ABSTRACT
The campo rupestre in the Espinhaço Range is subject of many floristic studies due to its high rates of species diversity and endemism. These studies are made up of critical, easily accessible data about local richness and biodiversity, which are essential for subsidizing new studies in the fields of conservation, ecology, and systematics. This study describes the results of a survey of floristic studies carried out in the Espinhaço Range and provides a checklist of the plant species listed in them. We found that 294 floristic studies were conducted in the Espinhaço Range, but they were focused only on a few areas. Likewise, we detected sampling gaps in some areas. The Floras studied provide information on 3,191 plants or 6,3% Brazilian flora, of which 2,879 are angiosperms, 247 bryophytes, and 65 lycophytes and ferns. Finally, we observed a lack of standardization regarding the habits reported for angiosperms shrubs and subshrubs which is more problematic for Espinhaço’s flora because of its grasslands or shrublands vegetation. Thereby, we reaffirm the importance and need to encourage new floristic studies in the Espinhaço Range as a means to train new taxonomists and to provide new studies and projects.
Keywords:
Bahia; Checklist; Conservation; Flora; Minas Gerais and Iron Quadrangle
Introduction
Campo rupestre, a rocky phytophysiognomy inserted in the Cerrado biome, has 5,344 species of angiosperms distributed in 124 families, 78 species of bryophytes distributed in 17 families, and 77 species of lycophytes and ferns distributed in 16 families (Flora do Brasil 2020Flora do Brasil. 2020. Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br. 15 Jan. 2021
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br...
). This vegetation harbors high rates of species endemism proportionately to the total number of species (BFG 2015BFG - The Brazil Flora Group. 2015. Growing knowledge: An overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66: 1085-1113. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201566411
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602015664...
), with ca. 1,748 endemic species (Colli-Silvaet al. 2019aColli-Silva M, Vasconcelos TN, Pirani JR. 2019a. Outstanding plant endemism levels strongly support the recognition of campo rupestre provinces in mountaintops of eastern South America. Journal of Biogeography 46: 1723-1733. doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb10192.x
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973...
), of which at least 1,123 are endemic to the campo rupestre of Espinhaço Range (Rapiniet al.2021Rapini A, Bitencourt C, Luebert F, Cardoso D. 2021. An escape-to-radiate model for explaining the high plant diversity and endemism in campos rupestres. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 481-498. doi: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa179
https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa1...
). This impressive diversity of species represents c. 15% of all Brazilian angiosperms and they are distributed in less than 1% of the Brazilian territory (Silveiraet al.2016Silveira FAO, Negreiros D, Barbosa NPU et al. 2016. Ecology and evolution of plant diversity in the endangered campo rupestre: a neglected conservation priority. Plant Soil 403: 129-152. doi: 10.1007/s11104-015-2637-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2637-...
; Vasconceloset al.2020Vasconcelos TN, Alcantara S, Andrino CO et al. 2020. Fast diversification through a mosaic of evolutionary histories characterizes the endemic flora of ancient neotropical mountains. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 287: 20192933. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4882371.v1
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.48...
). The high rates of diversity and endemism in campo rupestre may be the result of of old strains, with low diversification rates of diversification which survived due to climatic stability (OCBIL’s theory) or, alternatively, the result of high diversification rates caused by climatic fluctuations in the Pleistocene (Vasconcelos et al. 2020Vasconcelos TN, Alcantara S, Andrino CO et al. 2020. Fast diversification through a mosaic of evolutionary histories characterizes the endemic flora of ancient neotropical mountains. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 287: 20192933. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4882371.v1
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.48...
). A third explanation is the “escape to radiate” model, which combines the fragmentation of the campo rupestre along the Espinhaço Range with high extinction rates and adaptive radiation events (Rapini et al. 2021Rapini A, Bitencourt C, Luebert F, Cardoso D. 2021. An escape-to-radiate model for explaining the high plant diversity and endemism in campos rupestres. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 481-498. doi: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa179
https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa1...
). However, Rapini et al. (2021)Rapini A, Bitencourt C, Luebert F, Cardoso D. 2021. An escape-to-radiate model for explaining the high plant diversity and endemism in campos rupestres. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 481-498. doi: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa179
https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa1...
pointed out that the diversification and evolution of this flora cannot be explained fully by a single mechanism.
The high rates of species richness and endemism in the Espinhaço Range’s campo rupestre generates a unique vegetation that has attracted much interest from botanists and naturalists throughout history, such as von Martius, St. Hilaire, Spix, and Pohl (Lopes et al. 2011Lopes FA, Milagres AR, Mucida DP, de Morais MS. 2011. Viajantes e naturalistas do século XIX: a reconstrução do antigo distrito Diamantino na literatura de viagem. Caderno de Geografia 21: 66-86.). Consequently, several floristic studies and projects have been elaborated to the Espinhaço Range region, including the Flora da Serra do Cipó (Giulietti et al. 1987Giulietti AM, Menezes N, Pirani J, Meguro M, Wanderley M. 1987. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Caracterização e Lista das Espécies. Boletim de Botânica 9: 1-151. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v9i0p1-151
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), Flórula de Mucugê (Harley & Simmons 1986Harley RM, Simmons NA. 1986. Flórula of Mucuge. Chapada Diamantina - Bahia, Brazil. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens.), Flora dos Picos das Almas (Stannard 1995Stannard BL. 1995. Flora of the Pico das Almas, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens .), and Flora de Grão Mogol (Pirani et al. 2003Pirani JR, Mello-Silva RD, Giulietti AM. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica 21: 1-24. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i1p1-24
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
). Furthermore, Floras are essential tools in the professional training of new botanists (Rapini et al. 2008Rapini A, Ribeiro PL, Lambert S, Pirani JR. 2008. A flora dos campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade 4: 16-24.), and other fields of biology, such as systematics and ecology, make extensive use of these studies (Funk 2006Funk VA. 2006. Floras: A model for biodiversity studies or a thing of the past? Taxon 55: 581-588.; Rapini et al. 2008Rapini A, Ribeiro PL, Lambert S, Pirani JR. 2008. A flora dos campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade 4: 16-24.).
Despite the importance of classical taxonomic studies, i.e., Floras and other botanical works, these have faced difficulty to be published in high-impact journals (Crisciet al.2020Crisci JV, Katinas L, Apodaca MJ, Hoch PC. 2020. The End of Botany. Trends in Plant Science 25: 1173-1176. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.09.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2020.0...
; Zeppeliniet al.2021Zeppelini D, Dal Molin A, Lamas CJE et al. 2021. The dilemma of self-citation in taxonomy. Nature Ecology & Evolution 5: 2. doi: 10.1038/s41559-020-01359-y
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01359...
). Here we provide a detailed compilation of the floristic studies carried out in the Espinhaço Range and aim to demonstrate the importance of these studies and why they still need to be encouraged. Additionally, we provide a checklist of the plant species listed in the floristic studies we have surveyed. Thus, we aim to demonstrate that such studies carry valuable information for understanding vegetation and, therefore, must be continuously encouraged.
Materials and methods
Bibliometric research
We searched two databases: Scopus and SciELO. The bibliometric survey was conducted by searching at Scopus’ and SciELO’s “topic” field (i.e., title, abstract or keyword) with terms relating to both floristic diversity and Espinhaço Range location. The complete set of keywords used in the survey is available in Table S1Table S1 -Keywords used for the bibliometric survey in Scopus and SciELO.. We performed searches with and without the term “espinhaço”, as not all studies in the Espinhaço Range area have “espinhaço” in the title, abstract or keyword. The search performed without the “espinhaço” term was limited to journals that could publish this kind of work; notwithstanding, the search returned a list of floristic papers from both Minas Gerais and Bahia states, reason why we had to screen these results to keep only studies from Espinhaço Range. The selection of the Espinhaço Range floristic studies was carried out in two stages: i) reading both the title and abstract of each article, and ii) examining every article to confirm the adequacy of the definition adopted. We combined the results from the two databases and deleted duplicated data.
Finally, we also searched the collection of the Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo. This journal has a long-recognized relevance for publishing floristic studies, but the journal’s content is not currently available in other databases. This search was carried out directly on the journal’s website (http://www.revistas.usp.br/bolbot/issue/archive), checking all articles available, including accepted ones published until 2/01/2022. We double-checked all searches. To ensure the accessibility of all data cited here, we conducted our research only in scientific journals, not investigating Ph.D. theses, master’s dissertations, and books.
Checklist
After screening the floristic articles, we used the species addressed in them to compile a checklist. The species names follow Flora do Brasil 2020 and to check it, we used the R package “Flora” (Carvalho 2017Carvalho G. 2017. Flora: Tools for interacting with the Brazilian Flora 2020. R Package. Version 0.3.0. https://cran.r-project.org/package=flora
https://cran.r-project.org/package=flora...
; R Core Team 2020R Core Team. 2020. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
https://www.r-project.org/...
). Species whose names are not present in Flora do Brasil 2020 were checked manually using the IPNI (2020)IPNI - International Plant Names Index. Published on the Internet. 2020. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. http://www.ipni.org. 14 May 2020.
http://www.ipni.org...
, Tropicos (2020)Tropicos.org. 2020. Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/. 09 Sept. 2020.
http://www.tropicos.org/...
, and The Plant List (2013)The Plant List. 2013. The Plant List. Version 1.1. http://www.theplantlist.org/. 14 Sept. 2020.
http://www.theplantlist.org/...
. The taxa identified as affinis (aff.), species incerta (sp.), confer (cf.), and the taxa indicated as new species, were treated according to the original floristic publication.
In addition, for angiosperms we provided a figure detailing the habit of each species, based on the information supplied by the authors in the original floristic study. When authors did not indicate the habit of a species, we treated the case as “missing data”. For Monocots, an exception was adopted: when the habit of a species was not indicated, the species was classified as either palm (for all Palmae) or herb (for all other Monocots). When the authors of the floristic study indicate more than one habit for a species, for example “shrub or subshrub” we count all habits in the analysis. Also we treat all lianas as vines, because when the floristic studies were published, there was no standardization.
Map elaboration
The distribution map of floristic studies by geological region in the Espinhaço Range was made in QGIS version 3.12.1 (QGIS Development Team 2018QGIS Development Team. 2018. QGIS Geographic information system. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. https://qgis.osgeo.org/. 04 Apr. 2020.
https://qgis.osgeo.org/...
) by superimposing the coordinates of the floristic studies on the shapefiles of Espinhaço Range.
Results and discussion
Survey of floristic studies
The search performed in SciELO returned 59 articles using “espinhaço” as a keyword and 350 in Scopus databases. The search performed without the “espinhaço” keyword returned 575 articles from SciELO and 2124 from Scopus. The screening step kept 294 floristic studies carried out in the Espinhaço Range (Table S2Table S2 - Publications selected from Boletim de Botânica and the Scopus and SciELO databases.). In terms of number of publications, the three main journals were Boletim de Botânica (253 articles), Rodriguésia (17), and Hoehnea (10). Publication of floristic studies was not limited to scientific journals (ex. Harley & Simmons 1986Harley RM, Simmons NA. 1986. Flórula of Mucuge. Chapada Diamantina - Bahia, Brazil. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens.), but these studies were more accessible.
The distribution of articles published over time is shown in Figure 1. The first publication on the topic dates from 1987; since then, there was constant production until the late 20th century. Publications returned to a significant amount in 2003, when the first volume of Flora de Grão-Mogol was published (Pirani et al. 2003Pirani JR, Mello-Silva RD, Giulietti AM. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica 21: 1-24. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i1p1-24
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
). After 2003 the maximum number of studies published in a single year occurred in 2004 (46), and the minimum, in 2018 (4). However, in 2021 there was only a single article, but it possibly reflects the Covid-19 pandemic and how its restrictions affect herbarium and field works.
Temporal distribution of floristic studies carried out in the Espinhaço Range, according to the SciELO and Scopus databases; Boletim de Botânica; Scopus, SciELO and Boletim de Botânica.
The projectsFlora da Serra do Cipó(Giuliettiet al.1987Giulietti AM, Menezes N, Pirani J, Meguro M, Wanderley M. 1987. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Caracterização e Lista das Espécies. Boletim de Botânica 9: 1-151. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v9i0p1-151
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
) andFlora de Grão-Mogol(Piraniet al.2003Pirani JR, Mello-Silva RD, Giulietti AM. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica 21: 1-24. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i1p1-24
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), both published in Boletim de Botânica, are iconic examples of floristics studies in the Espinhaço Range. These projects have had continuity since then due to the effort and commitment of researchers, graduate, and undergraduate students, to maintain the projects running in the long-term. Other Floras and journals typify this continuity, for example, Flora das Serras de Carajas published in Rodriguésia (Vianaet al.2016Viana PL, Mota NFO, Gil ASB et al. 2016. Flora das cangas da Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brasil: história, área de estudos e metodologia. Rodriguésia 67: 1107-1124. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201667501
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602016675...
). Flora do Brasil is a shining example of a Flora -979 taxonomists participated in the project, which monographed the world's most diverse flora (Flora do Brasil 2020Flora do Brasil. 2020. Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br. 15 Jan. 2021
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br...
). We regard Flora do Brasil as a fine example for future floristic studies. Indeed, we predict a key role of this project in encouraging new floristic projects in Brazil, as we understand that the project does not overlap or avoid new floristic studies.
The families with more floristic studies in Espinhaço Range were Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae, Vochysiaceae, and Xyridaceae, all with four publications each. However, when we looked at infra family taxonomic categories, this scenario changes. In this context, the families with more studies were Asteraceae (11) and Fabaceae (10). Asteraceae’s studies include four conducted at the family level (Hind 2003Hind D. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Compositae (Asteraceae). Boletim de Botânica 21: 179-234. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i1p179-234
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Moura & Roque 2014Moura L, Roque N. 2014. Asteraceae no município de Jacobina, Chapada Diamantina, Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Hoehnea 41: 573-587. doi: 10.1590/2236-8906-09/2014
https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-09/201...
; Roque et al. 2016Roque N, Oliveira EC, Moura LQ et al. 2016. Asteraceae no Município de Mucugê, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Rodriguésia 67: 125-202. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201667109
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602016671...
; Staudt et al. 2017Staudt MG, Alves M, Roque N. 2017. Asteraceae in the northern Espinhaço Range, Brazil: Richness, endemism and conservation. Acta Botanica Brasilica 31: 698-719. doi: 10.1590/0102-33062017abb0167
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062017abb...
), and seven conducted at lower taxonomic levels: tribe, Senecioneae (Teles & Stehmann 2011Teles A, Stehmann J. 2011. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Asteraceae - Senecioneae . Boletim de Botânica 29: 57-68. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v29i1p57-68
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), Eupatorieae (Contro & Nakajima 2017Contro FL, Nakajima JN. 2017. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Asteraceae - Eupatorieae. Boletim de Botânica 35: 113-162. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v35i0p113-162
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), Barnadesieae and Mutisieae (Roque & Pirani 1997Roque N, Pirani JR. 1997. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Compositae - Barnadesieae e Mutisieae. Boletim de Botânica 16: 151-185. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v16i0p151-185
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), Gnaphalieae and Inulae (Loeuille et al. 2013Loeuille B, Mittelstaedt CA, Semir J, Pirani JR. 2013. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Compositae - Gnaphalieae e Inuleae. Boletim de Botânica 31: 13-25. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v31i1p13-25
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), Heliantheae (Marques & Nakajima 2015Marques D, Nakajima JN. 2015. Heliantheae s.l. (Asteraceae) do Parque Estadual do Biribiri, Diamantina, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Hoehnea 42: 41-58. doi: 10.1590/2236-8906-15/2014
https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-15/201...
), Vernonieae and Eupatorieae (Staudt & Roque 2020Staudt MG, Roque N. 2020. As tribos Vernonieae e Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) de Morro do Chapéu, Bahia, Brasil. Rodriguésia 71: e00402018. 2020. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860202071016
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602020710...
); and genera, Richterago Kuntze (Franco et al. 2014Franco IM, Costa FN, Nakajima JN. 2014. Richterago (Asteraceae, Gochnatieae) na porção central da Cadeia do Espinhaço em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 65: 159-173. doi: 10.1590/S2175-78602014000100011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-7860201400...
). Fabaceae had a single study at the family level (Queiroz 2004Queiroz L. 2004. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Leguminosae. Boletim de Botânica 22: 213-265. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v22i2p213-265
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), with the remaining studies representing classical subfamilies, Caesalpinioideae (Rando et al. 2013Rando J, Hervencio P, Souza VC, Giulietti AM, Pirani JR. 2013. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Leguminosae - “Caesalpinioideae”. Boletim de Botânica 31: 141-198. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v31i2p141-198
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), Papilionoideae (Silva & Martins 2013Silva ED, Martins AB. 2013. Leguminosae-Papilionoideae na Serra do Cabral, MG, Brasil. Hoehnea 40: 293-314. doi: 10.1590/S2236-89062013000200004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-8906201300...
), Mimosoideae (Borges & Pirani 2013Borges L, Pirani J. 2013. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Leguminosae-Mimosoideae. Boletim de Botânica 31: 41-97. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v31i1p41-97
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
); tribe, Dalbergieae s.l. (Ferreira et al. 2019Ferreira JJDS, Oliveira ACDS, Queiroz RTD, Silva JS. 2019. The tribe Dalbergieae s.l. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in the municipality of Caetité, Bahia, Brazil. Rodriguésia 70: e03502017. 2019. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201970089
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602019700...
) and Phaseoleae s.l. (Teixeira et al. 2021Teixeira JD, Ferreira JJDS, Silva JS. 2021. A tribo Phaseoleae s.l. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) no município de Caetité, Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Hoehnea 48: e392020. doi: 10.1590/2236-8906-39/2020
https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-39/202...
); or genera, Chamaecrista Moench (Zeferino et al. 2019Zeferino LC, Queiroz RT, Rando JG et al. 2019. O gênero Chamaecrista (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) no Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 70: e02802017.2019. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201970030
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602019700...
; Cota et al. 2020Cota MMT, Rando JG, Mello-Silva R. 2020. Chamaecrista (Leguminosae) of the Diamantina Plateau, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with six new species and taxonomic novelties. Phytotaxa 469: 1-82. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.469.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.469.1...
) and Senna Mill (Azevedo & Conceição 2017Azevedo FP, Conceição AS. 2017. The genus Senna Mill. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) in the Serra Geral of Licínio de Almeida, Bahia, Brazil. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 39: 95-112. doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v39i1.32030
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v...
; Santos et al. 2020Santos TT, Oliveira ACS, Queiroz RT, Silva JS. 2020. O gênero Senna (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) no município de Caetité, Bahia, Brasil. Rodriguésia 71: e01222018. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860202071002
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602020710...
).
Families such as Apocynaceae, Bromeliaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Malvaceae, and Melastomataceae, had few studies at the family level. These groups of plants are very diverse in the campo rupestre of Espinhaço Range, with high rates of endemism (Colli-Silva et al. 2019aColli-Silva M, Vasconcelos TN, Pirani JR. 2019a. Outstanding plant endemism levels strongly support the recognition of campo rupestre provinces in mountaintops of eastern South America. Journal of Biogeography 46: 1723-1733. doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb10192.x
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973...
) what could encourage the elaboration of floras. Despite that, these taxa were treated in floristic studies in the Espinhaço Range due to the publication of Floras with other taxonomic categories (Table 1). We believe that this can also be related to the fact that these families show a high diversity in the Espinhaço Range and present a complex taxonomic history, which may make it difficult to complete a monography at once. Some situations than can corroborate this is 1) Apocynaceae studies in Grão Mogol’s flora are divided in Apocynaceae without Asclepiadoideae (Oliveira & Pirani 2003Oliveira AA, Pirani JR. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Apocynaceae s.l. (exceto Asclepiadoideae). Boletim de Botânica 21: 73-82. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i1p73-82
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
) and Apocynaceae only Asclepiadoideae (Rapini et al. 2003Rapini A, Mello-Silva R, Kawasaki M. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Apocynaceae s.l. - Asclepiadoideae. Boletim de Botânica 21: 83-96. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i1p83-96
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
); for example 2) Eriocaulaceae’s studies in Serra do Cipó were treated by genera or infrageneric categorical Paepalanthus subg. Xeractis (Hensold 1998Hensold N. 1998. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Paepalanthus subg. Xeractis (Eriocaulaceae). Boletim de Botânica 17: 207-218. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v17i0p207-218
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
) and Paepalanthus sect. Actinocephalus (Sano 1998Sano PT. 1998. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Paepalanthus Sect. Actinocephalus Koern. (Eriocaulaceae). Boletim de Botânica 17: 187-205. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v17i0p187-205
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), and Syngonanthus (Parra 1998Parra L. 1998. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Syngonanthus Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae). Boletim de Botânica 17: 219-254. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v17i0p219-254
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), the same situation occured at Paepalanthus in the Parque Estadual do Biribiri (Andrino et al. 2015Andrino CO, Costa FN, Sano PT. 2015. O gênero Paepalanthus Mart. (Eriocaulaceae) no Parque Estadual do Biribiri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 66: 393-419. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201566209
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602015662...
); 3) Malvaceae’s studies in Serra do Cipó are also divided as subfamilies (Colli-Silva et al. 2019bColli-Silva M, Esteves G, Duarte M. 2019b. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Byttnerioideae, Helicterioideae e Sterculioideae (Malvaceae). Boletim de Botânica 37: 27-48. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v37i0p27-48
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Yoshikawa et al. 2019Yoshikawa VN, Esteves G, Duarte M. 2019. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Bombacoideae (Malvaceae). Boletim de Botânica 37: 49-58. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v37i0p49-58
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Yoshikawa et al. 2020Yoshikawa VN, Esteves GL, Duarte MC. 2020. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Grewioideae (Malvaceae). Boletim de Botânica 38: 1-7. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v38p1-7
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
).
List of floristic studies in the Espinhaço Range and the number of studies carried out in each locality according to the articles.*Only for Espinhaço Mineiro.
Our results showed that floristic studies use taxonomic categories to delimit the plants in a study. Also, its suggests the presence of a specialist in these taxonomic categories in most floristic studies from the Espinhaço Range. Floras promote essential tools for the specialist’s professional development (Rapini et al. 2008Rapini A, Ribeiro PL, Lambert S, Pirani JR. 2008. A flora dos campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade 4: 16-24.), and the formation of specialists may promote more flora in the future. That highlights the importance of floras for a continued formation of specialists and therefore its continued necessity.
The knowledge on botanical diversity in the Espinhaço Range keeps growing. For example, between 2005 and 2014, 12 new plant species were described yearly, on average (Fernandes et al. 2018Fernandes GW, Barbosa NPU, Alberton B et al. 2018. The deadly route to collapse and the uncertain fate of Brazilian rupestrian grasslands. Biodiversity and Conservation 27: 2587-2603. doi: 10.1007/s10531-018-1556-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1556-...
). In the last ten years, 20 species of Eriocaulaceae were described (Echternacht et al. 2011Echternacht L, Trovó M, Sano PT. 2011. Two new species of Actinocephalus (Eriocaulaceae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phytotaxa 27: 26-36. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1.3
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.27.1....
; Echternacht & Sano 2012Echternacht L, Sano PT. 2012. A new Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Brittonia 64: 30-34. doi: 10.1007/s12228-011-9196-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-011-9196-...
; Trovó et al. 2013Trovó M, Echternacht L, Sano PT. 2013. Three New Species of Paepalanthus sect. Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 22: 325-331. doi: 10.3417/2010112
https://doi.org/10.3417/2010112...
; Echternacht 2014Echternacht L. 2014. A critically endangered new species of Comanthera from Bahia, Brazil (Paepalanthoideae, Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 186: 166-173. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.186.3.5
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.186.3...
; Echternacht & Trovó 2015Echternacht L, Trovó M. 2015. Paepalanthus serpens, a new microendemic species of Eriocaulaceae from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil. PhytoKeys 48: 43-49. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.48.6713
https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.48.671...
; Andrino et al. 2016Andrino CO, Trovó M, Sano PT. 2016. A field full of green stars: Paepalanthus multistellaris (Eriocaulaceae), a new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phytotaxa 278: 055-061. doi: 0.11646/phytotaxa.278.1.6
https://doi.org/0.11646/phytotaxa.278.1....
; Costa et al. 2016Costa FN, Andrino CO, Trovó M, Echternacht L, Sano PT. 2016. Three new micro-endemic species of Paepalanthus (Paepalanthoideae, Eriocaulaceae) from Serra do Ambrósio, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phytotaxa 247: 118-126. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.247.2.3
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.247.2...
; Giulietti et al. 2016Giulietti AM, Da Silva DM. 2016. A new species of Leiothrix (Eriocaulaceae) from the Espinhaço Range, Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 247: 127-132. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.247.2.4
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.247.2...
; Pereira et al. 2016Pereira ACS, Ribeiro L, Giulietti AM. 2016. Comanthera borbae (Eriocaulaceae): A new species endemic to the Northern portion of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 270: 25-32. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.270.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.1...
; De Oliveira Chagas et al. 2019De Oliveira Chagas EC, Da Costa-Lima JL, Giulietti AM. 2019. Four new species of Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae) from Bahia, Brazil. Kew Bulletin 74: 9. doi: 10.1007/s12225-019-9793-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-019-9793-...
; Andrino et al. 2020Andrino CO, Simon MF, Quintino Faria JE, Moreira LCA, Sano PT. 2020. Paepalanthus fabianeae (Eriocaulaceae): A New Microendemic Species from a Morphologically Coherent Clade. Systematic Botany 45: 794-801. doi: 10.1600/036364420X16033963649318
https://doi.org/10.1600/036364420X160339...
; Echternacht et al. 2021Echternacht L, Watanabe MTC, Andrino CO. 2021. Novelties from the Serra Nova State Park (Minas Gerais, Brazil): Two new endemic species of Eriocaulaceae. Phytotaxa 505: 187-200. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.505.2.5
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.505.2...
), seven of which are endangered, 12 critically endangered, and one is data deficient, according to authors. The endemic and microendemic species of the campo rupestre are extremely vulnerable to extinction (Rapini et al. 2021Rapini A, Bitencourt C, Luebert F, Cardoso D. 2021. An escape-to-radiate model for explaining the high plant diversity and endemism in campos rupestres. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 481-498. doi: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa179
https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa1...
), a fact that reinforces the need of continuous conservation efforts targeting this flora. It is predicted that areas of campo rupestre suitable for conservation will be lost to an extent of up to 82% over the next 50 years if climate change is not reversed (Fernandes et al. 2018Fernandes GW, Barbosa NPU, Alberton B et al. 2018. The deadly route to collapse and the uncertain fate of Brazilian rupestrian grasslands. Biodiversity and Conservation 27: 2587-2603. doi: 10.1007/s10531-018-1556-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1556-...
). Other factors could be cited as a threathed for the biodiversity of the campo rupestre, such as urban growth, disorderly mining, forestry industry, lack of governance and animal farming (Fernandes et al. 2020Fernandes GW, Arantes-Garcia L, Barbosa M et al. 2020. Biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Campo Rupestre: A road map for the sustainability of the hottest Brazilian biodiversity hotspot. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 18: 213-222. doi: 10.1016/j.pecon.2020.10.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2020.10....
).
Another significant result of our research is the confirmation of the overlap between floristic studies and protected areas. The floristic studies mapped were carried out in or close too national and state parks, or other categories of conservation areas. This result attests the importance of protected areas for floristic research in the Espinhaço Range. In fact, to promote and facilitate research is one of the core objectives of creating a protected area (Brasil 2000Brasil. 2000. Lei nº 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000. Regulamenta o art. 225, § 1º, incisos I, II, III e VII da Constituição Federal, institui o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, Brasil, 2000.). In addition, surveys are an important ally for conservation areas, as they can provide important data to decision makers and also present more information about the biodiversity in protected areas, and their conservation. These data can shed light on the biodiversity that is not being watched, and on how to act for its conservation. Thus, floristic studies are relevant for the conservation of the Espinhaço Range as these studies map the local and regional flora, discover, and describe new species, and help to identify and monitor priority areas for conservation. The relationship between Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó and the project Flora da Serra do Cipó (Giulietti et al. 1987Giulietti AM, Menezes N, Pirani J, Meguro M, Wanderley M. 1987. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Caracterização e Lista das Espécies. Boletim de Botânica 9: 1-151. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v9i0p1-151
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
) are a shining example for that.
The Espinhaço Range
Espinhaço Range can be recognized in two portions, based on the geopolitical Brazilian states in which they occur: Espinhaço Mineiro and Espinhaço Baiano, this division used to be adopted in botanical studies in the past. (Giulietti et al. 1987Giulietti AM, Menezes N, Pirani J, Meguro M, Wanderley M. 1987. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Caracterização e Lista das Espécies. Boletim de Botânica 9: 1-151. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v9i0p1-151
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Lohmann & Pirani 1996Lohmann LG, Pirani JR. 1996. Tecomeae (Bignoniaceae) da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais e Bahia, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 10: 103-138. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33061996000100010
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3306199600...
; Pirani et al. 2003Pirani JR, Mello-Silva RD, Giulietti AM. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica 21: 1-24. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i1p1-24
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Rapini et al. 2008Rapini A, Ribeiro PL, Lambert S, Pirani JR. 2008. A flora dos campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade 4: 16-24.; Versieux et al. 2008Versieux LM, Wendt T, Louzada RB, Wanderley MGL. 2008. Bromeliaceae da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade 4: 98-110. ). However, it is also possible recognize four portion in Espinhaço Range, based on local geology: Espinhaço Meridional, Serra do Cabral, Espinhaço Septentrional, and Chapada Diamantina (Chemale Jr et al. 2011Chemale Jr F, Dussin IA, Martins M, Santos MD. 2011. Nova abordagem tectono-estratigráfica do Supergrupo Espinhaço em sua porção meridional (MG). Geonomos 19: 173-179. doi: 10.18285/geonomos.v19i2.52
https://doi.org/10.18285/geonomos.v19i2....
). Nevertheless, we found that some studies carried out in Espinhaço Baiano do not mention Espinhaço Range in the “topic field”; these studies were made in Chapada Diamantina (see Torres et al. 2003Torres DSC, Cordeiro I, Giulietti AM. 2003. O gênero Phyllanthus L. (Euphorbiaceae) na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 17: 265-278. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062003000200009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3306200300...
; Pataro et al. 2017Pataro L, Romero R, Roque N. 2017. Microlicieae (Melastomataceae) no município de Mucugê, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Rodriguésia 68: 1287-1311. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201768412
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602017684...
) and Espinhaço Setentrional (see Azevedo et al. 2015Azevedo FP, França F, Junqueira MER. 2015. Estudos taxonômicos da família Vochysiaceae A. St.-Hil. no Município de Caetité, Bahia, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Botanica 70: 25-38.; Ferreira et al 2019Ferreira JJDS, Oliveira ACDS, Queiroz RTD, Silva JS. 2019. The tribe Dalbergieae s.l. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in the municipality of Caetité, Bahia, Brazil. Rodriguésia 70: e03502017. 2019. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201970089
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602019700...
; Santos et al. 2020Santos TT, Oliveira ACS, Queiroz RT, Silva JS. 2020. O gênero Senna (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) no município de Caetité, Bahia, Brasil. Rodriguésia 71: e01222018. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860202071002
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602020710...
).
In the geopolitical classification, the Iron Quadrangle, a unique Pre-Cambrian structure and one of the richest mineral-bearings regions in the world (Almeida et al. 2011Almeida K, Matschullat J, Mello J, Meneses I, Viole Z. 2011. Physical aspects of the Iron Quadrangle. In: Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P. (eds.) Arsenic: Natural and Anthropogenic. Boca Raton, CRC Press. p. 81-90.) is commonly viewed as part of the Espinhaço Range (Rapini et al. 2008Rapini A, Ribeiro PL, Lambert S, Pirani JR. 2008. A flora dos campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade 4: 16-24.; Almeida et al. 2014Almeida GSSD, Carvalho-Okano RMD, Nakajima JN, Garcia FCP. 2014. Asteraceae Dumort nos campos rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil: Barnadesieae e Mutisieae. Rodriguésia 65: 311-328. doi: 10.1590/S2175-78602014000200003
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-7860201400...
; Silveira et al. 2016Silveira FAO, Negreiros D, Barbosa NPU et al. 2016. Ecology and evolution of plant diversity in the endangered campo rupestre: a neglected conservation priority. Plant Soil 403: 129-152. doi: 10.1007/s11104-015-2637-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2637-...
). The UNESCO (2005)UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2005. https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/lac/espinhaco/. 01 Feb. 2021.
https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/lac/espi...
accepted this delimitation in the proposal of Espinhaço Range as a Biosphere Reserve. The inclusion of the Iron Quadrangle into the Espinhaço Range limits is opportune as it intends to provide greater protection to the area (Gontijo 2008Gontijo BM. 2008. Uma geografia para a Cadeia do Espinhaço. Megadiversidade 4: 7-14.), as well as to other campo rupestre areas (Fernandes et al. 2018Fernandes GW, Barbosa NPU, Alberton B et al. 2018. The deadly route to collapse and the uncertain fate of Brazilian rupestrian grasslands. Biodiversity and Conservation 27: 2587-2603. doi: 10.1007/s10531-018-1556-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1556-...
), given that the region faces strong mining pressure.
A total of 16 floristic studies from the Iron Quadrangle appeared in our search, which were conducted at the following locations: Serra do Ouro Branco (Santos & Sano 2012Santos MF, Sano PT. 2012. Flora of the Serra do Ouro Branco, Minas Gerais: Myrtaceae. Rodriguésia 63: 1065-1083. doi: 10.1590/S2175-78602012000400019
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-7860201200...
; Longhi-Wagner & Araújo 2014Longhi-Wagner HM, Araújo AC. 2014. Flora fanerogâmica da Serra do Ouro Branco, Minas Gerais, Brasil: Cyperaceae. Rodriguésia 65: 369-404. doi: 10.1590/S2175-78602014000200006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-7860201400...
; Vieira & Barros 2017Vieira TL, Barros F. 2017. Orchidaceae na Serra do Ouro Branco, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 68: 691-747. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201768224.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602017682...
), Pico do Itacolomi (Dutra et al. 2005Dutra VF, Messias MCT, Garcia FCP. 2005. Papilionoideae (Leguminosae) nos campos ferruginosos do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil: florística e fenologia. Brazilian Journal of Botany 2: 493-504. doi: 10.1590/S0100-84042005000300007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8404200500...
; Lima et al. 2007Lima LCP, Garcia FCP, Sartori ALB. 2007. Leguminosae nas florestas estacionais do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil: ervas, arbustos, subarbustos, lianas e trepadeiras. Rodriguésia 58: 331-358. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860200758209.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602007582...
; Dutra et al. 2008aDutra VF, Garcia FCP, Lima HCD. 2008a. Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) nos Campos Rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, MG, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 22: 547-558. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062008000200021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3306200800...
; Dutra et al. 2008bDutra VF, Garcia FCP, Lima HCD. 2008b. Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) nos campos rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 59: 573-585. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860200859311
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602008593...
; Rolim & Salino 2008Rolim LB, Salino A. 2008. Polypodiaceae Bercht & J. Presl (Polypodiopsida) no Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, MG, Brasil. Lundiana 9: 83-106.; Casarino et al. 2009Casarino JE, Mynssen CM, Messias MCTB. 2009. Schizaeales no Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Botany 32: 737-748. doi: 10.1590/S0100-84042009000400012.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8404200900...
; Dutra et al. 2009Dutra VF, Garcia FCP, Lima HCD. 2009. Papilionoideae (Leguminosae) nos campos rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, MG, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 23: 145-157. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062009000100018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3306200900...
; Lima et al. 2010Lima LCP, Garcia FCP, Sartori ALB. 2010. As Leguminosae arbóreas das florestas estacionais do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 61: 441-466. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201061308
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602010613...
; Coser et al. 2010Coser TDS, Paula CCD, Wendt T. 2010. Bromeliaceae Juss. nos campos rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 61: 261-280. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201061209
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602010612...
; Bünger et al. 2012Bünger MDO, Scalon VR, Sobral M, Stehmann JR. 2012. Myrtaceae in the Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 63: 857-881. doi: 10.1590/S2175-78602012000400009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-7860201200...
; Almeida et al. 2014Almeida GSSD, Carvalho-Okano RMD, Nakajima JN, Garcia FCP. 2014. Asteraceae Dumort nos campos rupestres do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil: Barnadesieae e Mutisieae. Rodriguésia 65: 311-328. doi: 10.1590/S2175-78602014000200003
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-7860201400...
), Serra da Caraça (Morais & Lombardi 2006Morais PO, Lombardi JA. 2006. A família Myrtaceae na reserva particular do patrimônio natural da Serra do Caraça, Catas Altas, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Lundiana 7: 3-32.) and Serra do Rola-Moça (Guarçoni et al. 2010Guarçoni EAE, Paula CCD, Costa AFD. 2010. Bromeliaceae do Parque Estadual da Serra do Rola-Moça, Minas Gerais. Rodriguésia 61: 467-490. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201061309.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602010613...
). Together, these studies highlight the diversity of plants in this region, reinforcing the need of conservation actions.
The spatial distribution of floristic studies in the Espinhaço Range is presented in Figure 2. In total, Floras are distributed in 13 points: five in Espinhaço Meridional + Serra do Cabral, three in Espinhaço meridional, and five in Chapada Diamantina. There are four unplaced local in the map, because they are regions and not only a locality: Central Portion of Espinhaço Range (Andrino & Costa 2013Andrino CO, Costa FN. 2013. Paepalanthus subgen. Xeractis (Eriocaulaceae) na porção central da Cadeia do Espinhaço em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 64: 75-89. 10.1590/S2175-78602013000100008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-7860201300...
), Chapada Diamantina (Torres et al. 2003Torres DSC, Cordeiro I, Giulietti AM. 2003. O gênero Phyllanthus L. (Euphorbiaceae) na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 17: 265-278. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062003000200009
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3306200300...
; Oliveira et al. 2003Oliveira RP, Longhi-Wagner HM, Giulietti AM. 2003. O gênero Ichnanthus (Poaceae: Paniceae) na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 17: 49-70. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062003000100005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3306200300...
; Ribeiro et al. 2005Ribeiro P, Borba EL, Toscano-de-Brito ALV. 2005. O gênero Bulbophyllum Thouars (Orchidaceae) na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Botany 28: 423-439. doi: 10.1590/S0100-84042005000300002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8404200500...
; Ferreira et al. 2012Ferreira JL, Melo E, Nonato FR. 2012. Schizaeales da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Rodriguésia 63: 451-461. doi: 10.1590/S2175-78602012000200017
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-7860201200...
; Pimenta et al. 2019Pimenta KM, Rua GH, Oliveira RP. 2019. O gênero Paspalum L. (Poaceae) na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Botânica 74: e2019011. doi: 10.21826/2446-82312019v74e2019011
https://doi.org/10.21826/2446-82312019v7...
), Diamantina Plateau (Shimizu & Yamamoto 2012Shimizu G, Yamamoto K. 2012. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Vochysiaceae. Boletim de Botânica 30: 57-61. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v30i1p57-61
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), and Espinhaço Range (Lohmann & Pirani 1996Lohmann LG, Pirani JR. 1996. Tecomeae (Bignoniaceae) da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais e Bahia, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 10: 103-138. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33061996000100010
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3306199600...
; Melo 2000Melo E. 2000. Polygonaceae da cadeia do espinhaço, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 14: 273-300. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062000000300006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3306200000...
; Rapini 2001Rapini A. 2001. Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) da Cadeia do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica 19: 55-169. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v19i0p55-169
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Lima & Pirani 2003Lima L, Pirani JR. 2003. O gênero Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae) na Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica 21: 299-344. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i2p299-344
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Araujo et al. 2005Araujo AO, Souza VC, Chautems A. 2005. Gesneriaceae da Cadeia do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Botany 28: 109-135. doi: 10.1590/S0100-84042005000100010
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8404200500...
; Oliveira et al. 2010Oliveira RS, Antoinette JH, Sano PT. 2010. Habranthus (Amaryllidaceae) da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais e Bahia, Brasil. Rodriguésia 61: 491-503. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201061310
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602010613...
; Rapini 2010Rapini A. 2010. Revisitando as Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Boletim de Botânica 28: 97-123. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v28i2p97-12
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
). In some cases, the locality indicated in the article’s title differ from that wherein the floristic study took place (ex: Staudt et al. 2017Staudt MG, Alves M, Roque N. 2017. Asteraceae in the northern Espinhaço Range, Brazil: Richness, endemism and conservation. Acta Botanica Brasilica 31: 698-719. doi: 10.1590/0102-33062017abb0167
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062017abb...
); we advise against that.
2-A Geological regions in the Espinhaço Range: Espinhaço Meridional; Espinhaço Setentrional, and Chapada Diamantina, in different colors. 2-B Distribution of floristic studies by geological region in the Espinhaço Range.
Our results revealed a concentration of floristic studies in Espinhaço Mineiro - 260 works, and only 26 in Espinhaço Baiano. Chapada Diamantina province has 381 endemic species (sensu Colli-Silva et al 2019aColli-Silva M, Vasconcelos TN, Pirani JR. 2019a. Outstanding plant endemism levels strongly support the recognition of campo rupestre provinces in mountaintops of eastern South America. Journal of Biogeography 46: 1723-1733. doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb10192.x
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973...
), but had only 18 floristic studies. Therefore, it is essential to develop additional floristic studies about this vegetation. The area does not have any study project published in article or monograph formats, such as Flora da Serra do Cipó, in Espinhaço Meridional, and Flora de Grão-Mogol, in Espinhaço Setentrional of Minas Gerais. The two major floristic studies in Chapada Diamantina are Flórula de Mucugê (Harley & Simmons 1986Harley RM, Simmons NA. 1986. Flórula of Mucuge. Chapada Diamantina - Bahia, Brazil. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens.) and Flora dos Picos das Almas (Stannard 1995Stannard BL. 1995. Flora of the Pico das Almas, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia. Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens .), both of which are published in book format and did not enter our survey. Additionally, we identified five regions with sampling gaps regarding floristic studies: the areas 1) between Serra do Cipó and Biribiri State Park; 2) between Grão-Mogol and Caetité municipalities; 3) between Serras de Licínio de Almeida and the municipality of Mucugê, 4) west of Chapada Diamantina, and 5) north of Chapada Diamantina. Some of these regions had already been identified as areas of low sampling effort for Asteraceae (Campos et al. 2019Campos L, Moro MF, Funk VA, Roque N. 2019. Biogeographical Review of Asteraceae in the Espinhaço Mountain Range, Brazil. The Botanical Review 85: 293-336. doi: 10.1007/s12229-019-09216-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-019-09216...
). These areas need news studies and collecting efforts because these gaps could reflect a lack of knowledge about the geographical distribution of species -Wallacean Shortfall and it can help to promote the discovery of new species- Linnean Shortfall (Hortal et al. 2015Hortal J, de Bello F, Diniz-Filho JAF, Lewinsohn TM, Lobo JM, Ladle RJ. 2015. Seven shortfalls that beset large-scale knowledge of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 46: 523-549. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054400
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-...
) and floristic studies are useful to face these shortfall. Table 1 shows the relationships between sampling points and the number of floristics studies.
Checklist
Table S3Table S3 - Checklist compiled from the data present in floristic studies in the Espinhaço Range. *Species known only from typus. It was collected in this region but was not considered in the study. presents the checklist of plant names compiled from the floristic studies of the Espinhaço Range. We assembled 3,191 plant species belonging to 214 families and 949 genera; of these, 2,879 are angiosperms, 247 bryophytes, and 75 lycophytes and ferns. We highlight that all bryophytes are from Flora da Serra do Cipó(Yano & Peralta 2011Yano O, Peralta D. 2011. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: briófitas (Anthocerotophyta, Bryophyta e Marchantiophyta). Boletim de Botânica 29: 135-299. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v29i2p135-29
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
) andFlora do Grão-Mogol(Yano & Peralta 2009Yano O, Peralta DF. 2009. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Briófitas (Bryophyta e Marchantiophyta). Boletim de Botânica 27: 1-26. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v27i1p1-26
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
), whilst all Lycophytes and Ferns are from one of three localities: Serra do Cipó, Grão-Mogol, or Chapada Diamantina (Windisch & Prado 1990Windisch P, Prado J. 1990. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais Cyatheaceae. Boletim de Botânica 12: 7-13. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v12i0p7-13
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Prado 1992Prado J. 1992. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Pteridaceae-Cheilanthoideae. Boletim de Botânica 13: 141-159. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v13i0p141-159
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Windisch 1992Windisch P. 1992. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Hymenophyllaceae. Boletim de Botânica 13: 133-139. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v13i0p133-139
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Prado & Windisch 1996Prado J, Windisch P. 1996. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Dennstaedtiaceae. Boletim de Botânica 15: 83-88. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v15i1p83-88
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Prado 1997Prado J. 1997. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Pteridaceae - Adiantoideae e Taenitidoideae. Boletim de Botânica 16: 115-118. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v16i0p115-118
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Prado & Labiak 2003Prado J, Labiak P. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Pteridófitas. Boletim de Botânica 21: 25-47. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i1p25-47
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Ferreira et al. 2012Ferreira JL, Melo E, Nonato FR. 2012. Schizaeales da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Rodriguésia 63: 451-461. doi: 10.1590/S2175-78602012000200017
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-7860201200...
). The Flora do Brasil (2020)Flora do Brasil. 2020. Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br. 15 Jan. 2021
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br...
indicates 49,992 plant species in Brazil; therefore, at least 6,3% of the Brazilian flora was sampled in floristic studies carried out in the Espinhaço Range. This fact highlights the importance of floristic studies in high biodiversity areas.
These species are just a part of the total richness of Espinhaço Range, as the Serra do Cipó checklist has 3,229 species (Pirani et al. 2015Pirani JR, Sano PT, Mello-Silva R et al. 2015. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais. http://www.ib.usp.br/botanica/serradocipo/angiosperma/46-lista-angiosperma.html/. 02 Feb. 2021
http://www.ib.usp.br/botanica/serradocip...
) and the checklist for Catolés, in the Chapada Diamantina, has 1,710 species (Zappi et al. 2003Zappi D, Lucas E, Stannard B et al. 2003. Lista das plantas vasculares de Catolés, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Boletim de Botânica 21: 345-398. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i2p345-398
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
). Both the Serra do Cipó and Chapada Diamantina areas are within the Espinhaço Range, therefore, the species richness in these mountains is higher than that reported herein (i.e., 3,191 species). Consequently, additional floristic studies in this region are much needed to improve data for all plant species of Espinhaço Range and suppress the gaps reported in “Espinhaço Range” topic.
The most species-rich families and genera found in the survey of floristic studies are shown in Figure 3. The Asteraceae and Fabaceae families present the highest numbers of plant species in the Espinhaço Range so far. Other families, including Apocynaceae, Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Xyridaceae, and Myrtaceae, also have a high sampling effort in the Espinhaço Range (Figure 3A). The most species-rich genera in the checklist are presented in Figure 3B and may have appeared due to four conditions: 1) Floristic studies exclusive for Paepalanthus (Hensold 1998Hensold N. 1998. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Paepalanthus subg. Xeractis (Eriocaulaceae). Boletim de Botânica 17: 207-218. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v17i0p207-218
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Andrino & Costa 2013Andrino CO, Costa FN. 2013. Paepalanthus subgen. Xeractis (Eriocaulaceae) na porção central da Cadeia do Espinhaço em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 64: 75-89. 10.1590/S2175-78602013000100008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-7860201300...
; Andrino et al. 2015Andrino CO, Costa FN, Sano PT. 2015. O gênero Paepalanthus Mart. (Eriocaulaceae) no Parque Estadual do Biribiri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 66: 393-419. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201566209
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602015662...
), Chamaecrista (Zeferino et al. 2019Zeferino LC, Queiroz RT, Rando JG et al. 2019. O gênero Chamaecrista (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) no Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rodriguésia 70: e02802017.2019. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201970030
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602019700...
; Cota et al. 2020Cota MMT, Rando JG, Mello-Silva R. 2020. Chamaecrista (Leguminosae) of the Diamantina Plateau, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with six new species and taxonomic novelties. Phytotaxa 469: 1-82. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.469.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.469.1...
), and Paspalum (Pimenta et al. 2019Pimenta KM, Rua GH, Oliveira RP. 2019. O gênero Paspalum L. (Poaceae) na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Botânica 74: e2019011. doi: 10.21826/2446-82312019v74e2019011
https://doi.org/10.21826/2446-82312019v7...
); 2) Monogeneric families studies (Xyridaceae, Xyris) (Wanderley & Silva 2009Wanderley MGL, Silva M. 2009. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Xyridaceae. Boletim de Botânica 27: 137-147. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v27i1p137-147
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Wanderley 2011Wanderley MGL. 2011. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Xyridaceae. Boletim de Botânica 29: 69-134. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v29i1p69-134
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Silva & Wanderley 2013Silva GO, Wanderley MGL. 2013. A família Xyridaceae no município de Mucugê, BA, Brasil. Hoehnea 40: 51-76. doi: 10.1590/S2236-89062013000100002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2236-8906201300...
); 3) Presence in the family of the richest genera know to Espinhaço Range, Microlicia (Melastomataceae) (Pataro et al. 2017Pataro L, Romero R, Roque N. 2017. Microlicieae (Melastomataceae) no município de Mucugê, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil. Rodriguésia 68: 1287-1311. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860201768412
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602017684...
; Pacifico & Fidanza 2018Pacifico R, Fidanza K. 2018. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais. Boletim de Botânica 36: 25-95. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v36i0p25-95
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
); and 4) Several studies on specific genera, such as Mikania, which appear in six of the 11 Asteraceae’s Floras (Hind 2003Hind D. 2003. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Compositae (Asteraceae). Boletim de Botânica 21: 179-234. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v21i1p179-234
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Moura & Roque 2014Moura L, Roque N. 2014. Asteraceae no município de Jacobina, Chapada Diamantina, Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Hoehnea 41: 573-587. doi: 10.1590/2236-8906-09/2014
https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-09/201...
; Roque et al. 2016Roque N, Pirani JR. 1997. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Compositae - Barnadesieae e Mutisieae. Boletim de Botânica 16: 151-185. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v16i0p151-185
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Contro & Nakajima 2017Contro FL, Nakajima JN. 2017. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Asteraceae - Eupatorieae. Boletim de Botânica 35: 113-162. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v35i0p113-162
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Staudt et al. 2017Staudt MG, Alves M, Roque N. 2017. Asteraceae in the northern Espinhaço Range, Brazil: Richness, endemism and conservation. Acta Botanica Brasilica 31: 698-719. doi: 10.1590/0102-33062017abb0167
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062017abb...
; Staudt & Roque 2020Staudt MG, Roque N. 2020. As tribos Vernonieae e Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) de Morro do Chapéu, Bahia, Brasil. Rodriguésia 71: e00402018. 2020. doi: 10.1590/2175-7860202071016
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-78602020710...
). These genera are rich in species endemic to the Espinhaço Range (Colli-Silva et al. 2019aColli-Silva M, Vasconcelos TN, Pirani JR. 2019a. Outstanding plant endemism levels strongly support the recognition of campo rupestre provinces in mountaintops of eastern South America. Journal of Biogeography 46: 1723-1733. doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb10192.x
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973...
). Furthermore, these genera cluster the highest number of species to their respective families in Espinhaço Range, as is the case of Mikania (Campos et al. 2019Campos L, Moro MF, Funk VA, Roque N. 2019. Biogeographical Review of Asteraceae in the Espinhaço Mountain Range, Brazil. The Botanical Review 85: 293-336. doi: 10.1007/s12229-019-09216-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-019-09216...
). Therefore, these taxa should receive special attention for conservation actions in this area.
The most diverse taxa of the Espinhaço Range checklist. 3A- The 10 most diverse families. 3B- The most diverse genera.
Grasses and shrubs
Figure 4A presents a histogram of the habits of the species listed in floristic studies in the Espinhaço Range, using the information provided in the studies. Figure 4B presents the shrub and subshrub habits combined into a single category. We found that, in some instances, there was no clear-cutting separation supporting these habits. We believe this happens because there is no single definition that can standardize how taxonomists use these terms. Another situation detected by us is that some authors did not attribute habit to Monocot species (e.g., Longhi-Wagner & Todeschini 2004Longhi-Wagner H, Todeschini B. 2004. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Gramineae (Poaceae). Boletim de Botânica 22: 143-165. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v22i2p143-165.
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Coffani-Nunes et al. 2010Coffani-Nunes J, Versieux L, Wanderley M, Pirani J. 2010. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil: Bromeliaceae - Tillandsioideae. Boletim de Botânica 28: 35-54. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v28i1p35-54
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
; Sano et al. 2010Sano PT, Giulietti AM, Trovó M, Parra L, Müller G. 2010. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Eriocaulaceae. Boletim de Botânica 28: 125-140. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v28i2p125-140
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
). We believe that the differential secondary growth in Monocots, compared to Eudicots, explain why these authors avoided defining these plants as herbs, shrubs, and subshrubs. For example, some species of Actinocephalus (Eriocaulaceae) have secondary growth (e.g., Actinocephalus rigidus (Bong.) Sano), a growth pattern that occurs due to activity of a secondary thickening meristem; this feature is likely to occur in other species of Actinocephalus as well (Oriani et al. 2008Oriani A, Scatena VL, Sano PT. 2008. Morphological architecture of Actinocephalus (Koern.) Sano (Eriocaulaceae-Poales). Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 203: 341-349. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2007.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2007.04....
). This species does not have its habit attributed in floristic studies, though (see Sano et al. 2010Sano PT, Giulietti AM, Trovó M, Parra L, Müller G. 2010. Flora de Grão-Mogol, Minas Gerais: Eriocaulaceae. Boletim de Botânica 28: 125-140. doi: 10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v28i2p125-140
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052....
).
Habits of species of angiosperms of the Espinhaço Range checklist. 4A: Habits “Shrub”and “Subshrub” treated separately. 4B: Habits “Shrub” and “Subshrub” pooled in a single class, “Shrub/Subshrub”.
In these cases, we recommend using the definitions of shrub and subshrub present in Beentje (2010Beentje H. 2010. Plant Glossary. Kew, Royal Botanical Gardens.). “Shrub: self-supporting woody plant branching at or near the ground or with several stems from the base. Subshrub: Small shrub with partially herbaceous stems”. The definition for herbs in this study, i.e., “plant without a persistent woody stem above ground”, is similar to that of Harris & Harris (2001Harris JG, Harris MW. 2001. Plant identification terminology: An illustrated glossary. 2nd. edn. Spring Lake, Spring Lake Publishing.). However, these definitions still do not suit the cases of Monocots that lack cambia but show another secondary growth. Given this scenario, we advocate that future studies should review terminology and propose clearer terms to define the habits of these plants. Sperotto et al. (2020Sperotto P, Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Vasconcelos TN, Roque N. 2020. Towards a standardization of terminology of the climbing habit in plants. The Botanical Review 86: 180-210. doi: 10.1007/s12229-020-09218-y
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-020-09218...
), for example, promoted a similar discussion about liana terminology and suggested a standardization.
Figure 4 highlights the impressive diversity of shrubs/subshrubs and herbs in the Espinhaço Range. This is probably because most floristic studies were carried out in campo rupestre vegetation. Mucina (2018Mucina L. 2018. Vegetation of Brazilian campos rupestres on siliceous substrates and their global analogues. Flora 238: 11-23. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2017.06.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2017.06....
) discussed whether this vegetation should be classified as shrub or herbaceous, and the differences between the classification of this vegetation throughout history. He concluded that the most appropriate definition would be a "mosaic of grasslands and patches of scrub, with occasional scattered low trees". Furthermore, the campo rupestre vegetation changes along the Espinhaço’s spatial landscape: in Chapada Diamantina the vegetation is predominantly shrub, whereas in the South the vegetation becomes predominantly herbaceous (Colli-Silva et al. 2019aColli-Silva M, Vasconcelos TN, Pirani JR. 2019a. Outstanding plant endemism levels strongly support the recognition of campo rupestre provinces in mountaintops of eastern South America. Journal of Biogeography 46: 1723-1733. doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb10192.x
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973...
). This also suggests that most of the plants in our checklist are from the campo rupestre.
Conclusion
This study highlights the published floristic studies in the Espinhaço Range. Although numerous floristic studies were found, they are concentrated in few locations. It is necessary to direct new sampling efforts to neglected areas, including some regions in the Northern Espinhaço and northwestern of the Chapada Diamantina. The Iron Quadrangle, a region with many floristic studies, is considered part of the Espinhaço Range by many authors. Floristic studies should be seen as fundamental to know and conserve the flora of Espinhaço Range and its campo rupestre. This floristic study of Espinhaço Range comprised a total of 3,191 plant species, or 6.3% of the Brazilian flora, highlighting the remarkable diversity of campo rupestre. Finally, this study also reveals a standardization problem regarding the habits of angiosperms and indicates the issues that can be revisited in future studies to bring clearer definitions about plant habits.
Heywood (2001Heywood VH. 2001. Floristics and monography. An uncertain future? Taxon 50: 361-380. doi: 10.2307/1223886
https://doi.org/10.2307/1223886...
) discussed the relevance and prospects of floristic studies in this century. Here, we intend to highlight some of Heywood’s relevant thoughts and unanswered questions that remain current today: 1) The Floras will become bibliographic records of plant diversity that no longer exist. 2) Is it possible to attract young scientists to taxonomy? 3) Is it possible to persuade decision-makers to subsidize floristic studies in support of biological and conservation studies?
After more than 20 years these thoughts can be easily applied to the reality of the Espinhaço Range, in which: 1) Deforestation, mining, and uncontrolled fire can alter the flora, so that the current flora may represent a record of what once existed; 2) How can young scientists be encouraged to work with taxonomy, if this type of study is hardly accepted in impactful journals and, at the same time, the current research funding system overvalues high-impact publications to grant scholarships and financial resources?; 3) How can we convince decision-makers to support floristic studies if the academy itself has been negligent with this type of research?
Florist studies are still necessary for Espinhaço Range and other regions in Brazil. To do so, there must exist continuous effort on the part of researchers, graduate, and undergraduate students, and it is our job to encourage advisors and boost funding agencies to support these studies.
Acknowledgements
We thank CNPq and CAPES for financial support, Dr. Vinicius Caldartld for revision of the English language, and Lidia Campos and Luísa Lucrecia for sharing the shapefiles.
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Supplementary Material
The following online material is available for this article: Table S1 -Keywords used for the bibliometric survey in Scopus and SciELO. Table S2 - Publications selected from Boletim de Botânica and the Scopus and SciELO databases. Table S3 - Checklist compiled from the data present in floristic studies in the Espinhaço Range. *Species known only from typus. It was collected in this region but was not considered in the study.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
05 June 2023 -
Date of issue
2023
History
-
Received
01 Nov 2022 -
Accepted
24 Apr 2023