Abstract
PURPOSE:
To investigate the effects of ileal exclusion on hepatic and renal morphology in extra-hepatic cholestasis.
METHODS:
Twenty four rats were distributed into three groups. Group 1 (control) underwent laparotomy and laparorrhaphy. The animals in groups 2 and 3 underwent hepatic duct ligature and kept in cholestasis for four weeks. After this period, the rats in groups 2 and 3 underwent internal biliary derivation. In Group 3, the last ten centimeters of the terminal ileum were by passed and excluded. Four weeks later, histological and biochemical analysis were performed in all animals of the three groups.
RESULTS:
In Group 1, no abnormalities regarding hepatic morphology were observed. All animals from groups 2 and 3 presented hepatic fibrosis. No difference was observed between the two groups. No morphological differences in renal histology could be identified among the three groups. There were differences in AST (p<0.05), ALT (p<0.05), direct bilirubin (p<0.05), ƔGT (p<0.05), urea (p<0.05) and creatinine (p<0.05) in Group 3 compared to control.
CONCLUSION:
The distal ileum exclusion had no influence upon the hepatic and renal morphological alterations, and biochemical liver and kidney tests have worsened.
Liver Cirrhosis; Cholestasis; Ileum; Liver; Kidney; Histology; Rats
Introduction
Cholestatic diseases affect all age groups, have a limited number of treatment options and can develop into hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, as well as extra-hepatic manifestations, such as hepatic encephalopathy, intractable pruritus and metabolic bone disease, among others.
Hollands et al.11 Hollands CM, Rivera-Pedrogo FJ, Gonzalez-Vallina R, Loret-de-Mola O, Nahmad M, Burnweit CA. Ileal exclusion for Byler's disease: an alternative surgical approach with promising early results for pruritus. J Pediatr Surg. 1998 Feb;33(2):220-4. PubMed PMID: 9498390. proposed bypassing the terminal ileum, as a way of improving pruritus in children with progressive intra-hepatic familial cholestasis (PIFC). Besides improving the pruritus, there was an improvement in biochemical liver function tests and in liver histology in most subjects; however, follow-up time was short, and patients were few.
In cholestasis, ileocolic bypass would diminish the bile acid reabsorbed in the terminal ileum, increase its fecal excretion and reduce their building up in the liver. Besides the effects on the liver, diminishing circulating bile acids would reduce burdening the kidney on eliminating these compounds. The aim of this paper is to assess the effects of excluding the terminal ileum (ileocolic bypass) on the morphology of the liver and kidneys of rats with extra-hepatic cholestasis.
Methods
This study was authorized by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee (CETEA - UFMG), protocol number 041/2008.
Twenty four adult Wistar rats were used weighing between 240g and 320g, distributed into three groups of eight animals.
Group 1: Control (n=8)
Group 2: Ligature of the hepatic duct combined with internal biliar drainage (n=8)
Group 3: Ligature of the hepatic duct combined with internal biliar drainage and exclusion of the terminal ileum (ileocolic bypass) (n=8).
All the animals were allocated to the same place and had free access to food and water.
The animals were submitted to surgical procedures under aseptic conditions and anesthetized by intramuscular injection with a xylazine 2% and ketamine 10% solution in 0.15 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg doses respectively. During proceedings, breathing and heart rates, respiratory movements and voluntary movements were noted. After the operations were over, the animals were each put in a ventilated place and watched until they had fully recovered from the anesthetic.
The animals in Group 1 underwent laparatomy and laparorrhaphy. The animals in groups 2 and 3 first underwent laparotomy and section of the common bile duct, between ligatures of 4-0 silk sutures. Four weeks later, all the animals in groups 2 and 3 were reoperated on.
Internal bile duct drainage was carried out on the animals in Group 2. This consisted of hepaticduodenostomy with the aid of a 4 Fr nelaton catheter measuring 4 cm. One end of this catheter was connected to the bile duct and the other was introduced into the duodenum.
In addition to bile duct drainage, similar to that performed on the animals in Group 2, the animals in Group 3 had the ten terminal centimeters of the ileum excluded, starting from the ileocecal papillae. The proximal segment of the ileum was connected to the ascending ileum colon (bypass). The distal segment was closed off and excluded (Figure 1).
At the end of eight weeks after the procedures started, all the animals from the three groups were put to death by a lethal injection of ketamine and xylazine. About 5 ml of blood were collected by intra-cardiac puncture and the liver and kidneys removed for histological analysis.
The blood from each animal was put into Eppendorf tubes, kept protected from the light and sent for biochemical testing (AST, ALT, ƔGT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubins, creatinine and urea). All the laboratory tests were done using the same apparatus (Cobas Mira Plus(r) - Roche Diagnostic Systems - Nutley - New Jersey).
Livers and kidneys removed for histological testing were washed with running water and fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution. They were then embedded in paraffin and hematoxylin and eosin coloring, Gomori trichrome and PAS (periodic acid Schiff). Histological analysis was carried out by a pathologist who did not know which group the organs belonged to (blind study).
Hepatic fibrosis intensity was analyzed, using the Ishak score22 Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L, Callea F, De Groote J, Gudat F, DenK H, Desmet V, Korb G, MacSween RNM, Phillips MJ, Portmann BG, Poulsen H, Scheuer PJ, Schmid M, Thaler H. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1995 Jun;22(6):696-9. PubMed PMID: 7560864, ranging from 0 to 6, whereby 0 stands for absence of fibrosis and 6 for presence of hepatic cirrhosis, while 1 to 5 show hepatic fibrosis intensities in ascending order. Histological aspects in the kidneys were also seen, when looking for inflammatory processes, glomerular alterations, or other structural changes.
The results obtained were analyzed using version 15.0 of the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) program. The Fisher and Pearson tests were used. The significance level was p<0.05.
Results
No hepatic cirrhosis or fibrosis was found in the animals in Group 1 (Figure 2). The kidneys were normal with no macroscopic and microscopic alterations.
- Normal histology of rat from the control Group (Gomori trichrome - x400). Histological apparence of liver fibroses score 3 (Ishak et al.2) Gomori trichrome - x100).
The livers of all the rats in groups 2 and 3 had increased in size, had hardened and had a greenish tinge. All the biliodigestive anastomoses were obvious. As to the animals in group 3, no fistulae in the ileocolic anastomoses or dehiscence in the closure of the excluded ileum segments were observed. No ascites was seen in the animals from groups 2 and 3. The macroscopic appearance of the kidneys was preserved.
Microscopic evaluation found hepatic fibrosis established in all the rats from groups 2 and 3, but in different stages (Figure 3). No hepatic cirrhosis was detected. Stage 3 predominated in both groups 2 and 3. There was a difference in hepatic fibrosis intensity on comparing Group 2 and control (p = 0.003) and Group 3 and control (p = 0.001). There was no comparative difference between groups 2 and 3 (p>0.05) (Table 1).
- Histological apparence of liver fibroses score 3 (Ishak et al.2) Gomori trichrome - x100).
The kidney structure of all the animals in Group 1 was normal under an optic microscope. No macroscopic or microscopic alterations were identified in the animals in groups 2 and 3, except for a deposit of bile pigments (Figure 4).
In biochemical liver and kidney tests, no differences between groups 1 and 2 were seen. Comparing Group 3 and control, there was an increase in ALT (p = 0.0480), AST (p = 0.037), direct bilirubin (p = 0.032), γGT (p = 0.010), creatinine (p = 0.003) and urea (p = 0.002) (Table 2).
Comparing groups 2 and 3, there was no difference in the hepatic function tests, but the serum creatinine (p = 0.007) and urea (p = 0.014), concentrations rose (Table 2).
Discussion
This paper assessed the effects on hepatic and renal morphology in rats with
extra-hepatic cholestasis, after internal biliary drainage and terminal ileum exclusion
(bypass). According to Hollands et al.
11 Hollands CM, Rivera-Pedrogo FJ, Gonzalez-Vallina R, Loret-de-Mola O,
Nahmad M, Burnweit CA. Ileal exclusion for Byler's disease: an alternative surgical
approach with promising early results for pruritus. J Pediatr Surg. 1998
Feb;33(2):220-4. PubMed PMID: 9498390., the terminal ileum bypass used to treat pruritus also improved liver
architecture and biochemical liver tests in children with progressive familial
intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). But other studies indicated different results from
those of Hollands et al.33 Kalicinski PJ, Ismail H, Jankowska I, Kamiński A, Pawłowska J,
Drewniak T, Markiewicz M, Szymczak M. Surgical treatment of progressive intrahepatic
cholestais: comparison of partial external biliary diversion and ileal bypass. Eur J
Pediatr Surg. 2003 Oct;13(5):307-11. PubMed PMID: 14618520.
4 Davis AR, Rosenthal P, Newman T. Nontransplant surgical interventions
in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. J Pediatr Surg. 2009
Apr;44(4):821-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.07.018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008....
-
55 Jacquemin E. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Clin Res
Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2012 Sep;36 Suppl 1:S26-35. doi:
10.1016/S2210-7401(12)70018-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2210-7401(12)70...
.
In this work, ileal bypass was applied to the murine hepatic fibrosis model created by Kountouras et al. 66 Kountouras J, Billing BH, Scheuer PJ. Prolonged bile duct obstruction: a new experimental model for cirrhosis in the rat. Br J Exp Pathol. 1984 Jun;65(3):305-11. PubMed PMID: 6743531., in order to assess its effect on the morphology of the liver and kidneys, which are organs that in extra-hepatic cholestasis suffer damage mainly because of accumulated acids and other metabolites not properly excreted in the bile.
Records of alterations in the enterohepatic cycle, in patients with ileitis and extensive ileum resections, point to the possibility of using or associating ileum exclusion or terminal ileum bypass in cholestatic disease treatment77 Hofmann AF. Inappropriate ileal conservation of bile acids in cholestatic liver disease: homeostasis gone awry. Gut. 2003 Sep;52(9):1239-41. PubMed PMID: 12912852..
Bile salts are largely reabsorbed in the terminal ileum (enterohepatic cycle); thus
excluding the last ten centimeters of the ileum would lessen reabsorption of bile acids
by increasing their fecal excretion and lowering the quantity in circulation, as well
their buildup in the liver and kidneys. Costa et al.
88 Costa ELO, Azevedo Jr GM, Petroianu A. Influence of terminal ileum
resection on hepatic fibrosis provoked by ligature of common bile duct in female
rats. Rev Col Bra. Cir. 2006 Jan-Feb;33 (1):19-23. doi:
10.1590/S0100-69912006000100006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-6991200600...
assessed the morphological effects of resectioning the distal portion of
terminal ileum in rats subjected to ligature of the common hepatic duct. They noted that
hepatic fibrosis was less intense in animals with a resectioned terminal ileum. Their
biggest query was that there was no bilioenteric flow. Some form of regulation and
counter-regulation involving the terminal ileum and liver in cholestasis may be
questioned.
Studies show that there is an improvement in hepatic fibrosis after biliary drainage in
rats, even when the hepatic architecture is not normalized. Most of such studies used a
two or three week period of hepatic duct ligature prior to biliary drainage99 Zimmermann H, Reichen J, Zimmermann A, Sägesser H, Thenisch B, Höflin
F. Reversibility of secondary biliary fibrosis by biliodigestive anastomosis in the
rat. Gastroenterology. 1992 Aug;103 (2):579-89. PubMed PMID: 1634077
,
1010 Li W, Chung CS. An improved rat model of obstructive jaundice and
its reversal by internal and external drainage. J Surg Res. 2001 Nov;101(1):4-15.
PubMed PMID: 11676548.. There was an improvement in biochemical hepatic function tests in most of them
following biliary drainage, except in the studies by Younes et al.1111 Younes RN, Vydelingum NA, Derooij P, Scognamiglio F, Andrade L,
Posner MC, Brennan MF. Metabolic alterations in obstructive jaundice: effect of
duration of jaundice and bile-duct decompression. HPB Surg. 1991 Mar;5(1):35-48. doi:
10.1155/1991/27457.
https://doi.org/10.1155/1991/27457...
Marinelli Ibarreta et al.
1212 Marinelli Ibarreta A, Sánchez Movilla A, Izquierdo F, Burgos Lázaro
F, Arce Alvarez A, del Castillo-Olivares Ramos JL. Cambios morfopatológicos pre y
postderivación biliodigestiva en cirrosis experimental por ligadura de via biliar em
rata. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 1995 Jan;87(1):25-31. PubMed PMID:
7727164., which showed hepatic lesion progression, and biochemical decline, mostly
hypoalbuminemia.
It was expected that in the group of animals subjected to the ileocolic bypass, with exclusion of the terminal ileum, morphology and the hepatic biochemical tests would improve; however, the results obtained disclosed persistent hepatic fibrosis and biochemical decline.
These results, which clash with those of Hollands et al. 11 Hollands CM, Rivera-Pedrogo FJ, Gonzalez-Vallina R, Loret-de-Mola O, Nahmad M, Burnweit CA. Ileal exclusion for Byler's disease: an alternative surgical approach with promising early results for pruritus. J Pediatr Surg. 1998 Feb;33(2):220-4. PubMed PMID: 9498390. , may be attributed to the difference between species used in the studies, that is, rats and humans have different responses to distal ileum exclusion. Furthermore, the four week cholestasis period in rats may be linked to important cell damage in the liver cells, culminating in hepatic fibrosis and functional alterations in the liver, not forgetting that four weeks in the life cycle of rats is a long time for them to be exposed to adverse conditions.
In cholestasis, hepatic capacity for metabolizing and excreting toxic substances is
lost, causing renal overload1313 Israeli BA, Bogin E. Biochemical changes in liver, kidney and blood
associated with common bile duct ligation. Clin Chim Acta. 1986 Oct;160(2):211-21.
PubMed PMID: 3780011.
,
1414 Fogarty BJ, Parks RW, Rowlands BJ, Diamond T. Renal dysfunction in
obstructive jaundice. Br J Surg. 1995 Jul;82(7):877-84. PubMed PMID:
7648096.. The kidneys become the major route for the body to excrete toxic substances,
leading to increased exposure to nephrotoxic substances, resulting in disorders such as
kidney failure and hepatorenal syndrome1313 Israeli BA, Bogin E. Biochemical changes in liver, kidney and blood
associated with common bile duct ligation. Clin Chim Acta. 1986 Oct;160(2):211-21.
PubMed PMID: 3780011.
14 Fogarty BJ, Parks RW, Rowlands BJ, Diamond T. Renal dysfunction in
obstructive jaundice. Br J Surg. 1995 Jul;82(7):877-84. PubMed PMID:
7648096.
-
1515 Gentilini P, La Villa G. Liver-kidney pathophysiological
interrelationships in liver diseases. Dig Liver Dis. 2008 Dec;40(12):909-19. doi:
10.1016/j.dld.2008.05.013. Epub 2008 Jul 14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2008.05.01...
. Hemodynamic alterations such as peripheral renal vasodilatation, bile acid and
bilirubin nephrotoxidity and increased oxidative stress are involved in the
physiopathology of this type of kidney failure1616 Betjes MG, Bajema I. The pathology of jaundice-related renal
insufficiency: cholemic nefrosis revisited. J Nephrol. 2006 Mar-Apr;19(2):229-33.
PubMed PMID: 16736428.
17 Torres AM. Renal elimination of organic anions in cholestasis. World
J Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov;14(43):6616-21. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.6616.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.6616...
-
1818 Fickert P, Krones E, Pollheimer MJ, Thueringer A, Moustafa T,
Silbert D, Halilbasic E, Yang M, Jaeschke H, Stokman G, Wells RG, Eller K, Rosenkranz
AR, Eggertsen G, Wagner CA, Langner C, Denk H, Trauner M. Bile acids trigger cholemic
nephropathy in common bile-duct-ligated mice. Hepatology. 2013 Dec;58(6):2056-69.
doi: 10.1002/hep.26599. Epub 2013 Oct 15.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26599...
.
No morphological alterations characteristic of this type of kidney failure were
described1919 Rodrigo R, Avalos N, Orellana M, Bosco C, Thielemann L. Renal
effects of experimental obstructive jaundice; morphological and functional
assessment. Arch Med Res. 1999 Jul-Aug;30(4):275-85. PubMed
PMID:0573628.
,
2020 Pereira RM, dos Santos RA, Oliveira EA, Leite VH, Dias FL, Rezende
AS, Costa LP, Barcelos LS, Teixeira MM, Simoes e Silva AC. Development of hepatorenal
syndrome in bile duct ligated rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul;14(28):4505-11.
doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.4505.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.4505...
. Apparently only functional alterations occur1919 Rodrigo R, Avalos N, Orellana M, Bosco C, Thielemann L. Renal
effects of experimental obstructive jaundice; morphological and functional
assessment. Arch Med Res. 1999 Jul-Aug;30(4):275-85. PubMed
PMID:0573628.
,
2020 Pereira RM, dos Santos RA, Oliveira EA, Leite VH, Dias FL, Rezende
AS, Costa LP, Barcelos LS, Teixeira MM, Simoes e Silva AC. Development of hepatorenal
syndrome in bile duct ligated rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul;14(28):4505-11.
doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.4505.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.4505...
. The results of this study corroborate literature, since it shows the worsening
of biochemical renal tests in the rats submitted to ileocolic bypass, but did not,
however, observe histological lesions in such animals' kidneys.
The results of this work may raise queries regarding the use of ileocolic bypass in
other forms of cholestasis, other than as originally prescribed, that is, for pruritus
in patients with progressive familial intra-hepatic cholestasis (PFIC), although not yet
cirrhotic, despite some studies on humans also querying this indication33 Kalicinski PJ, Ismail H, Jankowska I, Kamiński A, Pawłowska J,
Drewniak T, Markiewicz M, Szymczak M. Surgical treatment of progressive intrahepatic
cholestais: comparison of partial external biliary diversion and ileal bypass. Eur J
Pediatr Surg. 2003 Oct;13(5):307-11. PubMed PMID: 14618520.
4 Davis AR, Rosenthal P, Newman T. Nontransplant surgical interventions
in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. J Pediatr Surg. 2009
Apr;44(4):821-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.07.018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008....
-
55 Jacquemin E. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Clin Res
Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2012 Sep;36 Suppl 1:S26-35. doi:
10.1016/S2210-7401(12)70018-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2210-7401(12)70...
.
Conclusion
Terminal ileum exclusion associated with biliary drainage did not improve hepatic and renal morphologies in extra-hepatic murine cholestasis, but did worsen biochemical liver and kidney tests.
References
-
1Hollands CM, Rivera-Pedrogo FJ, Gonzalez-Vallina R, Loret-de-Mola O, Nahmad M, Burnweit CA. Ileal exclusion for Byler's disease: an alternative surgical approach with promising early results for pruritus. J Pediatr Surg. 1998 Feb;33(2):220-4. PubMed PMID: 9498390.
-
2Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L, Callea F, De Groote J, Gudat F, DenK H, Desmet V, Korb G, MacSween RNM, Phillips MJ, Portmann BG, Poulsen H, Scheuer PJ, Schmid M, Thaler H. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1995 Jun;22(6):696-9. PubMed PMID: 7560864
-
3Kalicinski PJ, Ismail H, Jankowska I, Kamiński A, Pawłowska J, Drewniak T, Markiewicz M, Szymczak M. Surgical treatment of progressive intrahepatic cholestais: comparison of partial external biliary diversion and ileal bypass. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2003 Oct;13(5):307-11. PubMed PMID: 14618520.
-
4Davis AR, Rosenthal P, Newman T. Nontransplant surgical interventions in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Apr;44(4):821-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.07.018.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.07.018. -
5Jacquemin E. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2012 Sep;36 Suppl 1:S26-35. doi: 10.1016/S2210-7401(12)70018-9.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S2210-7401(12)70018-9. -
6Kountouras J, Billing BH, Scheuer PJ. Prolonged bile duct obstruction: a new experimental model for cirrhosis in the rat. Br J Exp Pathol. 1984 Jun;65(3):305-11. PubMed PMID: 6743531.
-
7Hofmann AF. Inappropriate ileal conservation of bile acids in cholestatic liver disease: homeostasis gone awry. Gut. 2003 Sep;52(9):1239-41. PubMed PMID: 12912852.
-
8Costa ELO, Azevedo Jr GM, Petroianu A. Influence of terminal ileum resection on hepatic fibrosis provoked by ligature of common bile duct in female rats. Rev Col Bra. Cir. 2006 Jan-Feb;33 (1):19-23. doi: 10.1590/S0100-69912006000100006.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69912006000100006. -
9Zimmermann H, Reichen J, Zimmermann A, Sägesser H, Thenisch B, Höflin F. Reversibility of secondary biliary fibrosis by biliodigestive anastomosis in the rat. Gastroenterology. 1992 Aug;103 (2):579-89. PubMed PMID: 1634077
-
10Li W, Chung CS. An improved rat model of obstructive jaundice and its reversal by internal and external drainage. J Surg Res. 2001 Nov;101(1):4-15. PubMed PMID: 11676548.
-
11Younes RN, Vydelingum NA, Derooij P, Scognamiglio F, Andrade L, Posner MC, Brennan MF. Metabolic alterations in obstructive jaundice: effect of duration of jaundice and bile-duct decompression. HPB Surg. 1991 Mar;5(1):35-48. doi: 10.1155/1991/27457.
» https://doi.org/10.1155/1991/27457 -
12Marinelli Ibarreta A, Sánchez Movilla A, Izquierdo F, Burgos Lázaro F, Arce Alvarez A, del Castillo-Olivares Ramos JL. Cambios morfopatológicos pre y postderivación biliodigestiva en cirrosis experimental por ligadura de via biliar em rata. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 1995 Jan;87(1):25-31. PubMed PMID: 7727164.
-
13Israeli BA, Bogin E. Biochemical changes in liver, kidney and blood associated with common bile duct ligation. Clin Chim Acta. 1986 Oct;160(2):211-21. PubMed PMID: 3780011.
-
14Fogarty BJ, Parks RW, Rowlands BJ, Diamond T. Renal dysfunction in obstructive jaundice. Br J Surg. 1995 Jul;82(7):877-84. PubMed PMID: 7648096.
-
15Gentilini P, La Villa G. Liver-kidney pathophysiological interrelationships in liver diseases. Dig Liver Dis. 2008 Dec;40(12):909-19. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.05.013. Epub 2008 Jul 14.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2008.05.013 -
16Betjes MG, Bajema I. The pathology of jaundice-related renal insufficiency: cholemic nefrosis revisited. J Nephrol. 2006 Mar-Apr;19(2):229-33. PubMed PMID: 16736428.
-
17Torres AM. Renal elimination of organic anions in cholestasis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov;14(43):6616-21. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.6616.
» https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.6616 -
18Fickert P, Krones E, Pollheimer MJ, Thueringer A, Moustafa T, Silbert D, Halilbasic E, Yang M, Jaeschke H, Stokman G, Wells RG, Eller K, Rosenkranz AR, Eggertsen G, Wagner CA, Langner C, Denk H, Trauner M. Bile acids trigger cholemic nephropathy in common bile-duct-ligated mice. Hepatology. 2013 Dec;58(6):2056-69. doi: 10.1002/hep.26599. Epub 2013 Oct 15.
» https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26599 -
19Rodrigo R, Avalos N, Orellana M, Bosco C, Thielemann L. Renal effects of experimental obstructive jaundice; morphological and functional assessment. Arch Med Res. 1999 Jul-Aug;30(4):275-85. PubMed PMID:0573628.
-
20Pereira RM, dos Santos RA, Oliveira EA, Leite VH, Dias FL, Rezende AS, Costa LP, Barcelos LS, Teixeira MM, Simoes e Silva AC. Development of hepatorenal syndrome in bile duct ligated rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul;14(28):4505-11. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.4505.
» https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.4505
-
1
Research performed at Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medicine School, Minas Gerais Federal University (UFMG), Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil. Part of PhD degree thesis, Postgraduate Program in Sciences Applied to Surgery and Ophthalmology, UFMG. Tutor: Andy Petroianu.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
June 2014
History
-
Received
16 Jan 2014 -
Reviewed
18 Mar 2014 -
Accepted
22 Apr 2014