Effect of the board game as educational technology on schoolchildren’s knowledge on breastfeeding

Martins, Fernanda Demutti Pimpão; Leal, Luciana Pedrosa; Linhares, Francisca Márcia Pereira; Santos, Alessandro Henrique da Silva; Leite, Gerlaine de Oliveira; Pontes, Cleide Maria

doi:10.1590/1518-8345.2316.3049

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Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem

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Original Articles • Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 26 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2316.3049 copy

Effect of the board game as educational technology on schoolchildren’s knowledge on breastfeeding¹ 1 Paper extracted from doctoral dissertation “Efeito de tecnologia educacional sobre amamentação para crianças do ensino fundamental”, presented to Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to evaluate the effect of the board game as an educational technology on schoolchildren’s knowledge on breastfeeding.

Method:

cluster-randomized clinical trial, held in nine schools, with 99 children in the third grade of elementary school (control group = 51 and intervention group = 48). The pretest was conducted in both groups; intervention consisted in the application of the educational technology immediately after pretest to the intervention group; and the post-test was applied on the 7th and 30th days to both groups. For the analysis of children’s knowledge on breastfeeding, we considered the pre- and post-test score means, using the Mann-Whitney test - for comparing the means between groups - and the Wilcoxon test - within the same group.

Results:

there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the pretest. In the follow-up, when comparing the groups, there were higher means in the intervention group, on the 7th (19.68 ±1.788) and on the 30th (20.16±1.260) days, with statistically significant difference. Within the intervention group, there was significant increase of the means in the pretest (15.89±3.082) for the 30th day (20.16±1.260).

Conclusion:

such educational intervention has significantly contributed to the increase in scores of children’s knowledge on breastfeeding for the intervention group. UTN: U1111-1184-7386.

Descriptors:
Breast Feeding; Child; School Health; Clinical Trial; Educational Technology; Nursing

Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-902 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 (16) 3315-3451 / 3315-4407 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rlae@eerp.usp.br

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[1] Corresponding Author: Cleide Maria Pontes Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Departamento de Enfermagem Av. Professor Moraes Rego, 1235 Bairro: Cidade Universitária CEP: 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brasil E-mail: cmpontes18@gmail.com

Variables	Group		Total (n=99)	p-value
	Control (n=51)	Intervention (n=49)	Total (n=99)
	n(%)	n(%)	n(%)
Guardian/legal representative
Kinship
Mother	33(64.7)	31(64.6)	64(64.6)	0.681*
Father	9(17.6)	7(14.6)	16(16.2)
Grandmother	5(9.8)	8(16.7)	13(13.1)
Other	4(7.8)	2(4.2)	6(6.1)
Marital status
Single	17(33.3)	23(47.9)	40(40.4)	0.312*
Common-law marriage/married	29(56.9)	22(45.8)	51(51.5)
Widow	2(3.9)	0(0)	2(2)
Divorced	3(5.9)	3(6.3)	6(5.1)
Schooling
Did not attend school (illiterate)/knows how to read	4(7.8)	4(8.3)	8(8.1)	0.197*
Elementary School/Some Elementary School	30(58.8)	19(39.6)	49(49.5)
High School/Some High School	16(31.4)	21(43.8)	37(37.4)
College/Some College	1(2)	4(8.3)	5(5.1)
Profession/occupation
Housewife	21(41.2)	19(39.6)	40(40.4)	0.425^†
Housekeeper	5(9.8)	9(18.8)	14(14.1)
Other	25(49)	20(41.7)	45(45.5)
Professional status
Formal/Informal employment	17(33.3)	13(27.1)	30(30.3)	0.443*
Unemployed/receives benefits from the Government	31(60.8)	34(70.8)	65(65.7)
Retired/gainful activity	3(5.9)	1(2.1)	4(4)
Household income (BRL)^‡
<1MW^§	17(33.3)	22(45.8)	39(39.4)	0.203^†
≥1MW^§	34(66.7)	26(54.2)	60(60.6)	0.203^†
Number of people in the household
<5	35(68.6)	36(75)	71(71.7)	0.482^†
≥5	16(31.4)	12(25)	28(28.3)	0.482^†
Number of children
<3	37(72.5)	38(79.5)	75(75.8)	0.443^†
≥3	14(27.5)	10(20.8)	24(24.2)	0.443^†

Period	Groups				p-value
	Control		Intervention
	Mean±SD*	CI^†	Mean±SD*	CI^†
Baseline	16.08(±2.529)	15.37-16.79	15.89(±3.082)	15.00-16.79	0.747^‡
7th day	17.59(±2.570)	16.87-18.31	19.68(±1.788)	19.17-20.21	0.000^§
30th day	17.71(±2.773)	16.93-18.49	20.16(±1.260)	19.80−20.53	0.000^§
p-value	0.000^║		0.000^║

Items*	Pretest		P	Post-test (7th day)		p	Post-test (30th day)		p
	Control	Intervention		Control	Intervention		Control	Intervention
	n (%)	n (%)		n (%)	n (%)		n (%)	n (%)
1^†	38(74.5)	40(83.3)	0.283^‡	44(86.3)	44(91.7)	0.394^‡	45(88.2)	45(93.8)	0.489^§
2^\|\|	49(96.1)	46(95.8)	1.000^§	49(96.1)	48(100)	0.495^§	50(98)	48(100)	1.000^§
3^¶	37(72.5)	21(43.8)	0.004^‡	41(80.4)	44(91.7)	0,108^‡	38(74.5)	44(91.7)	0.024^‡
4**	36(70.6)	31(64.6)	0.523^‡	40(78.4)	38(79.2)	0,929^‡	38(74.5)	44(91.7)	0.024^‡
5^††	46(90.2)	43(89.6)	1.000^§	49(96.1)	46(95.8)	1.000^§	49(96.1)	47(97.9)	1.000^§
6^‡‡	24(47.1)	31(64.6)	0.079^‡	34(66.7)	42(87.5)	0.014^‡	38(74.5)	46(95.8)	0.003^‡
7^§§	25(49)	37(77.1)	0.004^‡	27(52.9)	47(97.9)	0.000^‡	37(72.5)	47(97.9)	0.000^‡
8^\|\|\|\|	26(51)	21(43.8)	0.472^‡	36(70.6)	40(80.3)	0.133^‡	36(70.6)	40(83.3)	0.133^‡
9^¶¶	43(84.3)	39(81.3)	0.686^‡	45(88.2)	46(95.8)	0.270^§	45(88.2)	45(93.8)	0.489^§
10***	42(82.4)	35(72.9)	0.259^‡	44(86.3)	48(100)	0.013^§	45(88.2)	47(97.9)	0.113^§
11^†††	26(51)	26(54.2)	0.751^‡	28(54.9)	43(89.6)	0.000^‡	27(52.9)	42(87.5)	0.000^‡
12^‡‡‡	18(35.3)	18(37.5)	0.820^‡	30(58.8)	42(87.5)	0.001^‡	33(64.7)	46(95.8)	0.000^‡
13^§§§	40(78.4)	36(75)	0.686^‡	44(86.3)	43(89.6)	0.614^‡	41(80.4)	46(95.8)	0.019^‡
14^\|\|\|\|\|\|	47(92.2)	38(79.2)	0.064^‡	49(96.1)	45(93.8)	0.672^§	46(90.2)	48(100)	0.057^§
15^¶¶¶	49(96.1)	44(91.7)	0.358^‡	50(98)	48(100)	1.000^§	50(98)	48(100)	1.000^§
16****	48(94.1)	48(100)	0.243^§	49(96.1)	46(96.8)	1.000^§	51(100)	48(100)	−^††††
17^‡‡‡‡	45(88.2)	39(81.3)	0.333^‡	47(92.2)	46(95.8)	0.679^§	48(94.1)	48(100)	0.243^§
18^§§§§	46(90.2)	44(91.7)	1.000^§	45(88.2)	47(97.9)	0.113^§	44(86.3)	44(91.7)	0.394^‡
19^\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|	46(90.2)	43(89.6)	1.000^§	48(94.1)	47(97.9)	0.618^§	48(94.1)	48(100)	0.243^§
20^¶¶¶¶	45(88.2)	47(97.9)	0.113^§	48(94.1)	48(100)	0.243^§	46(90.2)	47(97.9)	0.206^§
21*****	45(88.2)	37(77.1)	0.141^‡	49(96.1)	47(97.9)	1.000^§	48(94.1)	48(100)	0.243^§

Variables	Pretest		p-value	Post-test (7th day)		p-value	Post-test (30th day)		p-value
Variables	Control	Intervention		Control	Intervention		Control	Intervention
Sex
Female	16.71±2.9	16.80±3.2	0.930*	17.86±2.7	20.20±1.2	0.001^†	18.81±2.3	20.05±1.5	0.026^†
Male	15.63±2.1	15.25±2.8	0.563*	17.40±2.5	19.32±2.0	0.003^†	16.93±2.9	20.25±1.1	0.000^†
p-value	0.134*	0.086*		0.440^†	0.50^†		0.016^†	0.944^†
Age (years)
8	16.36±2.1	15.82±3.5	0.612*	17.93±1.8	19.86±1.2	0.003^†	17.86±2.1	20.45±0.9	0.000^†
9	15.58±2.8	16.10±2.4	0.507*	17.23±3.0	19.71±2.0	0.001^†	17.50±3.1	19.95±1.5	0.002^†
10	16.91±2.3	15.40±3.8	0.340*	18.00±2.4	18.80±2.7	0.603^†	18.00±2.9	19.80±1.3	0.223^†
p-value	0.310^‡	0.895^‡		0.777^§	0.804^§		0.908^§	0.364^§
Children’s exposure to breastfeeding
Yes	15.87±2.5	16.00±3.0	0.818*	17.40±2.6	19.79±1.7	0.000^†	17.56±2.8	20.19±1.3	0.000^†
No	17.67±2.6	11.00	0.062*	19.00±1.4	15.00	0.130^†	18.83±2.4	19.00	0.799^†
p-value	0.102*	0.109*		0.161^†	0.087^†		0.268^†	0.195^†
Frequency with which children played with the game
<6	−	−	−	−	19.55±2.0	−	−	19.93±1.2	0.323^║
≥6	-	-	-	-	19.89±1.3	-	-	20.53±1.2	0.039^║
p-value	-	-	-	-	0.807^†	-	-	0.027^†