Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Estudios de evaluación de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela: revisión integradora de literatura

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

identificar y analizar las evidencias disponibles sobre las estrategias utilizadas en los estudios de evaluación de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela.

Método:

revisión integradora con búsqueda en la LILACS, CINAHL, CUIDEN, ScienceDirect y PubMed. A partir de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión predefinidos fueron elegidos 121 artículos para componer la muestra.

Resultados:

predominaron estudios en el idioma inglés (97,5%), con enfoque cuantitativo (80,2%), referente a las intervenciones ejecutadas en la Región de las Américas (54,6%) y Europea (23,1%). En su mayor parte, son intervenciones en formato de programas (70,2%), interesadas en evaluar resultados (73,5%) a partir del juicio de valor (83,4%). Prevalecieron intervenciones con foco en eficacia, en los efectos o en el impacto y las actividades realizadas en las intervenciones estaban dirigidas para actividades físicas, alimentación sana, salud sexual y reproductiva, salud mental y uso del tabaco, álcohol y otras drogas. Esas son trabajadas a través de actividades de acompañamento clínico, promoción de la salud y prevención de enfermedades.

Conclusión:

las evidencias apuntan que las evaluaciones de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela focalizan los resultados producidos en programas mediante el juicio de valor. Los temas más abordados fueron alimentación sana, actividad física, prevención al uso de álcohol y otras drogas, entre otros.

Descriptores:
Salud; Educación; Investigación en Servicios de Salud; Servicios de Salud Escolar; Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud; Estudios de Evaluación

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to identify and analyze the available evidence on the strategies used in the studies evaluating health interventions at school.

Method:

this is an integrative review searching in LILACS, CINAHL, CUIDEN, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. From the pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were 121 articles chosen to compose the sample.

Results:

english studies (97.5%), with a quantitative approach (80.2%), related to the interventions carried out in the Region of the Americas (54.6%) and the European Region (23.1%) predominated. For the most part, they are interventions as programs (70.2%), interested in evaluating results (73.5%) from the value judgment (83.4%). Prevalence of interventions focused on efficacy, effects or impact, and activities carried out on interventions were focused on physical activity, healthy eating, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, and use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs. They are worked through activities of clinical monitoring, health promotion and disease prevention.

Conclusion:

the evidence indicates that the evaluations of health interventions in the school focus the results produced in programs through the judgment of value. The topics most addressed were healthy eating, physical activity, prevention of alcohol and other drugs, among others.

Descriptors:
Health; Education; Health Services Research; School Health Services; Program Evaluation; Evaluation Studies

RESUMO

Objetivo:

identificar e analisar as evidências disponíveis sobre as estratégias utilizadas nos estudos de avaliação das intervenções de saúde na escola.

Método:

revisão integrativa com busca na LILACS, CINAHL, CUIDEN, ScienceDirect e PubMed. A partir dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão predefinidos foram relacionados 121 artigos para compor a amostra.

Resultados:

predominaram estudos no idioma inglês (97,5%), com abordagem quantitativa (80,2%), referente às intervenções executadas na Região das Américas (54,6%) e Europeia (23,1%). Em sua maior parte, tratam-se de intervenções em formato de programas (70,2%), interessadas em avaliar resultados (73,5%) a partir do julgamento de valor (83,4%). Prevaleceram intervenções com foco em eficácia, nos efeitos ou no impacto e as atividades realizadas nas intervenções estavam voltadas para atividades físicas, alimentação saudável, saúde sexual e reprodutiva, saúde mental e uso do tabaco, álcool e outras drogas. Estas são trabalhadas através de atividades de acompanhamento clínico, promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças.

Conclusão:

as evidências apontam que as avaliações das intervenções de saúde na escola focalizam os resultados produzidos em programas mediante o julgamento de valor. As temáticas mais abordadas foram alimentação saudável, atividade física, prevenção ao uso de álcool e outras drogas, entre outros.

Descritores:
Saúde; Educação; Avaliação de Serviços de Saúde; Serviços de Saúde Escolar; Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde; Estudos de Avaliação

Introducción

La oferta de educación igualitaria y equitativa en todo el planeta ha sido una de las banderas levantadas por organizaciones internacionales al incentivar con que niños y adolescentes esten inseridos en las escuelas. Sumado a eso, es también necesario que intervenciones de salud sean desarrolladas de modo que estos individuos no tengan el proceso educativo interrumpido sobre influencia de enfermedades y otros problemas a la salud11 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Reducing global poverty through universal primary and secondary education. UNESCO. [Internet]. 2017 Jun [cited Jul 2, 2017];32(44):1-16. Available from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002503/250392E.pdf
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/00...
.

Es en esos espacios que es posible contribuir con el desarrollo de los educandos a través de intervenciones que subsidien el suceso educacional mediante la oferta de cuidados que posiblemente no son vividos en la escuela. La ausencia de intervenciones de salud escolar sumada a las situaciones comprometedoras (enfermedades y/o problemas) prevalentes en las escuelas dificultan el proceso de aprendizaje, donde es necesario proporcionar la atención contínua a la salud del público infanto-juvenil en el ambiente escolar22 Chidiebere ODI, Thomas UO, Joy E, Stanley OK, Ikenna NK, Uchenna E, et al. The Status of School Health Services: A Comparative Study of Primary Schools in a Developing Country. Am J Public Health Res. 2016;4(2):42-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-4-2-1
https://doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-4-2-1...
.

En 1995, la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) incentivó el desarrollo de la estrategia mundial de Escuelas Promotoras de Salud, que se caracteriza por la búsqueda constante de fortalecer la capacidad de promoción de una vida sana, con incentivo al aprendizado y condiciones de trabajo, para responder a las necesidades de salud de la comunidad escolar33 World Health Organization. Health Promoting School: an effective approach for early action on NCD risk factors. WHO. [Internet]. 2017 [cited Jul 2, 2017]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255625/1/WHO-NMH-PND-17.3-eng.pdf?ua=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665...
.

Sobre esa influencia y fundamentados en la Carta de Ottawa, resultado de la Primera Conferencia Internacional sobre Promoción de la Salud, realizada en el año 1986, grupos de discusiones fueron criados para incentivar el desarrollo de estrategias de promoción de la salud en los espacios escolares, a ejemplo de la Red Europea de Escuelas Promotoras de Salud y de la Red Latino Americana de Escuelas Promotoras de Salud44 Silva CS, Bodstein RCA. A theoretical framework on intersectoral practice in School Health Promotion. Cienc Saúde Coletiva. 2016 Jun; 21(6):1777-88. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015216.08522016
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015216...
.

Este hecho contribuyó para que diversas experiencias fuesen creadas en todo el planeta. Sin embargo, por tratarse de países con características contextuales diversificadas de cuño económico, político, culturales, entre otros, hay que considerar que esas intervenciones pueden ser ejecutadas fundamentadas en diferentes objetivos. Además de eso, pueden ser encontradas dificultades y desafíos en sus implementaciones requeriendo a las necesidades de ser desarrollados procesos evaluativos que busquen aprimorárlas.

Esto es posible ya que la evaluación ha sido considerada como un importante instrumento de auxílio a la gestión de las intervenciones de salud en la búsqueda por mejores respuestas a los servicios decurrentes de aprimoramiento, resolutividad y mejor calidad55 Tanaka OY, Drumond M Jr, Cristo EB, Spedo SM, Pinto NRS. Cluster analysis as a tool for management improvement in the SUS. Saúde Soc. [Internet]. 2015 Mar [cited Jul 14, 2017];24(1):34-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902015000100003
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902015...
.

Las evaluaciones de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela han sido realizadas y envolviendo determinados temas, como la prevención de la depresión y ansiedad66 Werner-Seidler A, Perry Y, Calear AL, Newby JM, Christensen H. School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017 Feb; 51:30-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.00...
, la oferta de actividades físicas a los estudiantes77 Mei H, Xiong Y, Xie S, Guo S, Li Y, Guo B, et al. The impact of long-term school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index of primary school children - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16:205. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2829-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2829-...
y la prevención de drogas entre escolares88 Flynn AB, Falco M, Hocini S. Independent Evaluation of Middle School-Based Drug Prevention Curricula A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Nov; 169(11):1046-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1736
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2...
. No fueron encontrados estudios que sintetizan de forma abarcadora las evaluaciones de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela en el mundo y sobre sus diversos temas.

La propuesta es sintetizar los estudios que realizaron evaluaciones de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela, para que puedan ser identificadas sus estrategias utilizadas y conocer la diversidad de intervenciones dirigidas a ese espacio. Esto contribuirá con que otras investigaciones sean realizadas a partir de los hallazgos aqui presentados.

El estudio avanza en el conocimiento a medida en que presenta a las evidencias sobre estrategias utilizadas en las evaluaciones de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela posibilitando que otras intervenciones de salud en el ámbito escolar también sean evaluadas.

Las evaluaciones deben ser realizadas por la gestión y por los profesionales de salud y de educación para contribuir con la promoción de la salud en la escuela. Se observa por las actividades desarrolladas en el contidiano que el enfermero realiza intervenciones en ámbito escolar de forma contínua.

Fueron considerados como intervención, las acciones o actividades de salud ejecutadas en la escuela, a ejemplo de las políticas, programas, proyectos, servicios y sistemas. Por evaluaciones, se entiende como los procesos decisivos que auxilian en el mejoramiento de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela. Por lo tanto, hay uma íntima relación entre las dos, ya que es inviable evaluar intervenciones sin conocer su organización.

Frente a esas informaciones, se tiene como objetivo: identificar y analizar las evidencias disponibles sobre las estrategias utilizadas en los estudios de evaluación de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela.

Método

La estrategia metodológica elegida para responder al objetivo propuesto fue la revisión integradora de la literatura. Consiste en una metodología amplia de análisis de investigaciones para sintetizar conocimiento sobre determinado tema. La elaboración de un estudio de esa naturaleza perpasa por cinco etapas, que son: identificación del problema y elaboración de la prgunta guiadora; búsqueda de los estudios en la literatura; evaluación de datos encontrados en los estudios; análisis de datos con síntesis y conclusiones de estos y presentación de la revisión integradora99 Hopia H, Latvala E, Liimatainen L. Reviewing the methodology of an integrative review. Scand J Caring Sci. [Internet]. 2016 Dec [cited Jul 14, 2017];30(4):662-9. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/scs.12327/epdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11...
.

Un protocolo fue construido por los investigadores para guiar la construcción del estudio. La pregunta guiadora fue elaborada con auxílio de la estrategia PICO1010 Santos CMC, Pimenta CAM, Nobre MRC. The PICO strategy for the research question construction and evidence search. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2007 Jun; 15(3):508-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000300023
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200700...
(P: intervenciones de salud en la escuela; I: estudios de evaluación; C: no se aplica; O: estrategias utilizadas). ¿Cuáles son las evidencias disponibles sobre las estrategias utilizadas en los estudios de evaluación de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela?

La búsqueda de los estudios fue realizada en el mes de mayo de 2017 a través del Portal de Periódicos de la Capes con acceso por medio de la Comunidad Académica Federada (CAFe) en la cual los investigadores están vinculados. Los estudios fueron seleccionados en las bases de datos electrónicas Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Base de Datos Bibliográfica de la Fundación Index (CUIDEN), ScienceDirect e US National Library of Medicine (PubMed).

Para proceder con la búsqueda, se utilizaron Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) para las bases de datos en legua portuguesa y española y los Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) correspondientes, para la búsqueda en las bases eletrónicas en lengua inglesa. Se utilizaron los operadores boleanos AND y OR para cruzar los descriptores de la siguiente forma: “Serviços de Saúde Escolar AND Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde OR Avaliação de Serviços de Saúde”, “Servicios de Salud Escolar AND Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud OR Evaluación de Servicios de Salud” e “School Health Services AND Program Evaluation OR Health Services Research”.

Los criterios de inclusión consistieron en artículos publicados en los últimos cinco años, disponibles para acceso gratuito, en su íntegra, en idioma inglés, español y portugués, que enfocasen el tema propuesto. Se excluyeron editoriales, cartas al editor, estudios de revisión, tesis, disertaciones, artículos repetidos y estudios que no correspondiesen al tema relevante al alcance del objetivo de la revisión.

La búsqueda y selección de los estudios fue realizada por dos investigadores, simultaneamente. Cuando en situación de divergencia, se buscó un consenso con la participación de un investigación auxiliar. El proceso de búsqueda y selección de los estudios siguió las recomendaciones PRISMA1111 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul; 6(7):e1000097. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
y está representado en la Figura 1.

Figura 1
Diagrama de flujo de identificación del proceso de selección de los estudios seleccionados para componer la revisión integradora. Natal, RN, Brasil, 2017

La búsqueda inicial en cada base de datos, a partir de la utilización de los cruces de los términos de búsqueda, fue precedida por su refinamiento (acceso online gratuito y publicación en los últimos cinco años) en cada una de las bases eletrónicas a partir de la utilización de las herramientas disponibles en los portales eletrónicos. En la secuencia fue realizada la lectura de los títulos y resumenes haciendo un cuantitativo de 124 estudios en todas las bases eletrónicas. También fueron excluidos los estudios repetidos, donde la muestra final resultó en 121 artículos.

El análisis de los estudios seleccionados fue realizado con base en las variables preseleccionadas en la construcción del protocolo. Para organizárlas, se utilizó una planilla creada en el Software Microsoft Excel conteniendo los siguientes items: base de datos, periódico, idioma, año de publicación, enfoque metodológica utilizada, localización geográfica donde la intervención fue ejecutada según la clasificación de la OMS, tipo de intervención, dimensión de la intervención evaluada (estructura, proceso y resultado) conforme referencial teórico de Avedis Donabedian1212 Donabedian A. Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care. Milbank Q. [Internet]. 2005 [cited Jul 3, 2017];83(4):691-729. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690293/pdf/milq0083-0397.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
, nivel de evaluación (descripción, medida, juicio, negociación) conforme clasificación identificada en el estudio de Furtado1313 Furtado JP. A Constructivist method for health evaluation. Cienc Saúde Coletiva. 2001 Jan-Jun; 6(1):165-81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232001000100014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232001...
, tipo de evaluación, además de descripción de los temas y características de la intervención.

El análise y discusión de los resultados se guió en la literatura nacional e internacional sobre la salud escolar y evaluación en salud.

Resultados

La caracterización de los estudios seleccionados1414 Seo DC, King MH, Kin N, Sovinski D, Meade R, Lederer AM. Predictors for moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity during an 18-month coordinated school health intervention. Prev Med. 2013; 57(5):466-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06....

15 Cradock AL, Barrett JL, Carter J, McHugh A, Sproul J, Russo ET, et al. Impact of the Boston Active School Day policy to promote physical activity among children. Am J Health Promot. 2014 Jan-Feb; 28(3 Suppl):S54-64. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130430-QUAN-204
http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130430-QU...

16 Turhan A, Onrust SA, Klooster PM, Pieterse ME. A school-based programme for tabacco and alcohol prevention in special education: effectiveness of the modified 'healthy school and drugs' intervention and moderation by school subtype. Addiction. 2017; 112(3):533-43. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13672
https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13672...

17 Onge JRS, Stephenson R, Kumar BS. Validation of the FRIENDS Anxiety Prevention Program for Children in Canada. Can J Commun Ment Health. 2016; 35(3):25-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2016-036
https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2016-036...

18 Loosier PS, Doll S, Lepar D, Ward K, Gamble G, Dittus PJ. Effectiveness of an Adaptation of the Project Connect Health Systems Intervention: Youth and Clinic-Level Findings. J Sch Health. 2016 Aug; 86(8):595-603. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12414
https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12414...

19 Avci D, Kelleci M. Effects of the Anger Coping Programme based on cognitive behavioural techniques on adolescents' anger, aggression and psychological symptoms. Int J Nurs Pract. 2016 Apr; 22(2):189-96. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12410
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12410...

20 Lwin MO, Malik S, Chua TSJ, Chee TS, Tan YS. Intergenerational transfer of blood pressure knowledge and screening: a school-based hypertension awareness program in Singapore. Glob Health Promot. 2016 Mar; 23(1):27-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975914555730
https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975914555730...

21 Zhou WJ, Xu XL, Li G, Sharma M, Qie YL, Zhao Y. Effectiveness of a school-based nutrition and food safety education program among primary and junior high school students in Chongqing, China. Glob Health Promot. 2016 Mar; 23(1):37-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975914552914
https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975914552914...

22 Bhave S, Pandit A, Yeravdekar R, Madkaikar V, Chinchwade T, Shaikh N, et al. Effectiveness of a 5-year school-based intervention programme to reduce adiposity and improve fitness and lifestyle in Indian children; the SYM-KEM study. Arch Dis Child. 2016 Jan; 101(1):33-41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308673
https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-201...

23 Tatsuo A, Chiaki Y, Yuki S, Yuya S, Yasuteru I, Akiko I, et al. Stroke Education Program of Act FAST for Junior High School Students and Their Parents. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014 May-Jun; 23(5):1040-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.08.021
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecereb...

24 Giuseppe G, Giulia C, Sandra B, Marco T, Claudia M, Simone S, et al. Effectiveness of a school-based multi-component smoking prevention intervention: The LdP cluster randomized controlled trial. Prev Med. 2014 Apr; 61:6-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01....

25 Rito AI, Carvalho MA, Ramos C, Breda J. Program Obesity Zero (POZ) - a community-based intervention to address overweight primary-school children from five Portuguese municipalities. Public Health Nutr. 2013 Jun; 16(6):1043-51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013000244
https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001300024...

26 Griswold CH, Nasso JT, Swider S, Ellison BR, Griswold DL, Brooks M. The Prenatal Care at School Program. J Sch Health. 2013 Jun; 29(3):196-203. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840512466111
https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840512466111...

27 Matsuyama Y, Aida J, Taura K, Kimoto K, Ando Y, Aoyama H, et al. School-Based Fluoride Mouth-Rinse Program Dissemination Associated With Decreasing Dental Caries Inequalities Between Japanese Prefectures: An Ecological Study. J Epidemiol. 2016 Nov; 26(11):563-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20150255
https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20150255...

28 Maatoug J, Msakni Z, Zammit N, Bhiri S, Harrabi I, Boughammoura L, et al. School-Based Intervention as a Component of a Comprehensive Community Program for Overweight and Obesity Prevention, Sousse, Tunisia, 2009-2014. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015 Sep; 12:e160. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140518
https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140518...

29 Brinker TJ, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Seeger W, Klingelhöfer D, Groneberg DA. Education Against Tobacco (EAT): a quasi-experimental prospective evaluation of a multinational medical-student-delivered smoking prevention programme for secondary schools in Germany. BMJ Open. 2015; 5(9):e008093. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008093
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008...

30 Langley AK, Gonzalez A, Sugar CA, Solis D, Jaycox L. Bounce back: Effectiveness of an elementary school-based intervention for multicultural children exposed to traumatic events. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2015; 83(5):853-65. doi: http://x.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000051
https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000051...

31 Strøm HK, Adolfsen F, Handegård BH, Natvig H, Eisemann M, Martinussen M, et al. Preventing alcohol use with a universal school-based intervention: results from an effectiveness study. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15:337. oi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1704-7
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-170...

32 Kilanowski JF, Gordon NH. Making a Difference in Migrant Summer School: Testing a Healthy Weight Intervention. Public Health Nurs. 2015; 32(5):421-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phn.12175
https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12175...

33 Kintner EK, Cook G, Marti CN, Allen A, Stoddard D, Harmon P, et al. Effectiveness of a school- and community-based academic asthma health education program on use of effective asthma self-care behaviors in older school-age students. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2015; 20(1):62-75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12099
https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12099...

34 Kintner EK, Cook G, Marti CN, Gomes M, Meeder L, Van Egeren LA. Effectiveness of a school-based academic asthma health education and counseling program on fostering acceptance of asthma in older school-age students with asthma. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2015; 20(1):49-61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12098
https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12098...

35 Nieri T, Apkarian J, Kulis S, Marsiglia FF. Effects of a youth substance use prevention program on stealing, fighting, and weapon use. J Prim Prev. 2015; 36(1):41-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0373-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0373-...

36 Thakore RV, Apfeld JC, Johnson RK, Sathiyakumar V, Jahangir AA, Sethi MK. School-based violence prevention strategy: a pilot evaluation. J Inj Violence Res. 2015; 7(2):45-53. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v7i2.565
https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v7i2.565...

37 Vander Ploeg KA, Maximova K, McGavock J, Davis W, Veugelers P. Do school-based physical activity interventions increase or reduce inequalities in health? Soc Sci Med. 2014; 112:80-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014...

38 Stölzel F, Seidel N, Uhmann S, Baumann M, Berth H, Hoyer J, et al. Be smart against cancer! A school-based program covering cancer-related risk behavior. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14:392. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-392
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-392...

39 Wang B, Deveaux L, Knowles V, Koci V, Rolle G, Lunn S, et al. Fidelity of implementation of an evidence-based HIV prevention program among Bahamian sixth grade students. Prev Sci. 2015; 16(1):110-21. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-014-0486-y
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118 Minary L, Cambon L, Martini H, Wirth N, Acouetey DS, Thouvenot F, et al. Efficacy of a smoking cessation program in a population of adolescent smokers in vocational schools: a public health evaluative controlled study. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13:149. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-149
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119 Schneider M, DeBar L, Calingo A, Hall W, Hindes K, Sleigh A, et al. The effect of a communications campaign on middle school students' nutrition and physical activity: results of the HEALTHY study. J Health Commun. 2013; 18(6):649-67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.743627
https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.74...

120 Pbert L, Druker S, Gapinski MA, Gellar L, Magner R, Reed G, et al. A school nurse-delivered intervention for overweight and obese adolescents. J Sch Health. 2013; 83(3):182-93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12014
https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12014...

121 Safdie M, Lévesque L, González CI, Salvo D, Islas A, Hernández CS, et al. Promoting healthful diet and physical activity in the Mexican school system for the prevention of obesity in children. Salud Publica Mex. [Internet]. 2013 [cited Jul 29, 2017];55(3):357-63. Available from: http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/spm/v55s3/v55s3a3.pdf
http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/spm/v55s3/v5...

122 Zhang C, Mosa AJ, Hayward AS, Matthews SA. Promoting clean hands among children in Uganda: a school-based intervention using 'tippy-taps'. Public Health. 2013; 127(6):586-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.10.020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.10.0...

123 Oscós-Sánchez MÁ, Lesser J, Oscós-Flores LD. High school students in a health career promotion program report fewer acts of aggression and violence. J Adolesc Health. 2013; 52(1):96-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.04.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.201...

124 Isensee B, Hansen J, Maruska K, Hanewinkel R. Effects of a school-based prevention programme on smoking in early adolescence: a 6-month follow-up of the 'Eigenstandig werden' cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jul 29, 2017];39(3):336-5. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0163278715588825
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1...

125 Cunningham-Sabo L, Lohse B. Cooking with Kids positively affects fourth graders' vegetable preferences and attitudes and self-efficacy for food and cooking. Child Obes. 2013; 9(6):549-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2013.0076
https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2013.0076...

126 Kansagra SM, Papadouka V, Geevarughese A, Hansen MA, Konty KJ, Zucker JR. Reaching children never previously vaccinated for influenza through a school-located vaccination program. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104(1):45-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301671
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301671...

127 Ramos P, Pasarín MI, Artazcoz L, Díez E, Juárez O, González I. Healthy and participative schools: evaluation of a public health strategy. Gac Sanit. 2013; 27(2):104-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2012.04.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2012.04...

128 Alvirde U, Aguilar SCA, Gómez PFJ, Henao MS, Rodríguez AJG. Results of a community based life style intervention program for children. Salud Publica Mex. [Internet]. 2013 [cited Jul 29, 2017];55(3)406-14. Available from: http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/spm/v55s3/v55s3a7.pdf
http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/spm/v55s3/v5...

129 Serowoky, ML, George N, Yarandi H. Using the Program Logic Model to Evaluate ¡Cuídate!: A Sexual Health Program for Latino Adolescents in a School-Based Health Center. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2015; 12(5):297-305. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12110
https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12110...

130 Nabors L, Burbage M, Woodson KD, Swoboda C. Implementation of an after-school obesity prevention program: helping young children toward improved health. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 2015; 38(1):22-38. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01460862.2014.973081
https://doi.org/10.3109/01460862.2014.97...

131 Sidhu AK, Sussman S, Tewari A, Bassi S, Arora M. Project EX-India: A classroom-based tobacco use prevention and cessation intervention program. Addict Behav. 2016; 53:53-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09...

132 Biddle VS, Kern J, Brent DA, Thurkettle MA, Puskar KR, Sekula L, et al. Student assistance program outcomes for students at risk for suicide. J Sch Nurs. 2014; 30(3):173-86. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840514525968
https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840514525968...

133 Primack BA, Douglas EL, Land SR, Miller E, Fine MJ. Comparison of media literacy and usual education to prevent tobacco use: a cluster-randomized trial. J Sch Health. 2014; 84(2):106-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12130
https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12130...
-134134 Sussman AL, Montoya C, Werder O, Davis S, Wallerstein N, Kong AS. Evaluation of an intervention providing HPV vaccine in schools. Am J Health Behav. 2014; 38(1):92-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.38.1.10
https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.38.1.10...
inseridos en la revisión integradora está presentada a seguir. En la Tabla 1 se observan informaciones referentes al año e idioma de publicación, enfoque utilizado en esas investigaciones y local de ejecución de las intervenciones.

Tabla 1
Caracterización de los estudios sobre el año, idioma, enfoque y local de la intervención. Natal, RN, Brasil, 2017

Cabe salientar que el menor porcentaje de estudios publicados en el año de 2017 se explica por la recolección de datos haber sido realizada con el año aún en curso.

Informaciones referentes a la clasificación del tipo de intervención, dimensión evaluativa propuesta y nivel de evaluación realizada están expuestas en la Tabla 2.

Tabla 2
Caracterización de los estudios sobre el tipo de intervención, dimensión evaluada y nivel de evaluación realizado. Natal, RN, Brasil, 2017

También fue posible describir las intervenciones sobre los temas, características y tipologías de evaluaciones propuestas en sus metodologías, conforme están presentados en la Figura 2.

De esa forma, los datos muestran que entre los tipos de evaluación encontrados, la evaluación de efectos, eficacia e impacto fueron las más prevalentes.

Se observan que intervenciones de diversos temas han sido ejecutadas en el ambiente escolar, sean de forma de un tema más amplio, como es el caso de las actividades que objetivan incentivar estilos de vida más sanos o de temas más específicos como es el caso de las que buscan prevenir la ocurrencia de accidentes entre los educandos.

Figura 2
Caracterización de los estudios de evaluación de las intervenciones de salud en la escuela. Natal, RN, Brazil, 2017

Esos temas son trabajados con la comunidad escolar por medio de estrategias que enfocan el acompañamiento clínico continuo de los educandos2525 Rito AI, Carvalho MA, Ramos C, Breda J. Program Obesity Zero (POZ) - a community-based intervention to address overweight primary-school children from five Portuguese municipalities. Public Health Nutr. 2013 Jun; 16(6):1043-51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013000244
https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001300024...
-2626 Griswold CH, Nasso JT, Swider S, Ellison BR, Griswold DL, Brooks M. The Prenatal Care at School Program. J Sch Health. 2013 Jun; 29(3):196-203. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840512466111
https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840512466111...
,3030 Langley AK, Gonzalez A, Sugar CA, Solis D, Jaycox L. Bounce back: Effectiveness of an elementary school-based intervention for multicultural children exposed to traumatic events. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2015; 83(5):853-65. doi: http://x.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000051
https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000051...
-3131 Strøm HK, Adolfsen F, Handegård BH, Natvig H, Eisemann M, Martinussen M, et al. Preventing alcohol use with a universal school-based intervention: results from an effectiveness study. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15:337. oi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1704-7
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-170...
,4646 George MW, Trumpeter NN, Wilson DK, McDaniel HL, Schiele B, Prinz R, et al. Feasibility and preliminary outcomes from a pilot study of an integrated health-mental health promotion program in school mental health services. Fam Comm Health. 2014; 37(1):19-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000012
https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.000000000000...
-4747 Johnson C, Majzoub K, Lyons S, Martirosyan K, Tattersall P. Eyes That Thrive in School: A Program to Support Vision Treatment Plans at School. J Sch Health. 2016; 86(5):391-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12387
https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12387...
,6363 Wang LY, Vernon-Smiley M, Gapinski MA, Desisto M, Maughan E, Sheetz A. Cost-benefit study of school nursing services. JAMA Pediatr. 2014; 168(7):642-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.5441
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2...
,7474 Corriveau N, Eagle T, Jiang Q, Rogers R, Gurm R, Aaronson S, et al. Sustained Benefit Over Four-Year Follow-Up of Michigan's Project Healthy Schools. Am J Public Health. 2015; 105(12):e19-e25. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302835
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302835...
,7878 Madsen KA, Cotterman C, Crawford P, Stevelos J, Archibald A. Effect of the Healthy Schools Program on prevalence of overweight and obesity in California schools, 2006-2012. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015; 12:e77. doi: https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.150020
https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.150020...
,9494 Bannink R, Broeren S, Heydelberg J, Klooster E, Baar C, Raat H. Your Health, an intervention at senior vocational schools to promote adolescents' health and health behaviors. Health Educ Res. 2014; 29(5):773-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyu038
https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyu038...
-9595 Parsons WG, Garcia GM, Hoffman PK. Evaluating School Wellness Policy in Curbing Childhood Obesity in Anchorage, Alaska. J Sch Nurs. 2013; 30(5):324-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840513513155
https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840513513155...
,108108 Marsiglia FF, Kulis SS, Booth JM, Nuño-Gutierrez BL, Robbins DE. Long-term effects of the keepin' it REAL model program in Mexico: substance use trajectories of Guadalajara middle school students. J Prim Prev. 2015; 36(2):93-104. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0380-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0380-...
,132132 Biddle VS, Kern J, Brent DA, Thurkettle MA, Puskar KR, Sekula L, et al. Student assistance program outcomes for students at risk for suicide. J Sch Nurs. 2014; 30(3):173-86. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840514525968
https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840514525968...
, pasando por actividades de prevención de los problemas de salud5252 Moodley N, Gray G, Bertram M. Projected economic evaluation of the national implementation of a hypothetical HIV vaccination program among adolescents in South Africa, 2012. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16:330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2959-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2959-...
,6868 Plaspohl SS, Dixon BT, Streater JA, Hausauer ET, Newman CP, Vogel RL. Impact of School Flu Vaccine Program on Student Absences. J Sch Nurs. 2013; 30(1):75-80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840513487750
https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840513487750...
,9090 Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. Process evaluation of a national school-based iron supplementation program for adolescent girls in Iran. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14:959. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-959
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-959...
,9292 Stubbs BW, Panozzo CA, Moss JL, Reiter PL, Whitesell DH, Brewer NT. Evaluation of an intervention providing HPV vaccine in schools. Am J Health Behav. 2014; 38(1):92-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.38.1.10
https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.38.1.10...
,9797 Konishi C, Saewyc E, Homma Y, Poon C. Population-level evaluation of school-based interventions to prevent problem substance use among gay, lesbian and bisexual adolescents in Canada. Prev Med. 2013; 57(6):929-33. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ypmed.2013.06.031,126126 Kansagra SM, Papadouka V, Geevarughese A, Hansen MA, Konty KJ, Zucker JR. Reaching children never previously vaccinated for influenza through a school-located vaccination program. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104(1):45-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301671
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301671...
, disponibilización de recursos en los espacios escolares como forma de incentivo al cambio de hábitos1515 Cradock AL, Barrett JL, Carter J, McHugh A, Sproul J, Russo ET, et al. Impact of the Boston Active School Day policy to promote physical activity among children. Am J Health Promot. 2014 Jan-Feb; 28(3 Suppl):S54-64. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130430-QUAN-204
http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130430-QU...
,1919 Avci D, Kelleci M. Effects of the Anger Coping Programme based on cognitive behavioural techniques on adolescents' anger, aggression and psychological symptoms. Int J Nurs Pract. 2016 Apr; 22(2):189-96. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12410
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12410...
,2727 Matsuyama Y, Aida J, Taura K, Kimoto K, Ando Y, Aoyama H, et al. School-Based Fluoride Mouth-Rinse Program Dissemination Associated With Decreasing Dental Caries Inequalities Between Japanese Prefectures: An Ecological Study. J Epidemiol. 2016 Nov; 26(11):563-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20150255
https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20150255...
,5454 Safdie M, Cargo M, Richard L, Lévesque L. An ecological and theoretical deconstruction of a school-based obesity prevention program in Mexico. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014; 11:103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0103-2
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0103-...
,7171 Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Plotnikoff RC, Dally KA, Okely AD, Salmon J, et al. Assessing the sustained impact of a school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent boys: the ATLAS cluster randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016;13:92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0420-8
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0420-...
,100100 Kiviruusu O, Björklund K, Koskinen HL, Liski A, Lindblom J, Kuoppamäki H et al. Short-term effects of the "Together at School" intervention program on children's socio-emotional skills: a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychol. 2016; 4(1):27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0133-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0133-...
,121121 Safdie M, Lévesque L, González CI, Salvo D, Islas A, Hernández CS, et al. Promoting healthful diet and physical activity in the Mexican school system for the prevention of obesity in children. Salud Publica Mex. [Internet]. 2013 [cited Jul 29, 2017];55(3):357-63. Available from: http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/spm/v55s3/v55s3a3.pdf
http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/spm/v55s3/v5...
-122122 Zhang C, Mosa AJ, Hayward AS, Matthews SA. Promoting clean hands among children in Uganda: a school-based intervention using 'tippy-taps'. Public Health. 2013; 127(6):586-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.10.020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.10.0...
,129129 Serowoky, ML, George N, Yarandi H. Using the Program Logic Model to Evaluate ¡Cuídate!: A Sexual Health Program for Latino Adolescents in a School-Based Health Center. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2015; 12(5):297-305. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12110
https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12110...
, ejecución de actividades educativas con estudiantes y demás miembros de la comunidad escolar(14-24,27-29,32-45,49-51,53-62,64-67,69-73,75-77,79-89,91,93,98-107,109-125, 127-131,133-134) y realización deactividades en grupo9696 Melnyk MB, Kelly S, LusK P. Outcomes and Feasibility of a Manualized Cognitive-Behavioral Skills Building Intervention: Group COPE for Depressed and Anxious Adolescents in School Settings. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2014; 27(1):3-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12058
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12058...
.

Discusión

El elevado número de estudios que integraron la revisión integradora remete a la posible preocupación de los investigadores en ofertar intervenciones de calidad en el ambiente escolar, lo que puede ser realizado cuando las somete a los procesos evaluativos. Se observó, sin embargo, un cuantitativo menor de publicaciones en los dos últimos años del análisis, hecho que puede ser explicado por haber sido incluido un año aún en curso en el período de la revisión.

La predominancia de estudios publicados en la lengua inglesa refleja el hecho de ser un idioma ampliamente diseminado en el mundo. Siendo así, fue considerado por medio científico como lenguaje universal para contribuir con la divulgación de las publicaciones en el mundo y así promover mejor acceso135135 Drubin DG, Kellogg DR. English as the universal language of science: opportunities and challenges. Mol Biol Cell. 2012; 23(8):1399. doi: https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E12-02-0108
https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E12-02-0108...
.

Al analizar los tipos de enfoques utilizados en las investigaciones evaluativas de intervenciones de salud en la escuela, se identificó que gran parte de estas utilizaron exclusivamente un enfoque cuantitativo. De forma opuesta estuvieron aquellos que propusieron análisis cualitativos. Sin embargo, ese tipo de investigación necesita de la apropriación de diversos medios para la comprensión de los problemas, lo que es posible con la integración de estos dos tipos de enfoques136136 Tanaka OY, Tamaki EM. The role of evaluation in decision-making in the management of health services. Cien Saúde Coletiva. 2012 Apr; 17(4):821-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000400002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201200...
.

La observación de que hubo mayor predominancia de estudios publicados en la Región de las Américas, principalmente en los Estados Unidos de América, y en la Región Europea, remete a la comprensión de que las mayores potencias económicas mundiales están ahí localizadas, y pueden, consecuentemente, disponer de mayores inversiones en la ejecución de investigaciones. Diferentemente, se resalta que las regiones en las cuales se encuentran las naciones con indicadores de desarrollo humano más bajos también son las que tuvieron cantidad reducida de intervenciones de salud en la escuela realizadas.

De acuerdo con la clasificación de las intervenciones propuesta para análisis, se identificó que la mayoría de ellas se refiere a programas de mejoría a la salud de los estudiantes. Por otro lado, hay una presencia discreta de intervenciones clasificadas como sistemas que oportunizan la búsqueda por la oferta de salud a los educandos.

Prevalentemente fue identificado que la mayor parte de las investigacioens evaluativas buscaba la realización de evaluaciones con foco en los resultados de las intervenciones. Frente a eso, se resalta la necesidad de atentar para el desarrollo de esas evaluaciones para que no se detengan apenas en la presencia o ausencia de los resultados traídos por la intervención, pero que busquen comprender los factores que influyeron en ese proceso137137 Brousselle A, Champagne F. Program theory evaluation: Logic analysis. Eval Program Plann. 2011 Feb; 34(1):69-78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2010.04.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2...
. Se considera aún que, a pesar de comúnmente encontrados estudios que tratan de las evaluaciones de los resultados, la estructura y el proceso pueden influir en la presentación de lo que se espera de esas intervenciones1212 Donabedian A. Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care. Milbank Q. [Internet]. 2005 [cited Jul 3, 2017];83(4):691-729. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690293/pdf/milq0083-0397.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. Por eso, es importante resaltar la igual importancia de esas dimensiones en propuestas de ejecución de actividades dirigidas a los espacios escolares.

Considerando el nivel de evaluación de las investigaciones realizadas, se encuentra una elevada cantidad de estudios que se detuvieron a una evaluación a nivel de juicio. Se observa, de esa forma, que las evaluaciones de intervenciones de salud en la escuela superaron las evaluaciones de cuño descriptivo y de medición al realizar un juicio de valor. Sin embargo, se observa aún la cantidad reducida de las evaluaciones que proponen un proceso de negociación entre los envueltos en el ambiente escolar138138 Furtado JP, Vieira-da-Silva LM. The evaluation of health programs and services in Brazil as a space for knowledge and practice. Cad Saúde Pública. 2014 Dec; 30(12):2643-55. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00187113
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0018711...
.

Con eso, aunque las nomenclaturas atribuidas a las evaluaciones sean diversificadas, ellas pueden ser realizadas de forma idéntica. A pesar de eso, se observa que esos tipos de evaluaciones propuestos anhelan que las intervenciones presenten desempeño en la búsqueda por mejores resultados139139 Viacava F, Ugá MAD, Porto S, Laguardia J, Moreira RS. Evaluation of performance of health systems: a model for analysis. Cienc Saúde Coletiva. 2012 Apr; 17(4):921-34. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000400014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-8123201200...
.

Las evaluaciones encontradas también pueden tener influencia de los niveles de evaluación identificados a partir de las generaciones históricas. Se observa de esa forma, en su primera generación, las evaluaciones tenían un cuño descriptivo. En la segunda generación de las evaluaciones, se observavan investigaciones que se proponían a medir desempeños. La tercera generación muestra evaluaciones que buscan juzgar el mérito de las intervenciones. Ya en la cuarta generación, se tiene una evaluación que preconiza el proceso participativo de negociación entre los diferentes envueltos en la intervención1313 Furtado JP. A Constructivist method for health evaluation. Cienc Saúde Coletiva. 2001 Jan-Jun; 6(1):165-81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232001000100014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232001...
.

La evaluación de cuarta generación puede ser ejecutada en las intervenciones de salud en la escuela, ya que esas tienen en sus propuestas la realización de actividades que oportunizan la participación no solamente de los educandos, como también de profesores, otros trabajadores de la escuela, profesionales de salud, padres o responsables por los estudiantes, así como de representantes de la comunidad en las cuales las escuelas están inseridas140140 McIsaac J-LD, Penney TL, Ata N, Munro-Sigfridson L, Cunningham J, Veugelers PJ, et al. Evaluation of a health promoting schools program in a school board in Nova Scotia, Canada. Prev Med Rep. 2017; 5:279-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.01.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.01....
.

Tratándose de los temas en los cuales esas intervenciones se propusieron a ejecutar, se observaron resultados semejantes en estudio realizado en el Reino Unido abordando las estructuras de las Escuelas Promotoras de Salud en el mundo141141 Langford R, Bonell C, Jones H, Pouliou T, Murphy S, Waters E, et al. The World Health Organization's Health Promoting Schools framework: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15:130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1360-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1360-...
. Prevalecieron los siguientes temas de intervenciones: actividades físicas, alimentación sana, salud sexual y reproductiva, salud mental y uso del tabaco, álcohol y otras drogas.

En las características de esas intervenciones, se encontró que además de acompañamiento continuo de los estudiantes, actividades preventivas, de promoción de la salud con la comunidad escolar y de utilización de ruedas de conversación, se tiene la disponibilización de recursos para incentivar al cambio de hábitos. Esa última característica, corrobora con lo que fue encontrado en investigación realizada en Canadá, que refiere a la presencia de objetos y alimentos como medio de incentivo a la promoción de una alimentación sana y realización de actividades físicas142142 Kontak JCH, McIsaac J-LD, Penney TL, Kuhle S, Kirk SFL. The picture of health: examining school-based health environments through photographs. Health Promot Int. 2017; 32(2):322-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daw027
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daw027...
.

La diversidad de temas y características referentes a las intervenciones de salud en las escuelas evaluadas, se muestra imprescindible el cambio de hábitos para la vida de los estudiantes y de la comunidad donde residen. Eso es identificado en estudio que muestra que, por más que parezcan pequeñas acciones frente a la diversidad de necesidades encontradas, tales actividades son detentoras de grande importancia a la salud de la población141141 Langford R, Bonell C, Jones H, Pouliou T, Murphy S, Waters E, et al. The World Health Organization's Health Promoting Schools framework: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15:130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1360-y
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1360-...
.

Se resalta que las limitaciones para la realización de esta investigación se refirieron al elevado número de estudios elegibles para componer la revisión integradora, mismo que los criterios elegidos hayan sido delimitados. También se observa que la utilización de más de un investigador para el análisis de los datos puede influir en los resultados presentados, mismo esos hayan sido capacitados para la realización de esta actividad.

Conclusiones

Las evidencias encontradas en los estudios muestran que los programas de salud en la escuela son las intervenciones más comúnmente evaluadas, principalmente, a nivel de juicio de valor. Estas investigaciones se detienen prevalentemente a evaluar los resultados producidos por las intervenciones, lo que es corroborado en las tipologias de impacto, efectos, eficacia y resultados.

Los temas de los estudios son relacionados a la alimentación sana, actividad física, salud mental, sexual y reproductiva, además de la prevención al cosumo de álcohol, crack y otras drogas. Son ejecutadas mediante estrategias de acompañamiento clínico continuo, promoción de la salud, prevención de enfermedades y problemas a la salud y actividades en grupo que envuelven estudiantes y demás miembros de la comunidad escolar.

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    » https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daw027

Fechas de Publicación

  • Publicación en esta colección
    2018

Histórico

  • Recibido
    26 Ago 2017
  • Acepto
    04 Ene 2018
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