desencadeantes da transfusão maciça no trauma grave.

Resultados

Dos 36 estudos identificados com base em sua tipologia, foram selecionados 29 estudos originais e 7 de revisão, que foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a metodologia utilizada em seu desenvolvimento. Assim, o primeiro grupo de resultados corresponde à análise de 19 dos 36 estudos originais sobre as escalas de transfusão maciça e sua validação. No segundo grupo estão os 10 estudos restantes, com os 7 artigos de revisão, incluindo os estudos específicos sobre os desencadeantes e os conceitos gerais sobre MT. Começando com o primeiro grupo, são apresentadas a seguir as escalas com suas respectivas variáveis preditivas clínicas, fisiológicas e anatômicas, ordenadas cronologicamente de acordo com sua criação e desenvolvimento(2020. Rau CS, Wu SC, Kuo SCH, Kuo PJ, Hsu SY, Chen YC, et al. Prediction of massive transfusion in trauma patients with shock index, modified shock index, and age shock index. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016; 13(7):683. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070683.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070683...

21. Pottecher J, Ageron FX, Fauché C, Chemla D, Noll E, Duranteau J, et al. Prehospital shock index and pulse pressure/heart rate ratio to predict massive transfusion after severe trauma: Retrospective analysis of a large regional trauma database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 81(4):713-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...

22. Ruchholtz S, Pehle B, Lewran U, Lefering R, Muller N, Oberbeck R, et al. The emergency room transfusion score (ETS): prediction of blood transfusion requirement in initial resuscitation after severe trauma. Transf Med. 2006; 16(1):49-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00647.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006...

23. Kuhne CA, Zettl RP, Fischbacher M, Lefering R, Ruchholtz S. Emergency Transfusion Score (ETS): a useful instrument for prediction of blood transfusion requirement in severely injured patients. Wrld J Surg. 2008; 32(6):1183-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-9425-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-942...

24. Yücel N, Lefering R, Maegele M, Vorweg M, Tjardes T, Ruchholtz S, et al. Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2006; 60(6):1228-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000220386.84012.bf.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.00002203...

25. Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang. 2011; 100(2):231-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...

26. Schreiber M, Perkins J, Kiraly L, Underwood S, Wade C, Holcomb JB. Early predictors of massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 205(4):541-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.05.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg....

27. McLaughlin DF, Niles SE, Salinas J, Perkins JG, Cox ED, Wade CE, et al. A Predictive Model for Massive Transfusion in Combat Casualty Patients. J Trauma. 2008; 64(2):57-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318160a566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31816...

28. Nunez TC, Voskresensky IV, Dossett LA, Shinall R, Dutton WD, Cotton BA. Early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma: simple as ABC (assessment of blood consumption)? J Trauma. 2009; 66(2):346-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181961c35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31819...

29. Cotton BA, Dossett LA, Haut ER, Shafi S, Nunez TC, Au BK, et al. Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):33-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e42411.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...

30. Larson CR, White CE, Spinella PC, Jones JA, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH, et al. Association of shock, coagulopathy, and initial vital signs with massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):26-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e423f4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...

31. Vandromme MJ, Griffin RL, McGwin G, Weinberg J, Rue LW, Kerby JD. Prospective identification of patients at risk for massive transfusion: an imprecise endeavor. Am Surg. 2011; 77(2):155-61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182095a0a.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31820...

32. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...

33. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...

34. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...

35. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...

36. Ogura T, Nakamura Y, Nakano M, Izawa Y, Nakamura M, Fujizuka K, et al. Predicting the need for massive transfusion in trauma patients: the Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(5):1243-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
-3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
):

  • Shock Index (SI): Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS), FC (Frequência Cardíaca)(2020. Rau CS, Wu SC, Kuo SCH, Kuo PJ, Hsu SY, Chen YC, et al. Prediction of massive transfusion in trauma patients with shock index, modified shock index, and age shock index. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016; 13(7):683. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070683.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070683...
    -2121. Pottecher J, Ageron FX, Fauché C, Chemla D, Noll E, Duranteau J, et al. Prehospital shock index and pulse pressure/heart rate ratio to predict massive transfusion after severe trauma: Retrospective analysis of a large regional trauma database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 81(4):713-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001191.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
    ).

  • Emergency Transfusion Score (ETS): PAS, Focused Abdominal Sonography for Trauma (FAST), tipo de traumatismo, idade e mecanismo lesional(2222. Ruchholtz S, Pehle B, Lewran U, Lefering R, Muller N, Oberbeck R, et al. The emergency room transfusion score (ETS): prediction of blood transfusion requirement in initial resuscitation after severe trauma. Transf Med. 2006; 16(1):49-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00647.x.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006...
    -2323. Kuhne CA, Zettl RP, Fischbacher M, Lefering R, Ruchholtz S. Emergency Transfusion Score (ETS): a useful instrument for prediction of blood transfusion requirement in severely injured patients. Wrld J Surg. 2008; 32(6):1183-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-9425-4.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-942...
    ).

  • Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH): PAS, FC, Hemoglobina (Hb), Excesso de Bases (EB), FAST e tipo de traumatismo(2424. Yücel N, Lefering R, Maegele M, Vorweg M, Tjardes T, Ruchholtz S, et al. Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2006; 60(6):1228-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000220386.84012.bf.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.00002203...
    -2525. Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang. 2011; 100(2):231-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
    ).

  • Schreiber: Hemoglobina (Hb), International Normalized Ratio (INR), tipo de traumatismo e sexo(2626. Schreiber M, Perkins J, Kiraly L, Underwood S, Wade C, Holcomb JB. Early predictors of massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 205(4):541-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.05.007.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg....
    ).

  • McLaughlin: PAS, FC, pH e Hematócrito (Hct)(2727. McLaughlin DF, Niles SE, Salinas J, Perkins JG, Cox ED, Wade CE, et al. A Predictive Model for Massive Transfusion in Combat Casualty Patients. J Trauma. 2008; 64(2):57-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318160a566.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31816...
    ).

  • Assessment of Blood Consumption (ABC): PAS, FC, FAST, tipo de traumatismo(2828. Nunez TC, Voskresensky IV, Dossett LA, Shinall R, Dutton WD, Cotton BA. Early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma: simple as ABC (assessment of blood consumption)? J Trauma. 2009; 66(2):346-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181961c35.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31819...
    -2929. Cotton BA, Dossett LA, Haut ER, Shafi S, Nunez TC, Au BK, et al. Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):33-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e42411.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...
    )

  • Larson: PAS, FC, Hb y EB(3030. Larson CR, White CE, Spinella PC, Jones JA, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH, et al. Association of shock, coagulopathy, and initial vital signs with massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):26-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e423f4.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...
    ).

  • Vandromme: PAS, FC, Hb, INR e Lactato(3131. Vandromme MJ, Griffin RL, McGwin G, Weinberg J, Rue LW, Kerby JD. Prospective identification of patients at risk for massive transfusion: an imprecise endeavor. Am Surg. 2011; 77(2):155-61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182095a0a.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31820...
    ).

  • Prince of Wales Hospital (PWH/Rainer): PAS, FC, FAST, tipo de traumatismo, Hb, EB e Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)(55. Mitra B, Rainer TH, Cameron RA. Predicting massive blood transfusion using clinical scores post-trauma. Vox Sang. 2012; 102(4):324-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01564.x.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
    ,3232. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...
    ).

  • Cincinnati Individual Transfusion Trigger (CITT): PAS, T, Hb, EB, INR e FAST(3333. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...
    ).

  • Massive Transfusion Score (MTS) e Revised Massive Transfusion Score (RMTS): PAS, FC, T, Hb, EB, INR, FAST e tipo de traumatismo(3434. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
    -3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
    ).

  • Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score (TBSS): PAS, Lactato, FAST, tipo e idade(3636. Ogura T, Nakamura Y, Nakano M, Izawa Y, Nakamura M, Fujizuka K, et al. Predicting the need for massive transfusion in trauma patients: the Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(5):1243-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000200.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
    -3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
    ).

Deste modo, os dados estatísticos descritos nos mesmos foram revisados para comparar as amostras e seus resultados, entre outros aspectos, conforme as Figuras 2, 3, 4 e 5.

Figura 2
Características dos estudos sobre Shock Index (SI), Emergency Transfusion Score (ETS), Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH) e Schreiber. Madri, Espanha, 2017

Figura 3
Características dos estudos sobre McLaughlin, Assessment of Blood Consumption (ABC) e Larson. Madri, Espanha, 2017

Figura 4
Características dos estudos sobre Vandromme, Prince of Wales Hospital (PWH) Score, Cincinnati Individual Transfusion Trigger Emergency (CITT) e Massive Transfusion Score (MTS). Madri, Espanha, 2017

Figura 5
Características dos estudos sobre Revised Massive Transfusion Score (RMTS) e Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score (TBSS). Madri, Espanha, 2017

Como pode ser visto nas Figuras 2, 3, 4 e 5, do total de 19 estudos incluídos que suscitaram a origem das escalas de MT, a maioria deles foi iniciada nos EUA (8), seguidos pela Alemanha (4) e Japão (2), sendo distribuídos em dois grupos: os de caráter retrospectiva (13) e os de natureza prospectiva (6). Por outro lado, exceto em três estudos, seus domínios de análise englobaram a população civil, sendo realizados em Hospitais de Emergência (16), com exceção daqueles realizados em Hospitais de Combate (3). Essa característica afeta diretamente os resultados, pois a incidência de MT é modificada. Nestes últimos, são observados percentuais mais elevados (entre 26,5% e 44,5% do total de pacientes traumatizados), e menores percentuais são observados naqueles realizados com a população civil (entre 2,12% e 28%).

Dados estatísticos das escalas

Com relação à AUC, sensibilidade, especificidade, OR, VPN e VPP, os estudos descrevem diferentes porcentagens associadas aos pontos de corte estabelecidos em cada escala, sendo que os valores mais elevados correspondem a uma maior predição de MT. Considerando-se a AUC como referência, as três escalas com os maiores valores são a TBSS(3636. Ogura T, Nakamura Y, Nakano M, Izawa Y, Nakamura M, Fujizuka K, et al. Predicting the need for massive transfusion in trauma patients: the Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(5):1243-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
-3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
) (0,985 e 0,956), TASH(2525. Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang. 2011; 100(2):231-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
,3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
) (0,912 e 0,905), ABC(2929. Cotton BA, Dossett LA, Haut ER, Shafi S, Nunez TC, Au BK, et al. Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):33-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e42411.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...
) (0,906 em 6h e 0,903 em 24h). Em relação à sensibilidade, a TBSS(3636. Ogura T, Nakamura Y, Nakano M, Izawa Y, Nakamura M, Fujizuka K, et al. Predicting the need for massive transfusion in trauma patients: the Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(5):1243-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
-3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
) apresenta os valores mais altos (97,4%, 93,3%) em comparação com outras escalas como a TASH(3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
) (86,7%) e a RMTS(3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
) (91% em 6 horas) e 93% em 24h). Quanto à especificidade, os valores mais elevados foram apresentados pela PWH(55. Mitra B, Rainer TH, Cameron RA. Predicting massive blood transfusion using clinical scores post-trauma. Vox Sang. 2012; 102(4):324-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01564.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
,3232. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...
) (99,7% e 97,11%) e pela Vandromme(3131. Vandromme MJ, Griffin RL, McGwin G, Weinberg J, Rue LW, Kerby JD. Prospective identification of patients at risk for massive transfusion: an imprecise endeavor. Am Surg. 2011; 77(2):155-61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182095a0a.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31820...
) (98%), seguidas pela TASH(2424. Yücel N, Lefering R, Maegele M, Vorweg M, Tjardes T, Ruchholtz S, et al. Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2006; 60(6):1228-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000220386.84012.bf.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.00002203...
-2525. Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang. 2011; 100(2):231-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
,3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
) (97%; 83,6%) e pela TBSS(3636. Ogura T, Nakamura Y, Nakano M, Izawa Y, Nakamura M, Fujizuka K, et al. Predicting the need for massive transfusion in trauma patients: the Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(5):1243-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
-3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
) (96,2%; 92,4%). Em geral, a maioria delas descreve valores NPV elevados evitando, assim, a subtriagem dos pacientes, geralmente ultrapassando 90%, como no caso da Vandromme(3131. Vandromme MJ, Griffin RL, McGwin G, Weinberg J, Rue LW, Kerby JD. Prospective identification of patients at risk for massive transfusion: an imprecise endeavor. Am Surg. 2011; 77(2):155-61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182095a0a.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31820...
) (99%), PWH(3232. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...
) (96,6%) e ETS(2323. Kuhne CA, Zettl RP, Fischbacher M, Lefering R, Ruchholtz S. Emergency Transfusion Score (ETS): a useful instrument for prediction of blood transfusion requirement in severely injured patients. Wrld J Surg. 2008; 32(6):1183-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-9425-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-942...
) (98,4%). Como pode ser observado nas Figuras 3, 4 e 5, em alguns estudos os valores NPV estão associados a desencadeantes individuais, não ao conjunto total da escala, como ocorre com a OR, destacando-se os valores OR>7 e NPV>80%, com Hb≤11 g/dl(2626. Schreiber M, Perkins J, Kiraly L, Underwood S, Wade C, Holcomb JB. Early predictors of massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 205(4):541-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.05.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg....
,3030. Larson CR, White CE, Spinella PC, Jones JA, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH, et al. Association of shock, coagulopathy, and initial vital signs with massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):26-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e423f4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...
,3434. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
), FAST positivo(3232. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...

33. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...
-3434. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
), PAS≤90 mmHg(3232. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...

33. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...
-3434. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
), INR>1,5(3333. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...
-3434. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
) e EB≥6(3333. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...
-3434. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
). Finalmente, os valores PPV que indicam uma predição de MT mais adequada correspondem às pontuações mais elevadas das escalas RMTS≥3 em 24 horas(3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
) (87%), PWH≥6(55. Mitra B, Rainer TH, Cameron RA. Predicting massive blood transfusion using clinical scores post-trauma. Vox Sang. 2012; 102(4):324-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01564.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
) (70,59%), McLaughlin(2727. McLaughlin DF, Niles SE, Salinas J, Perkins JG, Cox ED, Wade CE, et al. A Predictive Model for Massive Transfusion in Combat Casualty Patients. J Trauma. 2008; 64(2):57-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318160a566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31816...
) (66,4%), e quando há duas variáveis positivas em Larson(3030. Larson CR, White CE, Spinella PC, Jones JA, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH, et al. Association of shock, coagulopathy, and initial vital signs with massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):26-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e423f4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...
) (54%).

Estudos complementares

Conforme mencionado anteriormente, nesta scoping review foram incluídos 17 outros artigos, para obter uma compreensão mais detalhada sobre o tema do estudo. Deste modo, foram identificadas outras pesquisas com avaliações comparativas entre as escalas de MT e análises específicas dos desencadeantes preditivos, tanto clínicos como fisiológicos, distribuídas em 10 estudos originais e 7 revisões.

Ao compará-lo com um estudo de validação da RMTS(3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
) que descreve uma AUC para a RMTS (0,68 em 6h e 0,72 em 24h) superior à da ABC (0,58 em 6h e 0,51 em 24h) de outras pesquisas(3838. Cantle PM, Cotton BA. Prediction of Massive Transfusion in Trauma. Crit Care Clin. 2017; 33(1):71-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
), observa-se que essa última escala é superior em termos de sensibilidade (75%) e NPV (97%). Do mesmo modo, a PWH é considerada uma escala útil, com especificidade (99,7%) e PPV (82,9%) elevados, em comparação com o resto das escalas(3838. Cantle PM, Cotton BA. Prediction of Massive Transfusion in Trauma. Crit Care Clin. 2017; 33(1):71-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
). Além disso, após revisão da literatura, outras AUC aceitáveis de aproximadamente 0,89, foram descritas para a TASH(2020. Rau CS, Wu SC, Kuo SCH, Kuo PJ, Hsu SY, Chen YC, et al. Prediction of massive transfusion in trauma patients with shock index, modified shock index, and age shock index. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016; 13(7):683. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070683.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070683...
-2121. Pottecher J, Ageron FX, Fauché C, Chemla D, Noll E, Duranteau J, et al. Prehospital shock index and pulse pressure/heart rate ratio to predict massive transfusion after severe trauma: Retrospective analysis of a large regional trauma database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 81(4):713-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,3939. Brockamp T, Nienaber U, Mutschler M, Wafaisade A, Peiniger S, Lefering R, et al. Predicting on-going hemorrhage and transfusion requirement after severe trauma: a validation of six scoring systems and algorithms on the Trauma Register DGU. Crit Care. 2012; 16(4):R129. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11432...
), a PWH(3838. Cantle PM, Cotton BA. Prediction of Massive Transfusion in Trauma. Crit Care Clin. 2017; 33(1):71-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
-3939. Brockamp T, Nienaber U, Mutschler M, Wafaisade A, Peiniger S, Lefering R, et al. Predicting on-going hemorrhage and transfusion requirement after severe trauma: a validation of six scoring systems and algorithms on the Trauma Register DGU. Crit Care. 2012; 16(4):R129. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11432...
) e a ABC(2121. Pottecher J, Ageron FX, Fauché C, Chemla D, Noll E, Duranteau J, et al. Prehospital shock index and pulse pressure/heart rate ratio to predict massive transfusion after severe trauma: Retrospective analysis of a large regional trauma database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 81(4):713-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
). Por fim, outras escalas, como a Schreiber, se destacam por sua sensibilidade (85,8%), a de Larson por sua especificidade (80,4%), e a TASH por seu PPV (18,9%) e NPV (98,8%), em estudos com outras amostras e ambientes(3939. Brockamp T, Nienaber U, Mutschler M, Wafaisade A, Peiniger S, Lefering R, et al. Predicting on-going hemorrhage and transfusion requirement after severe trauma: a validation of six scoring systems and algorithms on the Trauma Register DGU. Crit Care. 2012; 16(4):R129. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11432...
).

Definição de Transfusão Maciça

Um aspecto que deve ser ressaltado é que, a maior parte dos estudos incluídos para a seleção dos pacientes com MT considera a administração de ≥١٠ Unidades em ٢٤ horas(4040. Nakamuraa Y, Ishikuraa H, Kushimotob S, Kiyomic F, Katod H, Sasakie J, et al. Fibrinogen level on admission is a predictor for massive transfusion in patients with severe blunt trauma: Analyses of a retrospective multicentre observational study. Injury. 2017; 48(3):674-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.01.031.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017....
-4141. Parimi MN, Hu PF, Mackenzie CF, Yang S, Bartlett ST, Scalea TM, et al. Automated continuous vital signs predict use of uncrossed matched blood and massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(6):897-906. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
), embora outros intervalos também sejam analisados em alguns deles para a captação da amostra. Entre esses limiares está o Critical Administration Threshold (CAT) definido como a administração de ≥3 unidades em 1 hora(2121. Pottecher J, Ageron FX, Fauché C, Chemla D, Noll E, Duranteau J, et al. Prehospital shock index and pulse pressure/heart rate ratio to predict massive transfusion after severe trauma: Retrospective analysis of a large regional trauma database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 81(4):713-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,4242. Chang R, Holcomb JB. Implementation of massive transfusion protocols in the United States: the relationship between evidence and practice. Int Anesth Res Soc. 2017; 124(1):9-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000001731.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000...
-4343. Chang R, Holcomb JB. Optimal fluid therapy for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Clin 2017; 33(1):15-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
), além de outros, tais como ≥4 unidades em 4 horas(4141. Parimi MN, Hu PF, Mackenzie CF, Yang S, Bartlett ST, Scalea TM, et al. Automated continuous vital signs predict use of uncrossed matched blood and massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(6):897-906. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,4444. McDaniel LM, Etchill EW, Raval JS, Neal MD. State of the art: massive transfusion. Transf Med. 2014; 24(1):138-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tme.12125.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tme.12125...
), ≥5 unidades em 4 horas(4545. Ruseckaite R, McQuilten ZK, Oldroyd JC, Richter TH, Cameron PA, Isbister JP, et al. Descriptive characteristics and in-hospital mortality of critically bleeding patients requiring massive transfusion: results from the Australian and New Zealand Massive Transfusion Registry. Vox Sanguinis. 2017; 112(3):240-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vox.12487.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vox.12487...
) ou em 6 horas(2929. Cotton BA, Dossett LA, Haut ER, Shafi S, Nunez TC, Au BK, et al. Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):33-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e42411.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...
,3434. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
-3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,4646. Cohen MJ, Kutcher M, Redick B, Nelson M, Call M, Knudson MM, et al. Clinical and Mechanistic Drivers of Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 75(1S1): S40-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31828fa43d.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31828...
). Foram encontradas outras tendências que descrevem o paciente como pertencente ao grupo MT quando são realizados pedidos de sangue sem a prova cruzada, ou grupo 0, pois este foi identificado como um bom preditor da estratégia de MT(3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,3838. Cantle PM, Cotton BA. Prediction of Massive Transfusion in Trauma. Crit Care Clin. 2017; 33(1):71-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
,4141. Parimi MN, Hu PF, Mackenzie CF, Yang S, Bartlett ST, Scalea TM, et al. Automated continuous vital signs predict use of uncrossed matched blood and massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(6):897-906. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,4444. McDaniel LM, Etchill EW, Raval JS, Neal MD. State of the art: massive transfusion. Transf Med. 2014; 24(1):138-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tme.12125.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tme.12125...
,4747. Burman S, Cotton BA. Trauma patients at risk for massive transfusion: the role of scoring systems and the impact of early identification on patients outcomes. Expert Rev Hematol. 2012; 5(2):211-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/ehm.11.85.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/ehm.11.85...
).

Desencadeantes específicos

Além dos trabalhos de pesquisa sobre as escalas, alguns examinam os desencadeantes a nível individual. Em um estudo realizado no ano passado, foi realizado o acompanhamento periódico dos sinais vitais dos pacientes em sua chegada ao hospital, através da mensuração da FC e da PAS, para relacioná-los com a predição da MT. Concluiu-se que aos 10-15 minutos de sua chegada, essas variáveis eram significativas nesse campo de estudo(4141. Parimi MN, Hu PF, Mackenzie CF, Yang S, Bartlett ST, Scalea TM, et al. Automated continuous vital signs predict use of uncrossed matched blood and massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(6):897-906. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
). Outra variável bastante estudada é a Hb, cujo intervalo nas escalas varia, sendo considerada como um desencadeante positivo quando seus valores são menores que 11 g/dl(2424. Yücel N, Lefering R, Maegele M, Vorweg M, Tjardes T, Ruchholtz S, et al. Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2006; 60(6):1228-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000220386.84012.bf.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.00002203...

25. Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang. 2011; 100(2):231-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
-2626. Schreiber M, Perkins J, Kiraly L, Underwood S, Wade C, Holcomb JB. Early predictors of massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 205(4):541-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.05.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg....
,3030. Larson CR, White CE, Spinella PC, Jones JA, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH, et al. Association of shock, coagulopathy, and initial vital signs with massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):26-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e423f4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...
,3333. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...

34. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
-3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
), embora também sejam considerados alguns valores mais críticos, abaixo de 7(2424. Yücel N, Lefering R, Maegele M, Vorweg M, Tjardes T, Ruchholtz S, et al. Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2006; 60(6):1228-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000220386.84012.bf.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.00002203...
-2525. Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang. 2011; 100(2):231-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
,3838. Cantle PM, Cotton BA. Prediction of Massive Transfusion in Trauma. Crit Care Clin. 2017; 33(1):71-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
), portanto não há um valor definido associado à diminuição da mortalidade, podendo oscilar entre os dois valores mencionados(4848. Zielinski MD, Wilson GA, Johnson PM, Polites SF, Jenkins DH, Harmsen WS, et al. Ideal hemoglobin transfusion target for resuscitation of massive-transfusion patients. Surgery. 2016; 160(6):1560-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2016.05.022.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2016.05...
).

Em relação ao estudo de outros desencadeantes, a temperatura geralmente não é avaliada(2525. Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang. 2011; 100(2):231-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
,3434. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
) embora seja considerada relevante em alguns estudos(3333. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...
,3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
), e o INR possui um alto teor preditivo quando ≥1,5(2626. Schreiber M, Perkins J, Kiraly L, Underwood S, Wade C, Holcomb JB. Early predictors of massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 205(4):541-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.05.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg....
,3333. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...

34. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
-3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
), assim como a presença de mecanismo penetrante de trauma e FAST positivo(2222. Ruchholtz S, Pehle B, Lewran U, Lefering R, Muller N, Oberbeck R, et al. The emergency room transfusion score (ETS): prediction of blood transfusion requirement in initial resuscitation after severe trauma. Transf Med. 2006; 16(1):49-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00647.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006...
,3232. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...

33. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...

34. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...

35. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...

36. Ogura T, Nakamura Y, Nakano M, Izawa Y, Nakamura M, Fujizuka K, et al. Predicting the need for massive transfusion in trauma patients: the Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(5):1243-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
-3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
).

As novas tendências descrevem o Fibrinogênio e a EB(4646. Cohen MJ, Kutcher M, Redick B, Nelson M, Call M, Knudson MM, et al. Clinical and Mechanistic Drivers of Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 75(1S1): S40-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31828fa43d.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31828...
,4949. Umemura T, Nakamura Y, Nishida1 T, Hoshino K, Ishikura H. Fibrinogen and base excess levels as predictive markers of the need for massive blood transfusion after blunt trauma. Surg Today. 2016; 46(7):774-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00595-015-1263-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00595-015-126...
-5050. Shackelford S, Yang S, Hu P, Miller C, Anazodo A, Galvagno S, et al. Predicting blood transfusion using automated analysis of pulse oximetry signals and laboratory values. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015; 79(4S2):S175-80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000738.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
) como preditores individuais de MT, que se destacam por diminuírem precocemente, mesmo antes dos demais fatores de coagulação(4949. Umemura T, Nakamura Y, Nishida1 T, Hoshino K, Ishikura H. Fibrinogen and base excess levels as predictive markers of the need for massive blood transfusion after blunt trauma. Surg Today. 2016; 46(7):774-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00595-015-1263-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00595-015-126...
). Os tempos TP e TPa(4646. Cohen MJ, Kutcher M, Redick B, Nelson M, Call M, Knudson MM, et al. Clinical and Mechanistic Drivers of Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 75(1S1): S40-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31828fa43d.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31828...
,5151. Smith SA, Livingston MH, Merritt NH. Early coagulopathy and metabolic acidosis predict transfusion of packed red blood cells in pediatric trauma patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2016; 51(5):848-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.034.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.201...
), entre outros, usados para determinar a coagulopatia traumática aguda (ATC), são examinados a partir da amostra PROMMTT(5252. Holcomb JB, del Junco D, Fox EE, Wade CE, Cohen M, Schreiber MJ, et al. The Prospective, Observational, Multicenter, Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) Study: Comparative Effectiveness of a Time-varying Treatment with Competing Risks. JAMA Surg. 2013; 148(2):127-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamasurg.387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamasurg....
) e suas sucessivas pesquisas subsequentes(3434. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
,4646. Cohen MJ, Kutcher M, Redick B, Nelson M, Call M, Knudson MM, et al. Clinical and Mechanistic Drivers of Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 75(1S1): S40-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31828fa43d.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31828...
,5353. Ishikura H, Kitamura T. Trauma-induced coagulopathy and critical bleeding: the role of plasma and platelet transfusion. J Intensive Care; 2017; 5:2. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40560-016-0203-y.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40560-016-020...
) que mostram sua alteração, mas não determinam um intervalo fixo para sua definição.

Por fim, surge a necessidade de um protocolo de MT ou DCR universal(4141. Parimi MN, Hu PF, Mackenzie CF, Yang S, Bartlett ST, Scalea TM, et al. Automated continuous vital signs predict use of uncrossed matched blood and massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(6):897-906. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,5454. Cannon JW, Khan MA, Raja AS, Cohen MJ, Como JJ, Cotton BA, et al. Damage control resuscitation in patients with severe traumatic hemorrhage: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017; 82(3):605-17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001333.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
), uma vez que, tanto a mortalidade do paciente traumatizado como a necessidade de unidades sanguíneas durante a hospitalização podem ser diminuídas através da unificação de critérios e estratégias de ação.

Discussão

A MT é uma estratégia que apresenta baixa incidência na população total, mas cujas repercussões trazem consigo um grande número de recursos de saúde materiais, pessoais e organizacionais(11. Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau J, Fernández-Mondéjar E, et al. Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care. 2013; 17(2):1-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc12685...
,44. Spinella P, Holcomb JB. Resuscitation and transfusion principles for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Blood Rev. 2009; 23(6):231-40. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2009.07.003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2009.07...
,66. Le Noël A, Mérat S, Ausset S, De Rudnicki S, Mion G. Le concept de damage control resuscitation. Annales Françaises d’Anesthésieet de Réanimation. 2011; 30(9):665-78. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annfar.2011.05.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annfar.2011....
,88. Khan S, Allard S, Weaver A, Barber C, Davenport R, Brohi K. A major haemorrhage protocol improves the delivery of blood component therapy and reduces waste in trauma massive transfusion. Injury, Int J Care Injured. 2013; 4(5):587-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.09.029.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012....
,1515. Nardi G, Agostini V, Rondinelli B, Russo E, Bastianini B, Bini G, et al. Trauma-induced coagulopathy: impact of the early coagulation support protocol on blood product consumption, mortality and costs. Crit Care. 2015; 19(83):1-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0817-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-081...
-1616. Brown JB, Sperry JL, Fombona A, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB, Guyette FX. Pre-Trauma Center Red Blood Cell Transfusion Is Associated with Improved Early Outcomes in Air Medical Trauma Patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2015; 220(5):797-808. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.01.006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg....
,4141. Parimi MN, Hu PF, Mackenzie CF, Yang S, Bartlett ST, Scalea TM, et al. Automated continuous vital signs predict use of uncrossed matched blood and massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(6):897-906. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
). Essa incidência, descrita nos estudos incluídos na revisão e expressa em porcentagem em relação à população traumatizada, dependerá da esfera onde a amostra foi reunida e dos critérios de inclusão utilizados(2020. Rau CS, Wu SC, Kuo SCH, Kuo PJ, Hsu SY, Chen YC, et al. Prediction of massive transfusion in trauma patients with shock index, modified shock index, and age shock index. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016; 13(7):683. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070683.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070683...

21. Pottecher J, Ageron FX, Fauché C, Chemla D, Noll E, Duranteau J, et al. Prehospital shock index and pulse pressure/heart rate ratio to predict massive transfusion after severe trauma: Retrospective analysis of a large regional trauma database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 81(4):713-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...

22. Ruchholtz S, Pehle B, Lewran U, Lefering R, Muller N, Oberbeck R, et al. The emergency room transfusion score (ETS): prediction of blood transfusion requirement in initial resuscitation after severe trauma. Transf Med. 2006; 16(1):49-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00647.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006...

23. Kuhne CA, Zettl RP, Fischbacher M, Lefering R, Ruchholtz S. Emergency Transfusion Score (ETS): a useful instrument for prediction of blood transfusion requirement in severely injured patients. Wrld J Surg. 2008; 32(6):1183-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-9425-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-942...

24. Yücel N, Lefering R, Maegele M, Vorweg M, Tjardes T, Ruchholtz S, et al. Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2006; 60(6):1228-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000220386.84012.bf.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.00002203...

25. Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang. 2011; 100(2):231-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...

26. Schreiber M, Perkins J, Kiraly L, Underwood S, Wade C, Holcomb JB. Early predictors of massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 205(4):541-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.05.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg....

27. McLaughlin DF, Niles SE, Salinas J, Perkins JG, Cox ED, Wade CE, et al. A Predictive Model for Massive Transfusion in Combat Casualty Patients. J Trauma. 2008; 64(2):57-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318160a566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31816...

28. Nunez TC, Voskresensky IV, Dossett LA, Shinall R, Dutton WD, Cotton BA. Early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma: simple as ABC (assessment of blood consumption)? J Trauma. 2009; 66(2):346-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181961c35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31819...

29. Cotton BA, Dossett LA, Haut ER, Shafi S, Nunez TC, Au BK, et al. Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):33-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e42411.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...

30. Larson CR, White CE, Spinella PC, Jones JA, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH, et al. Association of shock, coagulopathy, and initial vital signs with massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):26-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e423f4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...

31. Vandromme MJ, Griffin RL, McGwin G, Weinberg J, Rue LW, Kerby JD. Prospective identification of patients at risk for massive transfusion: an imprecise endeavor. Am Surg. 2011; 77(2):155-61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182095a0a.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31820...

32. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...

33. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...

34. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...

35. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...

36. Ogura T, Nakamura Y, Nakano M, Izawa Y, Nakamura M, Fujizuka K, et al. Predicting the need for massive transfusion in trauma patients: the Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(5):1243-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
-3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
). Apesar desta discrepância, os destinatários da MT não costumam exceder 15%(2828. Nunez TC, Voskresensky IV, Dossett LA, Shinall R, Dutton WD, Cotton BA. Early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma: simple as ABC (assessment of blood consumption)? J Trauma. 2009; 66(2):346-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181961c35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31819...
-2929. Cotton BA, Dossett LA, Haut ER, Shafi S, Nunez TC, Au BK, et al. Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):33-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e42411.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...
,3131. Vandromme MJ, Griffin RL, McGwin G, Weinberg J, Rue LW, Kerby JD. Prospective identification of patients at risk for massive transfusion: an imprecise endeavor. Am Surg. 2011; 77(2):155-61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182095a0a.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31820...
-3232. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...
,3838. Cantle PM, Cotton BA. Prediction of Massive Transfusion in Trauma. Crit Care Clin. 2017; 33(1):71-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
-3939. Brockamp T, Nienaber U, Mutschler M, Wafaisade A, Peiniger S, Lefering R, et al. Predicting on-going hemorrhage and transfusion requirement after severe trauma: a validation of six scoring systems and algorithms on the Trauma Register DGU. Crit Care. 2012; 16(4):R129. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11432...
,4141. Parimi MN, Hu PF, Mackenzie CF, Yang S, Bartlett ST, Scalea TM, et al. Automated continuous vital signs predict use of uncrossed matched blood and massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(6):897-906. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...

42. Chang R, Holcomb JB. Implementation of massive transfusion protocols in the United States: the relationship between evidence and practice. Int Anesth Res Soc. 2017; 124(1):9-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000001731.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000...

43. Chang R, Holcomb JB. Optimal fluid therapy for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Clin 2017; 33(1):15-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
-4444. McDaniel LM, Etchill EW, Raval JS, Neal MD. State of the art: massive transfusion. Transf Med. 2014; 24(1):138-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tme.12125.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tme.12125...
).

A partir destes resultados, obtém-se uma análise especial e geral de todas as escalas preditivas de MT e seus desencadeantes, sendo possível identificar dois subgrupos de variáveis, as clínicas e as analíticas. Assim, aqueles autores que utilizam apenas as variáveis clínicas como desencadeantes, independentemente dos valores laboratoriais(2020. Rau CS, Wu SC, Kuo SCH, Kuo PJ, Hsu SY, Chen YC, et al. Prediction of massive transfusion in trauma patients with shock index, modified shock index, and age shock index. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016; 13(7):683. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070683.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070683...

21. Pottecher J, Ageron FX, Fauché C, Chemla D, Noll E, Duranteau J, et al. Prehospital shock index and pulse pressure/heart rate ratio to predict massive transfusion after severe trauma: Retrospective analysis of a large regional trauma database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 81(4):713-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
-2222. Ruchholtz S, Pehle B, Lewran U, Lefering R, Muller N, Oberbeck R, et al. The emergency room transfusion score (ETS): prediction of blood transfusion requirement in initial resuscitation after severe trauma. Transf Med. 2006; 16(1):49-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00647.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006...
,2424. Yücel N, Lefering R, Maegele M, Vorweg M, Tjardes T, Ruchholtz S, et al. Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2006; 60(6):1228-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000220386.84012.bf.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.00002203...
), justificam sua decisão com base na necessidade de se realizar a MT precocemente, e argumentam que uma análise de tais variáveis causaria um atraso na administração das unidades por causa dos seus cálculos complexos(3232. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...
,4040. Nakamuraa Y, Ishikuraa H, Kushimotob S, Kiyomic F, Katod H, Sasakie J, et al. Fibrinogen level on admission is a predictor for massive transfusion in patients with severe blunt trauma: Analyses of a retrospective multicentre observational study. Injury. 2017; 48(3):674-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.01.031.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017....
) e do uso de testes complementares não imediatos(3636. Ogura T, Nakamura Y, Nakano M, Izawa Y, Nakamura M, Fujizuka K, et al. Predicting the need for massive transfusion in trauma patients: the Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(5):1243-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
-3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
,4040. Nakamuraa Y, Ishikuraa H, Kushimotob S, Kiyomic F, Katod H, Sasakie J, et al. Fibrinogen level on admission is a predictor for massive transfusion in patients with severe blunt trauma: Analyses of a retrospective multicentre observational study. Injury. 2017; 48(3):674-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.01.031.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017....
). Entretanto, quando a precisão dos resultados com as escalas que combinam os dois tipos de gatilhos é levada em consideração, constata-se a visível melhora na eficácia dessa decisão, apesar do início posterior da estratégia, como ocorre nas escalas ABC, TASH e TBSS(2424. Yücel N, Lefering R, Maegele M, Vorweg M, Tjardes T, Ruchholtz S, et al. Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2006; 60(6):1228-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000220386.84012.bf.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.00002203...
-2525. Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang. 2011; 100(2):231-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
,2828. Nunez TC, Voskresensky IV, Dossett LA, Shinall R, Dutton WD, Cotton BA. Early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma: simple as ABC (assessment of blood consumption)? J Trauma. 2009; 66(2):346-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181961c35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31819...
-2929. Cotton BA, Dossett LA, Haut ER, Shafi S, Nunez TC, Au BK, et al. Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):33-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e42411.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...
,3636. Ogura T, Nakamura Y, Nakano M, Izawa Y, Nakamura M, Fujizuka K, et al. Predicting the need for massive transfusion in trauma patients: the Traumatic Bleeding Severity Score. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(5):1243-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
-3737. Ogura T, Lefor AK, Masuda M, Kushimoto S. Modified traumatic bleeding severity score: Early determination of the need for massive transfusion. Am J Emerg Med. 2016; 34(6):1097-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02.072.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.02...
).

Da mesma forma, apesar dos altos valores descritos para a TASH e ABC, em termos de especificidade, elas são pouco sensíveis e levam à subtriagem em muitas ocasiões. Entretanto, elas são consideradas aceitáveis por alguns autores(3838. Cantle PM, Cotton BA. Prediction of Massive Transfusion in Trauma. Crit Care Clin. 2017; 33(1):71-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
,4040. Nakamuraa Y, Ishikuraa H, Kushimotob S, Kiyomic F, Katod H, Sasakie J, et al. Fibrinogen level on admission is a predictor for massive transfusion in patients with severe blunt trauma: Analyses of a retrospective multicentre observational study. Injury. 2017; 48(3):674-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.01.031.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017....
) quando apresentam valores PNV elevados, pois se tal situação ocorrer e o protocolo for ativado e, em última instância, não for mais necessário, haveria a possibilidade de devolver os produtos sanguíneos solicitados ao Banco de Sangue.

Em relação aos desencadeantes pesquisados a nível individual, a hemoglobina é o que faz parte da maioria dos estudos, não havendo consenso sobre seu intervalo crítico para a ativação do protocolo de MT(2424. Yücel N, Lefering R, Maegele M, Vorweg M, Tjardes T, Ruchholtz S, et al. Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2006; 60(6):1228-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000220386.84012.bf.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.00002203...

25. Maegele M, Lefering R, Wafaisade A, Theodorou P, Wutzler S, Fischer P, et al. Revalidation and update of the TASH-Score: a scoring system to predict the probability for massive transfusion as a surrogate for life-threatening haemorrhage after severe injury. Vox Sang. 2011; 100(2):231-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01387.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.20...
-2626. Schreiber M, Perkins J, Kiraly L, Underwood S, Wade C, Holcomb JB. Early predictors of massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 205(4):541-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.05.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg....
,3030. Larson CR, White CE, Spinella PC, Jones JA, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH, et al. Association of shock, coagulopathy, and initial vital signs with massive transfusion in combat casualties. J Trauma. 2010; 69(1):26-32. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e423f4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e...
,3232. Rainer TH, Ho AMH, Yeung JHH, Cheung NK, Wong RSM, Tang N, et al. Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion. Resuscitation. 2011; 82(6):724-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitatio...

33. Callcut RA, Johannigman JA, Kadon KS, Hanseman DJ, Robinson BR. All massive transfusion criteria are not created equal: defining the predictive value of individual transfusion triggers to better determine who benefits from blood. J Trauma. 2011; 70(4):794-801. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182127e40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31821...

34. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
-3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,3838. Cantle PM, Cotton BA. Prediction of Massive Transfusion in Trauma. Crit Care Clin. 2017; 33(1):71-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
-3939. Brockamp T, Nienaber U, Mutschler M, Wafaisade A, Peiniger S, Lefering R, et al. Predicting on-going hemorrhage and transfusion requirement after severe trauma: a validation of six scoring systems and algorithms on the Trauma Register DGU. Crit Care. 2012; 16(4):R129. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc11432...
,4848. Zielinski MD, Wilson GA, Johnson PM, Polites SF, Jenkins DH, Harmsen WS, et al. Ideal hemoglobin transfusion target for resuscitation of massive-transfusion patients. Surgery. 2016; 160(6):1560-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2016.05.022.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2016.05...
). Uma possível explicação para isso é que ela varia dependendo do momento em que o valor analítico é obtido, influenciando tanto o tempo transcorrido desde o incidente como as estratégias realizadas antes da obtenção dessa primeira amostra(4848. Zielinski MD, Wilson GA, Johnson PM, Polites SF, Jenkins DH, Harmsen WS, et al. Ideal hemoglobin transfusion target for resuscitation of massive-transfusion patients. Surgery. 2016; 160(6):1560-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2016.05.022.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2016.05...
).

Em relação ao conceito de transfusão maciça, observou-se uma variação quanto a sua definição, coincidindo com a sequência cronológica ao longo dos anos. Deste modo, nos estudos mais atuais, os fatores desencadeantes da MT são geralmente analisados com maior frequência nas primeiras horas, entre uma e quatro horas, uma vez que o nível crítico do indivíduo é maior nesse momento(2121. Pottecher J, Ageron FX, Fauché C, Chemla D, Noll E, Duranteau J, et al. Prehospital shock index and pulse pressure/heart rate ratio to predict massive transfusion after severe trauma: Retrospective analysis of a large regional trauma database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 81(4):713-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,4141. Parimi MN, Hu PF, Mackenzie CF, Yang S, Bartlett ST, Scalea TM, et al. Automated continuous vital signs predict use of uncrossed matched blood and massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(6):897-906. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...

42. Chang R, Holcomb JB. Implementation of massive transfusion protocols in the United States: the relationship between evidence and practice. Int Anesth Res Soc. 2017; 124(1):9-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000001731.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000...

43. Chang R, Holcomb JB. Optimal fluid therapy for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Clin 2017; 33(1):15-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2016.08....
-4444. McDaniel LM, Etchill EW, Raval JS, Neal MD. State of the art: massive transfusion. Transf Med. 2014; 24(1):138-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tme.12125.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tme.12125...
).

Como principal limitação encontrada, pode-se destacar que em muitos estudos a necessidade de MT em si não é descrita, mas sim o uso dessa estratégia(3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,4141. Parimi MN, Hu PF, Mackenzie CF, Yang S, Bartlett ST, Scalea TM, et al. Automated continuous vital signs predict use of uncrossed matched blood and massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(6):897-906. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
). Ou seja, é difícil diferenciar entre aqueles que realmente precisam da MT e aqueles que a recebem. Do mesmo modo, as amostras e os ambientes utilizados nos estudos não são equivalentes ou facilmente comparáveis, exceto aqueles que são realizados pelo mesmo grupo de pesquisa ou surgem da mesma seleção de pacientes, como, por exemplo, na MTS(3434. Callcut RA, Cotton BA, Muskat P, Fox EE, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Defining when to initiate massive transfusion (MT): a validation study of individual massive transfusion triggers in PROMMTT patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(1):59-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788b34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31827...
-3535. Callcut RA, Cripps MW, Nelson MF, Conroy AS, Robinson BB, Cohen MJ. The Massive Transfusion Score as a decision aid for resuscitation: Learning when to turn the massive transfusion protocol on and off. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(3):450-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
,5252. Holcomb JB, del Junco D, Fox EE, Wade CE, Cohen M, Schreiber MJ, et al. The Prospective, Observational, Multicenter, Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) Study: Comparative Effectiveness of a Time-varying Treatment with Competing Risks. JAMA Surg. 2013; 148(2):127-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamasurg.387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamasurg....
).

Finalmente, a necessidade da utilização de escalas surge da existência de hemorragias atípicas ou não aparentes, pois quando há sangramentos externos não há dúvida sobre como proceder. Além de tudo isso, o fato de nem todos os profissionais de saúde são especializados no cuidado do paciente traumatizado levaria à disparidade de critérios, pois há uma grande quantidade de profissionais envolvidos em seu cuidado, com diferentes perfis e tipos de residências no mesmo Hospital de Emergência(4141. Parimi MN, Hu PF, Mackenzie CF, Yang S, Bartlett ST, Scalea TM, et al. Automated continuous vital signs predict use of uncrossed matched blood and massive transfusion following trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016; 80(6):897-906. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TA.00000000000...
). Portanto, com a implementação ou uso da mesma escala, tanto o trabalho em equipe quanto a qualidade dos cuidados administrados poderiam ser facilitados com a aplicação do mesmo protocolo.

Conclusão

A variabilidade dos critérios universais relativos aos desencadeadores da transfusão maciça no paciente traumatizado levou à criação de diferentes escalas. Portanto, os estudos de validação dessas escalas são relevantes para se chegar a um consenso sobre os critérios de quando iniciar esta estratégia.

Assim, as conclusões desta scoping review, baseadas na natureza dos estudos selecionados, podem ser sintetizadas por serem de caráter quantitativo, predominantemente de caráter retrospectivo e focadas em uma única área do cuidado: a emergência hospitalar. A partir disso, surge a necessidade de propor a criação de novos trabalhos de pesquisas que analisem as diferentes escalas e fatores desencadeantes da transfusão maciça nas duas áreas iniciais de cuidados intensivos para os sujeitos descritos, a emergência hospitalar e a emergência extra-hospitalar, utilizando-se a mesma amostra.

Portanto, esta revisão é considerada útil não apenas no campo da pesquisa, mas também do cuidado, uma vez que faz uma comparação das escalas de transfusão maciça existentes e suas principais conclusões, visando obter a um protocolo comum de ação para os profissionais da de saúde da área de urgência e emergência. Assim, o estabelecimento dessa continuidade proporcionaria o acompanhamento dos desencadeadores da transfusão maciça e a importância de se iniciar a referida estratégia, sendo identificadas as áreas de potencial melhora e sugerindo uma maior formação no campo da transfusão maciça e do paciente com trauma grave.

  • *
    Artigo extraído da tese de doutorado “Assesment and Resuscitation of major trauma. Massive Transfusion Triggers”, apresentada à Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Espanha.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    29 Nov 2018
  • Data do Fascículo
    2018

Histórico

  • Recebido
    15 Dez 2017
  • Aceito
    08 Out 2018
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