Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Estudos de avaliação das intervenções de saúde na escola: revisão integrativa de literatura

RESUMO

Objetivo:

identificar e analisar as evidências disponíveis sobre as estratégias utilizadas nos estudos de avaliação das intervenções de saúde na escola.

Método:

revisão integrativa com busca na LILACS, CINAHL, CUIDEN, ScienceDirect e PubMed. A partir dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão predefinidos foram relacionados 121 artigos para compor a amostra.

Resultados:

predominaram estudos no idioma inglês (97,5%), com abordagem quantitativa (80,2%), referente às intervenções executadas na Região das Américas (54,6%) e Europeia (23,1%). Em sua maior parte, tratam-se de intervenções em formato de programas (70,2%), interessadas em avaliar resultados (73,5%) a partir do julgamento de valor (83,4%). Prevaleceram intervenções com foco em eficácia, nos efeitos ou no impacto e as atividades realizadas nas intervenções estavam voltadas para atividades físicas, alimentação saudável, saúde sexual e reprodutiva, saúde mental e uso do tabaco, álcool e outras drogas. Estas são trabalhadas através de atividades de acompanhamento clínico, promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças.

Conclusão:

as evidências apontam que as avaliações das intervenções de saúde na escola focalizam os resultados produzidos em programas mediante o julgamento de valor. As temáticas mais abordadas foram alimentação saudável, atividade física, prevenção ao uso de álcool e outras drogas, entre outros.

Descritores:
Saúde; Educação; Avaliação de Serviços de Saúde; Serviços de Saúde Escolar; Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde; Estudos de Avaliação

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to identify and analyze the available evidence on the strategies used in the studies evaluating health interventions at school.

Method:

this is an integrative review searching in LILACS, CINAHL, CUIDEN, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. From the pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were 121 articles chosen to compose the sample.

Results:

english studies (97.5%), with a quantitative approach (80.2%), related to the interventions carried out in the Region of the Americas (54.6%) and the European Region (23.1%) predominated. For the most part, they are interventions as programs (70.2%), interested in evaluating results (73.5%) from the value judgment (83.4%). Prevalence of interventions focused on efficacy, effects or impact, and activities carried out on interventions were focused on physical activity, healthy eating, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, and use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs. They are worked through activities of clinical monitoring, health promotion and disease prevention.

Conclusion:

the evidence indicates that the evaluations of health interventions in the school focus the results produced in programs through the judgment of value. The topics most addressed were healthy eating, physical activity, prevention of alcohol and other drugs, among others.

Descriptors:
Health; Education; Health Services Research; School Health Services; Program Evaluation; Evaluation Studies

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

identificar y analizar las evidencias disponibles sobre las estrategias utilizadas en los estudios de evaluación de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela.

Método:

revisión integradora con búsqueda en la LILACS, CINAHL, CUIDEN, ScienceDirect y PubMed. A partir de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión predefinidos fueron elegidos 121 artículos para componer la muestra.

Resultados:

predominaron estudios en el idioma inglés (97,5%), con enfoque cuantitativo (80,2%), referente a las intervenciones ejecutadas en la Región de las Américas (54,6%) y Europea (23,1%). En su mayor parte, son intervenciones en formato de programas (70,2%), interesadas en evaluar resultados (73,5%) a partir del juicio de valor (83,4%). Prevalecieron intervenciones con foco en eficacia, en los efectos o en el impacto y las actividades realizadas en las intervenciones estaban dirigidas para actividades físicas, alimentación sana, salud sexual y reproductiva, salud mental y uso del tabaco, álcohol y otras drogas. Esas son trabajadas a través de actividades de acompañamento clínico, promoción de la salud y prevención de enfermedades.

Conclusión:

las evidencias apuntan que las evaluaciones de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela focalizan los resultados producidos en programas mediante el juicio de valor. Los temas más abordados fueron alimentación sana, actividad física, prevención al uso de álcohol y otras drogas, entre otros.

Descriptores:
Salud; Educación; Investigación en Servicios de Salud; Servicios de Salud Escolar; Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud; Estudios de Evaluación

Introdução

A oferta de educação igualitária e equitativa em todo o planeta tem sido uma das bandeiras levantadas por organizações internacionais ao incentivar para que crianças e adolescentes estejam inseridas nas escolas. Somado a isso, é também necessário que intervenções de saúde sejam desenvolvidas de modo que estes indivíduos não tenham o processo educativo interrompido sob influência de doenças e outros agravos à saúde11 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Reducing global poverty through universal primary and secondary education. UNESCO. [Internet]. 2017 Jun [cited Jul 2, 2017];32(44):1-16. Available from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002503/250392E.pdf
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/00...
.

Nesses espaços é possível contribuir com o desenvolvimento dos educandos através de intervenções que subsidiem o sucesso educacional mediante a oferta de cuidados que possivelmente não são vivenciados na escola. A ausência de intervenções de saúde escolar somada às situações comprometedoras (doenças e/ou agravos) prevalentes nas escolas dificulta o processo de aprendizagem, em que se faz necessário proporcionar a atenção contínua à saúde do público infantojuvenil no ambiente escolar22 Chidiebere ODI, Thomas UO, Joy E, Stanley OK, Ikenna NK, Uchenna E, et al. The Status of School Health Services: A Comparative Study of Primary Schools in a Developing Country. Am J Public Health Res. 2016;4(2):42-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-4-2-1
https://doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-4-2-1...
.

Em 1995, a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) incentivou o desenvolvimento da estratégia mundial de Escolas Promotoras de Saúde, que se caracteriza pela busca constante de fortalecer a capacidade de promoção de uma vida saudável, com incentivo ao aprendizado e condições de trabalho, para responder às necessidades de saúde da comunidade escolar33 World Health Organization. Health Promoting School: an effective approach for early action on NCD risk factors. WHO. [Internet]. 2017 [cited Jul 2, 2017]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255625/1/WHO-NMH-PND-17.3-eng.pdf?ua=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665...
.

Sob essa influência e fundamentados na Carta de Ottawa, resultado da Primeira Conferência Internacional sobre Promoção da Saúde, realizada no ano de 1986, grupos de discussões foram criados para incentivar o desenvolvimento de estratégias de promoção da saúde nos espaços escolares, a exemplo da Rede Europeia de Escolas Promotoras de Saúde e da Rede Latino-Americana de Escolas Promotoras de Saúde44 Silva CS, Bodstein RCA. A theoretical framework on intersectoral practice in School Health Promotion. Cienc Saúde Coletiva. 2016 Jun; 21(6):1777-88. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015216.08522016
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015216...
.

Este fato contribuiu para que diversas experiências fossem criadas em todo o planeta. No entanto, por se tratarem de países com características contextuais diversificadas de cunho econômico, político, cultural, entre outros, há que se considerar que essas intervenções podem ser executadas fundamentadas em diferentes objetivos. Além disso, podem ser encontradas dificuldades e desafios em suas implementações requerendo a necessidade de serem desenvolvidos processos avaliativos que busquem aprimorá-las.

Isto é possível, visto que a avaliação tem sido considerada como um importante instrumento de auxílio à gestão das intervenções de saúde na busca por melhores respostas aos serviços decorrentes de aprimoramento, resolutividade e melhor qualidade55 Tanaka OY, Drumond M Jr, Cristo EB, Spedo SM, Pinto NRS. Cluster analysis as a tool for management improvement in the SUS. Saúde Soc. [Internet]. 2015 Mar [cited Jul 14, 2017];24(1):34-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902015000100003
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902015...
.

As avaliações das intervenções de saúde na escola têm sido realizadas e envolvido determinadas temáticas, como a prevenção da depressão e ansiedade66 Werner-Seidler A, Perry Y, Calear AL, Newby JM, Christensen H. School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017 Feb; 51:30-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.00...
, a oferta de atividades físicas aos estudantes77 Mei H, Xiong Y, Xie S, Guo S, Li Y, Guo B, et al. The impact of long-term school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index of primary school children - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16:205. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2829-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2829-...
e a prevenção de drogas entre escolares88 Flynn AB, Falco M, Hocini S. Independent Evaluation of Middle School-Based Drug Prevention Curricula A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Nov; 169(11):1046-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1736
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2...
. Não foram encontrados estudos que sintetizam de forma abrangente as avaliações das intervenções de saúde na escola no mundo e sobre suas diversas temáticas.

Tem-se como proposta sintetizar os estudos que realizaram avaliações das intervenções de saúde na escola para que possam ser identificadas suas estratégias utilizadas e se conhecer a diversidade de intervenções direcionadas a esse espaço. Isto contribuirá para que outras pesquisas sejam realizadas a partir dos achados aqui apresentados.

O estudo avança no conhecimento à medida em que apresenta as evidências sobre estratégias utilizadas nas avaliações das interveções de saúde na escola possibilitando que outras intervenções de saúde no âmbito escolar também sejam avaliadas.

As avaliações devem ser realizadas pela gestão e pelos profissionais de saúde e de educação para contribuir com a promoção da saúde na escola. Observa-se pelas atividades desenvolvidas no contidiano que o enfermeiro realiza intervenções em âmbito escolar de forma contínua.

Considerou-se como intervenção as ações ou atividades de saúde executadas na escola, a exemplo das políticas, programas, projetos, serviços e sistemas. Por avaliações, entende-se os processos decisórios que auxiliam no aprimoramento das intervenções de saúde na escola. Há, portanto, íntima relação entre as duas, posto que é inviável avaliar intervenções sem conhecer sua organização.

Diante dessas informações, tem-se como objetivos: identificar e analisar as evidências disponíveis sobre as estratégias utilizadas nos estudos de avaliação das intervenções de saúde na escola.

Método

A estratégia metodológica elegida para responder ao objetivo proposto foi a revisão integrativa da literatura. Consiste em uma metodologia ampla de análise de pesquisas para sintetizar conhecimento sobre determinado tema. A elaboração de um estudo dessa natureza perpassa por cinco etapas, quais sejam: identificação do problema e elaboração da questão norteadora; busca dos estudos na literatura; avaliação de dados encontrados nos estudos; análise de dados com síntese e conclusões destes; e apresentação da revisão integrativa99 Hopia H, Latvala E, Liimatainen L. Reviewing the methodology of an integrative review. Scand J Caring Sci. [Internet]. 2016 Dec [cited Jul 14, 2017];30(4):662-9. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/scs.12327/epdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11...
.

Um protocolo foi construído pelos pesquisadores para guiar a construção do estudo. A questão norteadora foi elaborada com auxílio da estratégia PICO1010 Santos CMC, Pimenta CAM, Nobre MRC. The PICO strategy for the research question construction and evidence search. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2007 Jun; 15(3):508-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000300023
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200700...
(P: intervenções de saúde na escola; I: estudos de avaliação; C: não se aplica; O: estratégias utilizadas). Quais as evidências disponíveis sobre as estratégias utilizadas nos estudos de avaliação das intervenções de saúde na escola?

A busca dos estudos foi realizada no mês de maio de 2017 através do Portal de Periódicos da Capes com acesso por meio da Comunidade Acadêmica Federada (CAFe) à qual os pesquisadores estão vinculados. Os estudos foram selecionados nas bases de dados eletrônicas Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Base de Datos Bibliográfica de la Fundación Index (CUIDEN), ScienceDirect e US National Library of Medicine(PubMed).

Para proceder com a busca, utilizaram-se Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) para as bases de dados em língua portuguesa e espanhola e os Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) correspondentes para a busca nas bases eletrônicas em língua inglesa. Utilizaram-se os operadores boleanos AND e OR para cruzar os descritores da seguinte forma: “Serviços de Saúde Escolar AND Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde OR Avaliação de Serviços de Saúde”, “Servicios de Salud Escolar AND Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud OR Evaluación de Servicios de Salud” e “School Health Services AND Program Evaluation OR Health Services Research”.

Os critérios de inclusão consistiram em artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, disponíveis para acesso gratuito, na íntegra, em idiomas inglês, espanhol e português, que abordassem a temática proposta. Excluíram-se editoriais, cartas ao editor, estudos de revisão, teses, dissertações, artigos repetidos e estudos que não correspondessem à temática relevante ao alcance do objetivo da revisão.

A busca e a seleção dos estudos foram realizadas por dois pesquisadores, simultaneamente. Quando em situação de divergência, buscou-se um consenso com a participação de um pesquisador auxiliar. O processo de busca e seleção dos estudos seguiu as recomendações PRISMA1111 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul; 6(7):e1000097. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
e está representado na Figura 1.

Figura 1
Fluxograma de identificação do processo de seleção dos estudos selecionados para compor a revisão integrativa. Natal, RN, Brasil, 2017

A busca inicial em cada base de dados, a partir da utilização dos cruzamentos dos termos de busca, foi precedida por seu refinamento (acesso online gratuito e publicação nos últimos cinco anos) em cada uma das bases eletrônicas a partir da utilização das ferramentas disponíveis nos portais eletrônicos. Na sequência, foi realizada a leitura dos títulos e resumos perfazendo um quantitativo de 124 estudos em todas as bases eletrônicas. Também foram excluídos os estudos repetidos, em que a amostra final resultou em 121 artigos.

A análise dos estudos selecionados foi realizada com base nas variáveis pré-selecionadas na construção do protocolo. Para organizá-las, utilizou-se uma planilha criada no Software Microsoft Excel contendo os seguintes itens: base de dados; periódico; idioma; ano de publicação; abordagem metodológica utilizada; localização geográfica onde a intervenção foi executada segundo a classificação da OMS; tipo de intervenção; dimensão da intervenção avaliada (estrutura, processo e resultado) conforme referencial teórico de Avedis Donabedian1212 Donabedian A. Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care. Milbank Q. [Internet]. 2005 [cited Jul 3, 2017];83(4):691-729. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690293/pdf/milq0083-0397.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
; nível de avaliação (descrição, medida, julgamento, negociação) conforme classificação identificada no estudo de Furtado1313 Furtado JP. A Constructivist method for health evaluation. Cienc Saúde Coletiva. 2001 Jan-Jun; 6(1):165-81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232001000100014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232001...
; tipo de avaliação, além de descrição das temáticas e características da intervenção.

A análise e discussão dos resultados pautou-se na literatura nacional e internacional sobre a saúde escolar e avaliação em saúde.

Resultados

A caracterização dos estudos selecionados1414 Seo DC, King MH, Kin N, Sovinski D, Meade R, Lederer AM. Predictors for moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity during an 18-month coordinated school health intervention. Prev Med. 2013; 57(5):466-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06....

15 Cradock AL, Barrett JL, Carter J, McHugh A, Sproul J, Russo ET, et al. Impact of the Boston Active School Day policy to promote physical activity among children. Am J Health Promot. 2014 Jan-Feb; 28(3 Suppl):S54-64. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130430-QUAN-204
http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130430-QU...

16 Turhan A, Onrust SA, Klooster PM, Pieterse ME. A school-based programme for tabacco and alcohol prevention in special education: effectiveness of the modified 'healthy school and drugs' intervention and moderation by school subtype. Addiction. 2017; 112(3):533-43. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13672
https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13672...

17 Onge JRS, Stephenson R, Kumar BS. Validation of the FRIENDS Anxiety Prevention Program for Children in Canada. Can J Commun Ment Health. 2016; 35(3):25-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2016-036
https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2016-036...

18 Loosier PS, Doll S, Lepar D, Ward K, Gamble G, Dittus PJ. Effectiveness of an Adaptation of the Project Connect Health Systems Intervention: Youth and Clinic-Level Findings. J Sch Health. 2016 Aug; 86(8):595-603. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12414
https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12414...

19 Avci D, Kelleci M. Effects of the Anger Coping Programme based on cognitive behavioural techniques on adolescents' anger, aggression and psychological symptoms. Int J Nurs Pract. 2016 Apr; 22(2):189-96. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12410
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12410...

20 Lwin MO, Malik S, Chua TSJ, Chee TS, Tan YS. Intergenerational transfer of blood pressure knowledge and screening: a school-based hypertension awareness program in Singapore. Glob Health Promot. 2016 Mar; 23(1):27-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975914555730
https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975914555730...

21 Zhou WJ, Xu XL, Li G, Sharma M, Qie YL, Zhao Y. Effectiveness of a school-based nutrition and food safety education program among primary and junior high school students in Chongqing, China. Glob Health Promot. 2016 Mar; 23(1):37-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975914552914
https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975914552914...

22 Bhave S, Pandit A, Yeravdekar R, Madkaikar V, Chinchwade T, Shaikh N, et al. Effectiveness of a 5-year school-based intervention programme to reduce adiposity and improve fitness and lifestyle in Indian children; the SYM-KEM study. Arch Dis Child. 2016 Jan; 101(1):33-41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308673
https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-201...

23 Tatsuo A, Chiaki Y, Yuki S, Yuya S, Yasuteru I, Akiko I, et al. Stroke Education Program of Act FAST for Junior High School Students and Their Parents. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014 May-Jun; 23(5):1040-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.08.021
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecereb...

24 Giuseppe G, Giulia C, Sandra B, Marco T, Claudia M, Simone S, et al. Effectiveness of a school-based multi-component smoking prevention intervention: The LdP cluster randomized controlled trial. Prev Med. 2014 Apr; 61:6-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01....

25 Rito AI, Carvalho MA, Ramos C, Breda J. Program Obesity Zero (POZ) - a community-based intervention to address overweight primary-school children from five Portuguese municipalities. Public Health Nutr. 2013 Jun; 16(6):1043-51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013000244
https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001300024...

26 Griswold CH, Nasso JT, Swider S, Ellison BR, Griswold DL, Brooks M. The Prenatal Care at School Program. J Sch Health. 2013 Jun; 29(3):196-203. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840512466111
https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840512466111...

27 Matsuyama Y, Aida J, Taura K, Kimoto K, Ando Y, Aoyama H, et al. School-Based Fluoride Mouth-Rinse Program Dissemination Associated With Decreasing Dental Caries Inequalities Between Japanese Prefectures: An Ecological Study. J Epidemiol. 2016 Nov; 26(11):563-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20150255
https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20150255...

28 Maatoug J, Msakni Z, Zammit N, Bhiri S, Harrabi I, Boughammoura L, et al. School-Based Intervention as a Component of a Comprehensive Community Program for Overweight and Obesity Prevention, Sousse, Tunisia, 2009-2014. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015 Sep; 12:e160. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140518
https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140518...

29 Brinker TJ, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Seeger W, Klingelhöfer D, Groneberg DA. Education Against Tobacco (EAT): a quasi-experimental prospective evaluation of a multinational medical-student-delivered smoking prevention programme for secondary schools in Germany. BMJ Open. 2015; 5(9):e008093. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008093
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008...

30 Langley AK, Gonzalez A, Sugar CA, Solis D, Jaycox L. Bounce back: Effectiveness of an elementary school-based intervention for multicultural children exposed to traumatic events. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2015; 83(5):853-65. doi: http://x.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000051
https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000051...

31 Strøm HK, Adolfsen F, Handegård BH, Natvig H, Eisemann M, Martinussen M, et al. Preventing alcohol use with a universal school-based intervention: results from an effectiveness study. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15:337. oi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1704-7
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-170...

32 Kilanowski JF, Gordon NH. Making a Difference in Migrant Summer School: Testing a Healthy Weight Intervention. Public Health Nurs. 2015; 32(5):421-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phn.12175
https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12175...

33 Kintner EK, Cook G, Marti CN, Allen A, Stoddard D, Harmon P, et al. Effectiveness of a school- and community-based academic asthma health education program on use of effective asthma self-care behaviors in older school-age students. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2015; 20(1):62-75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12099
https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12099...

34 Kintner EK, Cook G, Marti CN, Gomes M, Meeder L, Van Egeren LA. Effectiveness of a school-based academic asthma health education and counseling program on fostering acceptance of asthma in older school-age students with asthma. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2015; 20(1):49-61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12098
https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12098...

35 Nieri T, Apkarian J, Kulis S, Marsiglia FF. Effects of a youth substance use prevention program on stealing, fighting, and weapon use. J Prim Prev. 2015; 36(1):41-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0373-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0373-...

36 Thakore RV, Apfeld JC, Johnson RK, Sathiyakumar V, Jahangir AA, Sethi MK. School-based violence prevention strategy: a pilot evaluation. J Inj Violence Res. 2015; 7(2):45-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v7i2.565
https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v7i2.565...

37 Vander Ploeg KA, Maximova K, McGavock J, Davis W, Veugelers P. Do school-based physical activity interventions increase or reduce inequalities in health? Soc Sci Med. 2014; 112:80-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014...

38 Stölzel F, Seidel N, Uhmann S, Baumann M, Berth H, Hoyer J, et al. Be smart against cancer! A school-based program covering cancer-related risk behavior. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14:392. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-392
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-392...

39 Wang B, Deveaux L, Knowles V, Koci V, Rolle G, Lunn S, et al. Fidelity of implementation of an evidence-based HIV prevention program among Bahamian sixth grade students. Prev Sci. 2015; 16(1):110-21. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-014-0486-y
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40 McNaughton DB, Cowell JM, Fogg L. Efficacy of a Latino mother-child communication intervention in elementary schools. J Sch Nurs. 2014; 31(2):126-34. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840514526997
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119 Schneider M, DeBar L, Calingo A, Hall W, Hindes K, Sleigh A, et al. The effect of a communications campaign on middle school students' nutrition and physical activity: results of the HEALTHY study. J Health Commun. 2013; 18(6):649-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.743627
https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.74...

120 Pbert L, Druker S, Gapinski MA, Gellar L, Magner R, Reed G, et al. A school nurse-delivered intervention for overweight and obese adolescents. J Sch Health. 2013; 83(3):182-93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12014
https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12014...

121 Safdie M, Lévesque L, González CI, Salvo D, Islas A, Hernández CS, et al. Promoting healthful diet and physical activity in the Mexican school system for the prevention of obesity in children. Salud Publica Mex. [Internet]. 2013 [cited Jul 29, 2017];55(3):357-63. Available from: http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/spm/v55s3/v55s3a3.pdf
http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/spm/v55s3/v5...

122 Zhang C, Mosa AJ, Hayward AS, Matthews SA. Promoting clean hands among children in Uganda: a school-based intervention using 'tippy-taps'. Public Health. 2013; 127(6):586-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.10.020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.10.0...

123 Oscós-Sánchez MÁ, Lesser J, Oscós-Flores LD. High school students in a health career promotion program report fewer acts of aggression and violence. J Adolesc Health. 2013; 52(1):96-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.04.006
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124 Isensee B, Hansen J, Maruska K, Hanewinkel R. Effects of a school-based prevention programme on smoking in early adolescence: a 6-month follow-up of the 'Eigenstandig werden' cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jul 29, 2017];39(3):336-5. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0163278715588825
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125 Cunningham-Sabo L, Lohse B. Cooking with Kids positively affects fourth graders' vegetable preferences and attitudes and self-efficacy for food and cooking. Child Obes. 2013; 9(6):549-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2013.0076
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126 Kansagra SM, Papadouka V, Geevarughese A, Hansen MA, Konty KJ, Zucker JR. Reaching children never previously vaccinated for influenza through a school-located vaccination program. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104(1):45-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301671
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127 Ramos P, Pasarín MI, Artazcoz L, Díez E, Juárez O, González I. Healthy and participative schools: evaluation of a public health strategy. Gac Sanit. 2013; 27(2):104-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2012.04.002
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128 Alvirde U, Aguilar SCA, Gómez PFJ, Henao MS, Rodríguez AJG. Results of a community based life style intervention program for children. Salud Publica Mex. [Internet]. 2013 [cited Jul 29, 2017];55(3)406-14. Available from: http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/spm/v55s3/v55s3a7.pdf
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129 Serowoky, ML, George N, Yarandi H. Using the Program Logic Model to Evaluate ¡Cuídate!: A Sexual Health Program for Latino Adolescents in a School-Based Health Center. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2015; 12(5):297-305. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12110
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130 Nabors L, Burbage M, Woodson KD, Swoboda C. Implementation of an after-school obesity prevention program: helping young children toward improved health. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 2015; 38(1):22-38. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01460862.2014.973081
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131 Sidhu AK, Sussman S, Tewari A, Bassi S, Arora M. Project EX-India: A classroom-based tobacco use prevention and cessation intervention program. Addict Behav. 2016; 53:53-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09.005
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132 Biddle VS, Kern J, Brent DA, Thurkettle MA, Puskar KR, Sekula L, et al. Student assistance program outcomes for students at risk for suicide. J Sch Nurs. 2014; 30(3):173-86. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840514525968
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133 Primack BA, Douglas EL, Land SR, Miller E, Fine MJ. Comparison of media literacy and usual education to prevent tobacco use: a cluster-randomized trial. J Sch Health. 2014; 84(2):106-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12130
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-134134 Sussman AL, Montoya C, Werder O, Davis S, Wallerstein N, Kong AS. Evaluation of an intervention providing HPV vaccine in schools. Am J Health Behav. 2014; 38(1):92-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.38.1.10
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inseridos na revisão integrativa está apresentada a seguir. Na Tabela 1, observa-se informações referentes ao ano e idioma de publicação, aborgadem utilizada nessas pesquisas e local de execução das intervenções.

Tabela 1
Caracterização dos estudos quanto ao ano, idioma, aborgadem e local da intervenção. Natal, RN, Brasil, 2017

Cabe salientar que o menor percentual de estudos publicados no ano de 2017 explica-se em razão de a coleta de dados ter sido realizada com o ano ainda em curso.

Informações referentes à classificação do tipo de intervenção, dimensão avaliativa proposta e nível de avaliação realizada estão expostas na Tabela 2.

Tabela 2
Caracterização dos estudos quanto ao tipo de intervenção, dimensão avaliada e nível de avaliação realizado. Natal, RN, Brasil, 2017

Também foi possível descrever as intervenções quanto às temáticas, características e tipologias de avaliações propostas em suas metodologias, conforme estão apresentados na Figura 2.

Dessa forma, os dados mostram que, dentre os tipos de avaliação encontradas, a avaliação de efeitos, eficácia e impacto foram as mais prevalentes.

Percebe-se que intervenções de diversas temáticas têm sido executadas no ambiente escolar, sejam elas de forma de uma temática mais ampla, como é o caso das atividades que objetivam incentivar estilos de vida mais saudáveis, ou de temáticas mais específicas, como é o caso das que buscam prevenir a ocorrência de acidentes entre os educandos.

Figura 2
Caracterização dos estudos de avaliação das intervenções de saúde na escola. Natal, RN, Brasil, 2017

Essas temáticas são trabalhadas com a comunidade escolar por meio de estratégias que abordam o acompanhamento clínico contínuo dos educandos2525 Rito AI, Carvalho MA, Ramos C, Breda J. Program Obesity Zero (POZ) - a community-based intervention to address overweight primary-school children from five Portuguese municipalities. Public Health Nutr. 2013 Jun; 16(6):1043-51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013000244
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-2626 Griswold CH, Nasso JT, Swider S, Ellison BR, Griswold DL, Brooks M. The Prenatal Care at School Program. J Sch Health. 2013 Jun; 29(3):196-203. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840512466111
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,3030 Langley AK, Gonzalez A, Sugar CA, Solis D, Jaycox L. Bounce back: Effectiveness of an elementary school-based intervention for multicultural children exposed to traumatic events. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2015; 83(5):853-65. doi: http://x.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000051
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,4646 George MW, Trumpeter NN, Wilson DK, McDaniel HL, Schiele B, Prinz R, et al. Feasibility and preliminary outcomes from a pilot study of an integrated health-mental health promotion program in school mental health services. Fam Comm Health. 2014; 37(1):19-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000012
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-4747 Johnson C, Majzoub K, Lyons S, Martirosyan K, Tattersall P. Eyes That Thrive in School: A Program to Support Vision Treatment Plans at School. J Sch Health. 2016; 86(5):391-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12387
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,6363 Wang LY, Vernon-Smiley M, Gapinski MA, Desisto M, Maughan E, Sheetz A. Cost-benefit study of school nursing services. JAMA Pediatr. 2014; 168(7):642-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.5441
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,7474 Corriveau N, Eagle T, Jiang Q, Rogers R, Gurm R, Aaronson S, et al. Sustained Benefit Over Four-Year Follow-Up of Michigan's Project Healthy Schools. Am J Public Health. 2015; 105(12):e19-e25. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302835
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,7878 Madsen KA, Cotterman C, Crawford P, Stevelos J, Archibald A. Effect of the Healthy Schools Program on prevalence of overweight and obesity in California schools, 2006-2012. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015; 12:e77. doi: https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.150020
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,9494 Bannink R, Broeren S, Heydelberg J, Klooster E, Baar C, Raat H. Your Health, an intervention at senior vocational schools to promote adolescents' health and health behaviors. Health Educ Res. 2014; 29(5):773-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyu038
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-9595 Parsons WG, Garcia GM, Hoffman PK. Evaluating School Wellness Policy in Curbing Childhood Obesity in Anchorage, Alaska. J Sch Nurs. 2013; 30(5):324-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840513513155
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,108108 Marsiglia FF, Kulis SS, Booth JM, Nuño-Gutierrez BL, Robbins DE. Long-term effects of the keepin' it REAL model program in Mexico: substance use trajectories of Guadalajara middle school students. J Prim Prev. 2015; 36(2):93-104. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0380-1
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,132132 Biddle VS, Kern J, Brent DA, Thurkettle MA, Puskar KR, Sekula L, et al. Student assistance program outcomes for students at risk for suicide. J Sch Nurs. 2014; 30(3):173-86. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840514525968
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, perpassando por atividades deprevenção dos problemas de saúde5252 Moodley N, Gray G, Bertram M. Projected economic evaluation of the national implementation of a hypothetical HIV vaccination program among adolescents in South Africa, 2012. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16:330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2959-3
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,6868 Plaspohl SS, Dixon BT, Streater JA, Hausauer ET, Newman CP, Vogel RL. Impact of School Flu Vaccine Program on Student Absences. J Sch Nurs. 2013; 30(1):75-80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840513487750
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,9090 Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. Process evaluation of a national school-based iron supplementation program for adolescent girls in Iran. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14:959. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-959
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,9292 Stubbs BW, Panozzo CA, Moss JL, Reiter PL, Whitesell DH, Brewer NT. Evaluation of an intervention providing HPV vaccine in schools. Am J Health Behav. 2014; 38(1):92-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.38.1.10
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,9797 Konishi C, Saewyc E, Homma Y, Poon C. Population-level evaluation of school-based interventions to prevent problem substance use among gay, lesbian and bisexual adolescents in Canada. Prev Med. 2013; 57(6):929-33. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ypmed.2013.06.031,126126 Kansagra SM, Papadouka V, Geevarughese A, Hansen MA, Konty KJ, Zucker JR. Reaching children never previously vaccinated for influenza through a school-located vaccination program. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104(1):45-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301671
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, disponibilização de recursos nos espaços escolares como forma de incentivo à mudança de hábitos1515 Cradock AL, Barrett JL, Carter J, McHugh A, Sproul J, Russo ET, et al. Impact of the Boston Active School Day policy to promote physical activity among children. Am J Health Promot. 2014 Jan-Feb; 28(3 Suppl):S54-64. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130430-QUAN-204
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,1919 Avci D, Kelleci M. Effects of the Anger Coping Programme based on cognitive behavioural techniques on adolescents' anger, aggression and psychological symptoms. Int J Nurs Pract. 2016 Apr; 22(2):189-96. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12410
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,2727 Matsuyama Y, Aida J, Taura K, Kimoto K, Ando Y, Aoyama H, et al. School-Based Fluoride Mouth-Rinse Program Dissemination Associated With Decreasing Dental Caries Inequalities Between Japanese Prefectures: An Ecological Study. J Epidemiol. 2016 Nov; 26(11):563-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20150255
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,5454 Safdie M, Cargo M, Richard L, Lévesque L. An ecological and theoretical deconstruction of a school-based obesity prevention program in Mexico. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014; 11:103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0103-2
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,7171 Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Plotnikoff RC, Dally KA, Okely AD, Salmon J, et al. Assessing the sustained impact of a school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent boys: the ATLAS cluster randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016;13:92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0420-8
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,100100 Kiviruusu O, Björklund K, Koskinen HL, Liski A, Lindblom J, Kuoppamäki H et al. Short-term effects of the "Together at School" intervention program on children's socio-emotional skills: a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychol. 2016; 4(1):27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0133-4
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,121121 Safdie M, Lévesque L, González CI, Salvo D, Islas A, Hernández CS, et al. Promoting healthful diet and physical activity in the Mexican school system for the prevention of obesity in children. Salud Publica Mex. [Internet]. 2013 [cited Jul 29, 2017];55(3):357-63. Available from: http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/spm/v55s3/v55s3a3.pdf
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,129129 Serowoky, ML, George N, Yarandi H. Using the Program Logic Model to Evaluate ¡Cuídate!: A Sexual Health Program for Latino Adolescents in a School-Based Health Center. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2015; 12(5):297-305. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12110
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, execução de atividades educativas com estudantes e demais membros da comunidade escolar1414 Seo DC, King MH, Kin N, Sovinski D, Meade R, Lederer AM. Predictors for moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity during an 18-month coordinated school health intervention. Prev Med. 2013; 57(5):466-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.024
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15 Cradock AL, Barrett JL, Carter J, McHugh A, Sproul J, Russo ET, et al. Impact of the Boston Active School Day policy to promote physical activity among children. Am J Health Promot. 2014 Jan-Feb; 28(3 Suppl):S54-64. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130430-QUAN-204
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16 Turhan A, Onrust SA, Klooster PM, Pieterse ME. A school-based programme for tabacco and alcohol prevention in special education: effectiveness of the modified 'healthy school and drugs' intervention and moderation by school subtype. Addiction. 2017; 112(3):533-43. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13672
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17 Onge JRS, Stephenson R, Kumar BS. Validation of the FRIENDS Anxiety Prevention Program for Children in Canada. Can J Commun Ment Health. 2016; 35(3):25-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2016-036
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18 Loosier PS, Doll S, Lepar D, Ward K, Gamble G, Dittus PJ. Effectiveness of an Adaptation of the Project Connect Health Systems Intervention: Youth and Clinic-Level Findings. J Sch Health. 2016 Aug; 86(8):595-603. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12414
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19 Avci D, Kelleci M. Effects of the Anger Coping Programme based on cognitive behavioural techniques on adolescents' anger, aggression and psychological symptoms. Int J Nurs Pract. 2016 Apr; 22(2):189-96. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12410
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20 Lwin MO, Malik S, Chua TSJ, Chee TS, Tan YS. Intergenerational transfer of blood pressure knowledge and screening: a school-based hypertension awareness program in Singapore. Glob Health Promot. 2016 Mar; 23(1):27-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975914555730
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21 Zhou WJ, Xu XL, Li G, Sharma M, Qie YL, Zhao Y. Effectiveness of a school-based nutrition and food safety education program among primary and junior high school students in Chongqing, China. Glob Health Promot. 2016 Mar; 23(1):37-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975914552914
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22 Bhave S, Pandit A, Yeravdekar R, Madkaikar V, Chinchwade T, Shaikh N, et al. Effectiveness of a 5-year school-based intervention programme to reduce adiposity and improve fitness and lifestyle in Indian children; the SYM-KEM study. Arch Dis Child. 2016 Jan; 101(1):33-41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308673
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23 Tatsuo A, Chiaki Y, Yuki S, Yuya S, Yasuteru I, Akiko I, et al. Stroke Education Program of Act FAST for Junior High School Students and Their Parents. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014 May-Jun; 23(5):1040-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.08.021
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,2727 Matsuyama Y, Aida J, Taura K, Kimoto K, Ando Y, Aoyama H, et al. School-Based Fluoride Mouth-Rinse Program Dissemination Associated With Decreasing Dental Caries Inequalities Between Japanese Prefectures: An Ecological Study. J Epidemiol. 2016 Nov; 26(11):563-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20150255
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28 Maatoug J, Msakni Z, Zammit N, Bhiri S, Harrabi I, Boughammoura L, et al. School-Based Intervention as a Component of a Comprehensive Community Program for Overweight and Obesity Prevention, Sousse, Tunisia, 2009-2014. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015 Sep; 12:e160. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140518
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,3232 Kilanowski JF, Gordon NH. Making a Difference in Migrant Summer School: Testing a Healthy Weight Intervention. Public Health Nurs. 2015; 32(5):421-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phn.12175
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33 Kintner EK, Cook G, Marti CN, Allen A, Stoddard D, Harmon P, et al. Effectiveness of a school- and community-based academic asthma health education program on use of effective asthma self-care behaviors in older school-age students. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2015; 20(1):62-75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12099
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34 Kintner EK, Cook G, Marti CN, Gomes M, Meeder L, Van Egeren LA. Effectiveness of a school-based academic asthma health education and counseling program on fostering acceptance of asthma in older school-age students with asthma. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2015; 20(1):49-61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12098
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35 Nieri T, Apkarian J, Kulis S, Marsiglia FF. Effects of a youth substance use prevention program on stealing, fighting, and weapon use. J Prim Prev. 2015; 36(1):41-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0373-0
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36 Thakore RV, Apfeld JC, Johnson RK, Sathiyakumar V, Jahangir AA, Sethi MK. School-based violence prevention strategy: a pilot evaluation. J Inj Violence Res. 2015; 7(2):45-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v7i2.565
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37 Vander Ploeg KA, Maximova K, McGavock J, Davis W, Veugelers P. Do school-based physical activity interventions increase or reduce inequalities in health? Soc Sci Med. 2014; 112:80-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.032
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38 Stölzel F, Seidel N, Uhmann S, Baumann M, Berth H, Hoyer J, et al. Be smart against cancer! A school-based program covering cancer-related risk behavior. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14:392. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-392
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39 Wang B, Deveaux L, Knowles V, Koci V, Rolle G, Lunn S, et al. Fidelity of implementation of an evidence-based HIV prevention program among Bahamian sixth grade students. Prev Sci. 2015; 16(1):110-21. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-014-0486-y
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40 McNaughton DB, Cowell JM, Fogg L. Efficacy of a Latino mother-child communication intervention in elementary schools. J Sch Nurs. 2014; 31(2):126-34. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840514526997
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41 Pettigrew J, Graham JW, Miller-Day M, Hecht ML, Krieger JL, Shin YJ. Adherence and delivery: implementation quality and program outcomes for the seventh-grade keepin' it REAL program. Prev Sci. 2015;16(1):90-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-014-0459-1
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Discussão

O elevado número de estudos que integraram a revisão integrativa remete à possível preocupação dos pesquisadores em ofertar intervenções de qualidade no ambiente escolar, o que pode ser realizado quando são submetidas aos processos avaliativos. Observou-se, no entanto, um quantitativo menor de publicações nos dois últimos anos da análise, fato que pode ser explicado por ter sido incluído um ano ainda em curso no período de abrangência da revisão.

A predominância de estudos publicados na língua inglesa reflete o fato de ser esse um idioma amplamente disseminado no mundo. Sendo assim, foi considerado pelo meio científico como linguagem universal de modo a contribuir com a divulgação das publicações no mundo e assim promover melhor acesso135135 Drubin DG, Kellogg DR. English as the universal language of science: opportunities and challenges. Mol Biol Cell. 2012; 23(8):1399. doi: https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E12-02-0108
https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E12-02-0108...
.

Ao analisar os tipos de abordagens utilizadas nas pesquisas avaliativas de intervenções de saúde na escola, identificou-se que grande parte destas utilizou exclusivamente a abordagem quantitativa. De forma oposta estiveram aqueles que propuseram análises qualitativas. No entanto, esse tipo de pesquisa necessita da apropriação de diversos meios para a compreensão dos problemas, o que é possível com a integração destes dois tipos de abordagens136136 Tanaka OY, Tamaki EM. The role of evaluation in decision-making in the management of health services. Cien Saúde Coletiva. 2012 Apr; 17(4):821-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000400002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201200...
.

A observação de que houve maior predominância de estudos publicados na Região das Américas, principalmente nos Estados Unidos da América, e na Região Europeia, remete à compreensão de que as maiores potências econômicas mundiais estão aí localizadas e podem, consequentemente, dispor de maiores investimentos na execução de pesquisas. Diferentemente, ressalta-se que as regiões nas quais se encontram as nações com indicadores de desenvolvimento humano mais baixos também são as que tiveram quantidade reduzida de intervenções de saúde na escola realizadas.

De acordo com a classificação das intervenções proposta para análise, identificou-se que a maioria delas se refere a programas de melhoria à saúde dos estudantes. Por outro lado, há uma presença discreta de intervenções classificadas como sistemas que oportunizam a busca pela oferta de saúde aos educandos.

Prevalentemente foi identificado que a maior parte das pesquisas avaliativas buscava a realização de avaliações com foco nos resultados das intervenções. Ressalta-se, diante disso, a necessidade de atentar para o desenvolvimento dessas avaliações para que não se detenham apenas na presença ou ausência dos resultados trazidos pela intervenção, mas que busquem compreender os fatores que influenciaram nesse processo137137 Brousselle A, Champagne F. Program theory evaluation: Logic analysis. Eval Program Plann. 2011 Feb; 34(1):69-78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2010.04.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2...
. Considera-se ainda que, apesar de comumente encontrados estudos que tratam das avaliações dos resultados, a estrutura e o processo podem influenciar na apresentação do que se espera dessas intervenções1212 Donabedian A. Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care. Milbank Q. [Internet]. 2005 [cited Jul 3, 2017];83(4):691-729. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690293/pdf/milq0083-0397.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Por isso, cabe ressaltar a igual importância dessas dimensões em propostas de execução de atividades direcionadas aos espaços escolares.

Considerando o nível de avaliação das pesquisas realizadas, encontrou-se uma elevada quantidade de estudos que se detiveram a uma avaliação a nível de julgamento. Constata-se, dessa forma, que as avaliações de intervenções de saúde na escola superaram as avaliações de cunho descritivo e de medição ao realizarem um julgamento de valor. No entanto, observa-se ainda quantidade reduzida das avaliações que propõem um processo de negociação entre os envolvidos no ambiente escolar138138 Furtado JP, Vieira-da-Silva LM. The evaluation of health programs and services in Brazil as a space for knowledge and practice. Cad Saúde Pública. 2014 Dec; 30(12):2643-55. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00187113
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0018711...
.

Com isso, embora as nomenclaturas atribuídas às avaliações sejam diversificadas, elas podem ser realizadas de forma idêntica. Apesar disso, percebe-se que esses tipos de avaliações propostos almejam que as intervenções apresentem desempenho na busca por melhores resultados139139 Viacava F, Ugá MAD, Porto S, Laguardia J, Moreira RS. Evaluation of performance of health systems: a model for analysis. Cienc Saúde Coletiva. 2012 Apr; 17(4):921-34. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000400014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201200...
.

As avaliações encontradas também podem ter influência dos níveis de avaliação identificados a partir das gerações históricas. Conclui-se, dessa forma, em sua primeira geração, que as avaliações tinham um cunho descritivo. Na segunda geração das avaliações, observavam-se pesquisas que se propunham a medir desempenhos. A terceira geração detém de avaliações que buscam julgar o mérito das intervenções. Já na quarta geração, tem-se uma avaliação que preconiza o processo participativo de negociação entre os diferentes envolvidos na intervenção1313 Furtado JP. A Constructivist method for health evaluation. Cienc Saúde Coletiva. 2001 Jan-Jun; 6(1):165-81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232001000100014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232001...
.

A avaliação de quarta geração pode ser executada nas intervenções de saúde na escola, já que estas têm em suas propostas a realização de atividades que oportunizam a participação não somente dos educandos, como também de professores, outros trabalhadores da escola, profissionais de saúde, pais ou responsáveis pelos estudantes, assim como de representantes da comunidade nas quais as escolas estão inseridas140140 McIsaac J-LD, Penney TL, Ata N, Munro-Sigfridson L, Cunningham J, Veugelers PJ, et al. Evaluation of a health promoting schools program in a school board in Nova Scotia, Canada. Prev Med Rep. 2017; 5:279-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.01.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.01....
.

Tratando-se das temáticas nas quais essas intervenções se propuseram a executar, observaram-se resultados semelhantes em estudo realizado no Reino Unido abordando as estruturas das Escolas Promotoras de Saúde no mundo141141 Langford R, Bonell C, Jones H, Pouliou T, Murphy S, Waters E, et al. The World Health Organization's Health Promoting Schools framework: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15:130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1360-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1360-...
. Prevaleceram as seguintes temáticas de intervenções: atividades físicas; alimentação saudável; saúde sexual e reprodutiva; saúde mental; e uso do tabaco, álcool e outras drogas.

Quanto às características dessas intervenções, encontrou-se que além de acompanhamento contínuo dos estudantes, atividades preventivas, de promoção da saúde com a comunidade escolar e de utilização de rodas de conversa, tem-se a disponibilização de recursos para incentivar a mudança de hábitos. Essa última característica corrobora com o que foi encontrado em pesquisa realizada no Canadá, que refere a presença de objetos e alimentos como meio de incentivo à promoção de uma alimentação saudável e realização de atividades físicas142142 Kontak JCH, McIsaac J-LD, Penney TL, Kuhle S, Kirk SFL. The picture of health: examining school-based health environments through photographs. Health Promot Int. 2017; 32(2):322-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daw027
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daw027...
.

A diversidade de temáticas e características referentes às intervenções de saúde na escola avaliadas mostra-se imprescindível na mudança de hábitos para a vida dos estudantes e da comunidade onde residem. Isso é identificado em estudo que mostra que, embora pareçam pequenas ações diante da diversidade de necessidades encontradas, tais atividades são detentoras de grande importância à saúde da população141141 Langford R, Bonell C, Jones H, Pouliou T, Murphy S, Waters E, et al. The World Health Organization's Health Promoting Schools framework: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15:130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1360-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1360-...
.

Ressalta-se que as limitações para a realização desta pesquisa se referiram ao elevado número de estudos elegíveis para compor a revisão integrativa, embora os critérios escolhidos tenham sido delimitados. Ainda referente a isso, observa-se que a utilização de mais de um pesquisador para a análise dos dados pode influenciar nos resultados apresentados, embora estes tenham sido capacitados para a realização desta atividade.

Conclusões

As evidências encontradas nos estudos mostram que os programas de saúde na escola são as intervenções mais comumente avaliadas, principalmente a nível de julgamento de valor. Estas pesquisas se detêm, prevalentemente, a avaliarem os resultados produzidos pelas intervenções, o que é corroborado nas tipologias de impacto, efeitos, eficácia e resultados.

As temáticas dos estudos são relacionadas à alimentação saudável, atividade física, saúde mental, sexual e reprodutiva, além da prevenção ao cosumo do álcool, crack e outras drogas. São executadas mediante estratégias de acompanhamento clínico contínuo, promoção da saúde, prevenção de doenças e agravos à saúde e atividades em grupo que envolvem estudantes e demais membros da comunidade escolar.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    2018

Histórico

  • Recebido
    26 Ago 2017
  • Aceito
    04 Jan 2018
Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto / Universidade de São Paulo Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-902 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil, Tel.: +55 (16) 3315-3451 / 3315-4407 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rlae@eerp.usp.br