The role of Protected Areas during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of visitors’ perceptionAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic culminated in a global health crisis, generating a series of impacts. This study evaluated its impact on visits to Protected Areas (PAs) in Brazil. A questionnaire was applied to 219 visitors of 136 PAs through an electronic form using the snowball method. The results revealed the main motivations and perceived benefits during the visitation. The main reasons for visiting were: “contemplation of nature” (32%), “physical and mental well-being” (28%), “recreation” (15%), and “isolation/tranquility” (12%). Regarding the perception of benefits, “well-being and mental health” (42%), “contact with nature” (19%), and “environment with lower risk of contamination” (15%) were the most mentioned. Our results reinforce the importance of PAs in improving human well-being and promoting contact with nature during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords:
Public use; Conservation Unit; Human well-being; Management of Protected Areas; Parks
Resumo
A pandemia de COVID-19 culminou em uma crise sanitária mundial, gerando uma série de impactos potenciais. Este estudo avaliou seu impacto nas visitas às Áreas Protegidas (APs) no Brasil. Foi utilizado para isso um questionário, aplicado a 219 visitantes de 136 APs, através de um formulário eletrônico, utilizando-se a metodologia “bola de neve”. Os resultados revelaram as principais motivações e a percepção dos benefícios durante a visitação. As principais motivações foram: “contemplação da natureza” (32%), “bem-estar físico e mental” (28%) e “recreação” (15%). O motivo “isolamento/tranquilidade” foi citado por 12% dos visitantes. Já em relação à percepção dos benefícios gerados, as principais motivações citadas foram: “bem-estar e saúde mental” (42%), “contato com a natureza” (19%) e “ambiente com baixo risco de contaminação” (15%). Nossos resultados reforçam a importância das APs na melhoria do bem-estar humano e promoção do contato com a natureza durante a pandemia de COVID-19.
Palavras-chave:
Uso público; Unidade de Conservação; Bem-estar humano; Gestão de Áreas Protegidas; Parques
Resumen
La pandemia de COVID-19 culminó en una crisis sanitaria global, generando una serie de impactos. Este estudio evaluó el impacto en las visitas a Áreas Protegidas (AP) en Brasil. Para ello se utilizó un cuestionario, aplicado a 219 visitantes de 136 AP, a través de un formulario electrónico, utilizando la metodología de “bola de nieve”. Los resultados revelaron las principales motivaciones y la percepción de beneficios durante la visita. Las principales motivaciones fueron: “contemplación de la naturaleza” (32%), “bienestar físico y mental” (28%) y “recreación” (15%). El motivo “aislamiento/tranquilidad” fue citado por el 12% de los visitantes. En cuanto a la percepción de los beneficios generados, las principales motivaciones citadas fueron: “bienestar y salud mental” (42%), “contacto con la naturaleza” (19%) y “medio ambiente con bajo riesgo de contaminación” (15%). Nuestros resultados refuerzan la importancia de las AP para mejorar el bienestar humano y promover el contacto con la naturaleza durante la pandemia de COVID-19.
Palabras-clave:
Uso público; Unidad de Conservación; Bienestar humano; Gestión de Áreas Protegidas; Parques
Introduction
Protected Areas (PAs)1 represent one of the most important strategies to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services (CBD, 2020; IPBES, 2019). Given the current scenario of ecosystem transformation (Ellis et al. 2010) and climate change, the increase in the number of PAs was recognized as a priority measure in the UN Biodiversity Conference - COP15 (CBD, 2020). In Brazil, the National System of Nature Conservation Units - SNUC, established through Federal Law No. 9.985/2000, is the main instrument for the creation, implementation and management of Nature Conservation Units (Unidade de Conservação - UC: acronym adopted in Brazil). The Brazilian system has 2,945 UCs covering 19.07% of the national territory, totaling more than 1.6 million km² of the continental area and more than 965,000 km² of marine area protected within UCs (Brasil, 2024). UCs are subdivided into 12 categories (e.g. Parks, Extractive Reserves, Natural Monuments, etc.) divided into two groups: Full Protection and Sustainable Use. These groups differ in their basic objectives (preservation of nature vs. compatibility of nature conservation with the sustainable use of natural resources) (Brasil, 2000). Therefore, in view of the megabiodiversity, cultural richness, and amount of natural resources in Brazil, PAs play a strategic role in building a more sustainable development model. However, problems such as lack of human and financial resources are still major obstacles to the efficient implementation and management of PAs in Brazil (Medeiros et al., 2018; Tribunal do Contas da União, 2021).
In addition to being a natural heritage, UCs also play a key role in promoting contact with nature through public use activities (recreation, interpretation and environmental education) (Dudley, 2008; Balmford et al., 2015). Recent research has demonstrated the role of PAs in improving physical and mental well-being (Li, 2010; Kuo et al., 2001; Bratman et al., 2019; Branas et al., 2011; Golding et al., 2018), social relationships (Weinstein et al., 2015) and environmental perception (Soga et al., 2016). In Brazil, the number of visitors registered in UCs has shown an upward trend in recent years. The number of visits to UCs hit a record in 2021: 16.7 million visits. In the following years, the numbers continued to increase, reaching 21.6 million in 2022, and 23.7 million in 2023, the highest number of visits to UCs ever recorded so far (ICMBio, 2024). With the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and the global health crisis that followed, a series of social isolation measures were implemented as a strategy to contain the spread of the virus. In view of this scenario, legal measures were implemented in order to restrict the public use of Brazilian UCs (Brasil, 2020a). With the seasonal variation in the number of COVID-19 cases throughout the year and the advance of vaccination, there were moments of temporary reopening of UCs, resuming visitation activities (Brasil, 2020b). Public use activities were resumed following the health security protocols imposed by state and municipality management and the restrictions imposed by the management of the UCs.
In order to evaluate the implications of COVID-19 on the public use of PAs, the present study analyzed the experience of visitors in Brazilian PAs during the COVID-19 pandemic (03/2020 - 03/2022). We describe the main motivations and benefits generated by the visits and the importance of PAs during this period based on the perception of the visitors. Despite being a critical moment, the COVID-19 pandemic offered the opportunity to examine a gap in knowledge about the role of PAs in promoting human well-being and to propose public policies that further incorporate the social component in the implementation and management of PAs.
Methodology
A questionnaire was applied to people who visited PAs during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic (from March 2020 to March 2022) in order to evaluate their perception and experience. The questionnaire was applied through an electronic form after the participant read and agreed to the Informed Consent Form. The study was submitted to and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (REC) of UFRRJ (Opinion No. 960, of August 2, 2021) under protocol No. 195/2021, within the scope of process No. 23083.031500/2021-59. The snowball method was used for sampling. In this method, a reference chain is established in which initially chosen elements recruit the new elements, which are part of their network of contacts (Vinuto, 2014). To use this method, the initial elements are first delimited so that the questionnaire reaches participants with the desired profile in the study.
The link to access the questionnaire was shared with people working in the environmental area, groups on social networks, and messaging applications linked to PAs, Environmental Conservation, and Ecotourism. The recipients of the message were asked to forward the questionnaire to their network of contacts in order to help increase the reach of the study. The questionnaire was open to responses from August 2021 to March 2022. The decision to end the application of the questionnaire was made based on the saturation criteria when no new answers were being registered. This method was chosen because of its potential to reach a broad audience, reaching individuals from different regions, and by its easy application, considering the personal contact and movement restrictions imposed during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Authorization was granted after submission of the research project, accompanied by the documents: “Informed Consent Form”, “General Protocol” and “Experimentation Protocol Involving Human Beings”. The approved questionnaire was prepared to avoid any uncomfortable situation for the participants. No confidential information was requested. The Informed Consent Form (ICF) was presented to all participants at the beginning of the form. In order to answer the questionnaire, the participant had to confirm that they had read and agreed with the ICF.
The first part of the questionnaire covered information on the profile of the visitor and the PA visited. In this field, the questions were about the identification of the PA, the month and year of the visit, the frequency of visitation of the participant, the motivations for the visits, and the influence that the COVID-19 pandemic had on the decision to go to a PA. In the second part, the participant answered questions about their perception of the PA and their experiences during the visit. A third part of the questionnaire was answered only by participants who had visited a PA before the COVID-19 pandemic and aimed to obtain information about the visitor’s motivations and perception of the visit at that moment, before the COVID-19 pandemic. Information about the location, the category, and the level of management of the PA (municipal, state or federal management) was obtained from the responses of the visitors. During the analysis, all information was checked through the data available in the National Registry of Conservation Units - CNUC (Brasil, 2024).
Results
The questionnaire was answered by 219 participants who reported having visited at least one PA during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 136 PAs were cited, located in 19 states of the Federation and in the Federal District (Figure 1).
Location of Protected Areas (PAs) visited by the participants of this study. The acronyms represent the names of the states.
Among the 12 categories of UCs provided for in the SNUC (Brasil, 2000), 11 were mentioned in this study. Parks were the most frequent category, representing 71.37% of the PAs cited by the participants (Table 1). Only the category Fauna Reserve (REFAU) was not mentioned. This is because, despite being provided for by law, no UC of this category has yet been created (Brasil, 2024). Therefore, our results suggest a spatially well-distributed and representative sample of Brazil’s National System of UCs. A total of 3.82% of the visits took place in PAs that do not fall into the categories provided for in the SNUC. Therefore, these areas will be just called PAs in this study.
The period with the highest number of visits made to PAs in 2020 was December, reaching 51 mentions of visits. In 2021, there was an increase in the number of visits, with a peak in July, when there were 83 visits, followed by 73 visits in August of the same year. There was an abrupt drop in the number of visits from September 2021 onwards. This does not necessarily reflect a decrease in the search for UCs, but rather the moment a saturation point was reached in the dissemination of the questionnaire, which was shared among participants through the snowball method.
Most of the 219 participants (98.7%) had visited a PA before the pandemic, and only 1.37% were visiting a PA for the first time. Also, the majority of the participants (79.91%) said they had paid previous visits to the PA they were currently visiting. In addition, 93.61% had already visited a UC before the pandemic. When asked how often they used to visit UCs, 43.38% reported visiting these areas with high frequency (more than 10 times a year), 25.11% informed a medium frequency (between 5 and 10 times a year), and just over 30.14% informed a low frequency (less than 5 visits a year)
When asked about how much the pandemic had influenced the decision to visit the PA during this period, most participants (38.4%) said that the pandemic had a great contribution to this decision; 25% said that the situation contributed little; and 35.5% said that the pandemic had no influence in their decision. When asked about the main motivations for visiting a PA during the pandemic, the most mentioned reasons were: “contemplation and observation of nature” (32.03%), “physical and mental well-being” (28.34%), “recreation” (15.20%), “isolation/tranquility” (12.11%), and “work/research” (11.29%). In the case of participants who had visited a PA before the pandemic, the results showed a high convergence between the two periods (before and during the pandemic), with the most cited reasons being “contemplation and observation of nature” (31.37%), followed by “physical and mental well-being” (26.97%), and “recreation” (19.10%) (Figure 2). Although the results regarding the motivations mentioned by the participants to visit PAs before and during the pandemic showed very similar percentages, there was a small variation in the category “recreation”. There was also a slight increase in the frequency of the reason “physical and mental well-being” during the pandemic.
Reasons cited by visitors to visit protected areas before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
The participants were asked about the feeling of risk of contamination by the COVID-19 virus during the visit to the PA. The results showed that 63.47% of the participants reported a feeling of “low risk of contamination” and 21% reported the perception of “no risk”. When asked about the factors that most contributed to the feeling of lower risk of contamination, the most cited were “social distancing” (33.22%) and “open environment” (17.29%). The “use of masks” (8.81%), “adoption of sanitary protocols” (9.83%) and “vaccination” (2.03%) were also mentioned. Among the factors that contributed to the feeling of greater risk of contamination, the most mentioned were “proximity to other people” (12.88%) and “non-use of mask” (9.83). The “exposure on the way to the PA” (2.37%), the “lack of sanitary protocols and restrictions” (2.37%) and the “existence of common use areas” (1.36%) were also mentioned. Among the situations mentioned, 71.2% are linked to a “sense of security” and 28.8% to “situations that generated some insecurity”. As for the factors that contributed to the feeling of greater risk, the main ones mentioned were the contact with people, the “non-use of masks by people”, the “lack of safety protocols and restrictions” and the “exposure on the way to the PA”.
Among the benefits of visiting a PA during the pandemic period reported by the participants, the most mentioned was “well-being and mental health” (41.99%). The other benefits most mentioned by the participants were “contact with nature and contemplation”, “clean air” and “absence of noise pollution”. Other benefits mentioned were: “safe environment/socialization”, “leisure and fun with reduced contagion risks” and “physical well-being and the possibility of performing physical activities outdoors” (Figure 3).
Regarding the differences in the experience of visiting PAs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, most participants (72.68%) said that there was a great difference. The most mentioned justifications for the difference were the “concern with the agglomeration of people” (22%), “sanitary protocols” (20%), “decrease of visitors in the PA” (10%), “closure of the PA and crowding control” (10%) and “concern with the possibility of contamination” (9%). Besides these, other justifications with lower percentages were mentioned by the participants.
When asked about the role played by PAs during the pandemic period, more than half of the mentions made reference to central issues of the COVID-19 pandemic period: “low risk of contamination by the Covid-19 virus in PAs” and “health”. In addition, “contact with nature” and “environmental preservation” were also frequently mentioned (Figure 4). The other themes, although less cited by the participants, expressed some new indications. It is observed that PAs function as a tool for the dissemination of information about the care measures needed to avoid contamination, disconnection from the virtual world which was extensively used during the pandemic period, and isolation, which became a keyword in the daily vocabulary.
Perceptions of visitors about the roles played by protected areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Numbers on the graph represent the frequency of citations by visitors.
Discussion
The visitors:
The results of this study show that most of the people who visited PAs during the pandemic already knew the place (79.91%) and were frequent visitors (68.5% visited UCs more than 5 times a year). Despite the increase in visits to PAs in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic (ICMBio, 2024), the results found in this study indicate that the pandemic did not encourage new visitors to these areas. This result suggests that the decision to visit a PA during the pandemic period depended on previous visits to that PA. According to Zenker et al. (2020), the pandemic caused changes in the behavior of visitors. When crisis strikes, people tend to avoid unfamiliar activities and places, leading them to choose domestic visits as opposed to distant destinations. These changes in the behavior of visitors may have encouraged visits to nearby PAs, causing a possible increase in the appreciation of these areas by the people living in their vicinity. The appreciation of PAs by the surrounding population is fundamental to increase engagement in environmental conservation and consequently contribute to the management of the area (Coelho-Júnior et al., 2021). The COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to a change in the visitors’ perception of the importance of PAs for human well-being, as noted by Derks et al. (2020).
Visitation during the pandemic:
The importance of PAs during the COVID-19 pandemic has been reported in studies in different regions of the world (Moore and Hopkins, 2021; Derks et al. 2020). In a survey conducted in Romania, it was demonstrated that the presence of visitors was highly linked to the advance and consequent restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic (Nitã et al., 2021). In the United States, there was an increase in visits to Parks, which played a crucial role during the COVID-19 pandemic because these spaces provided recreation opportunities at a time of stress and limited activities (Volenec et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2021). A study on the impacts of the pandemic on Parks in 10 countries (United States, New Zealand, India, Brazil, Ecuador, Gabon, Taiwan, China, Chile, and Canada) revealed an increase in visitation and a change in the profile of visitors due to the pandemic situation (Moore and Hopkins, 2021). The authors believe that the pandemic has put Parks in the spotlight, making them more present in the media and more appreciated by visitors (Moore and Hopkins, 2021). Studies of this nature in various parts of the world explain that PAs have played an important role in promoting the public use of natural areas.
In the present study, Parks were the category of UC most visited by the participants. This result is in line with the fact that Parks have as their central objective the promotion of public use for leisure, recreation and ecotourism (Brasil, 2000). Brazil has 569 Parks, corresponding to nearly 19.3% of the total number of UCs in the country (Brasil, 2024). In the ICMBio survey, data also showed that a large part of the visits to UCs corresponded to visits to Parks. According to this survey, the Park category received more than 40% of all visits made in the monitored UCs in 2021, reaching about 45% in 2023 (ICMBio, 2024). These results highlight the importance of Parks for public visitation and ecotourism in Brazil, especially during the pandemic when there was the need for social distancing and when several other environments for leisure and tourism were closed (Cukor et al., 2021).
The increase in visitation observed from September 2020 may be associated with the reopening of the areas following the ICMBio Ordinance No. 890 of August 25, 2020. With the reopening of these areas, people were again able to visit them, provided they respected specific health safety protocols. This resumption of visitation after reopening reinforces the importance of public use in these areas. Despite the pandemic situation, as soon as visitations to PAs were resumed, people searched these spaces. In line with this, the survey carried out by ICMBio showed an increase in the number of visits during 2021, surpassing the number of visits in the pre-pandemic years. For about 66% of the visitors who participated in this study, the decision to visit a PA was influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic situation. Studies show that this also occurred in other parts of the world, indicating a pattern of increased search for natural areas during the pandemic (Derks et al., 2020; Ferguson et al., 2022; Willberg et al., 2021; Âberg et al., 2021). In Africa, a study documented the rapid growth in the number of visitors in natural PAs as soon as visitation restrictions to these sites were removed or minimized (Cukor et al., 2021). In Asian cities, the search for green spaces increased as a strategy to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic (Lu et al., 2021). The pandemic situation led to an increased demand for visitation in PAs and highlighted the benefits of these areas for human well-being and health.
Health and safety:
Among the motivations cited for visiting PAs, physical and mental well-being was the most frequent, followed by contemplation and observation of nature. There was a high convergence in reasons for visitation when comparing the periods before and during the pandemic, indicating that the pandemic health emergency did not change the motivations. The absence of differences between periods can be explained by the visitor profile, since 68% of respondents visited PAs more than 5 times a year.
The fact that “physical and mental well-being” corresponded to almost a third of the mentions suggests that visitations to PAs were important during the pandemic period to promote the sense of well-being. Our results are in agreement with the findings of Lemieux et al. (2012) who revealed that benefits to human health and well-being were the main reasons leading people to prefer visiting PAs. Similar results to ours were also observed in PAs in Asia, North America and Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic (Luo et al., 2021; Xião et al., 2021; Taff et al., 2022; Halkos et al., 2021). Therefore, the creation and management of PAs should consider these territories as tools to improve human well-being and health.
Regarding the perception of safety, more than 84% of participants reported they believed there was “low” or “no risk” of contamination during the visit to the PA. The perception of safety can be explained by the characteristics inherent to the areas, that is, the fact that they are open and usually ample places that allow distance between people, a scenario very different from those in urban areas, where most of the population lives. However, the pandemic may have changed the visitation experience, since the concern with crowding and the need to follow sanitary protocols interfered with the visitors’ perception of the experience.
Benefits of visitation during the pandemic:
“Well-being and mental health” was the benefit most frequently mentioned by visitors in the survey. Previous studies also reported improvements in health and well-being as a benefit of activities carried out in PAs (Lemieux et al., 2012; Pullin et al., 2013). In view of the restrictions imposed by social isolation and the constant risk of contamination, an increase in the perception of the benefit of the visitation activity during the pandemic is to be expected. In fact, improved well-being and mental health were mentioned in 41% of the responses about the benefits of visitation in the present study. The connection with nature was the second most cited benefit. This latter benefit may involve hiking and physical activities that were restricted during the COVID-19 pandemic since many spaces dedicated to these activities were closed for some time. The role played by PAs according to the research participants highlight the link between PAs and human well-being during the time of the pandemic, and the safety of being in these areas. However, there are issues that may limit the access to these spaces. When discussing the benefits of visiting natural areas, Hartig et al. (2014) cited spatial, social, racial, cultural, and demographic differences as factors that affect access to these environments, generating inequalities in human health in different groups of the population.
Conclusions
The results of this study demonstrate the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the public use of PAs by exploring the visitors’ perceptions about the importance of PAs in Brazil to promote well-being, mental health, and contact with nature during the pandemic. The work was developed through a non-probabilistic methodology that proved to be adequate for the proposed objective. However, the study has limitations with respect to the sample that may not reflect the entire diversity of the population, since the participants indicated other participants within their own circle of social interactions.
The pandemic situation has led to changes in the importance of PAs to society and put in evidence their role in promoting well-being and mental health. The pandemic influenced almost one- third of the participants in their decision to visit a PA in this period and 84% of the visitors felt safe during the visit. The motivation to visit a PA and the most mentioned benefits were well-being and mental health. The increased search for PAs in Brazil indicates that green spaces came to be more valued by people during the pandemic and that they can represent a strategy to maintain human well-being if properly managed, whether through ecotourism activities, research or environmental education. The pandemic called attention to the importance of PAs, considering the health benefits and the role played by these areas during this period. Therefore, the results of this study reinforce the importance of taking into account the social benefits of PAs when considering the prioritization criteria for the establishment of new PAs.
Finally, the findings of this study reveal new perspectives about the impact of the pandemic on PAs and raise questions for future investigations. Future studies could explore the implications of the pandemic for the interaction of communities around PAs as well as effective management strategies to face similar crises based on the experiences observed during the pandemic.
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Source: the authors 2024.
Source: the authors, 2024.
Source: the authors, 2024.
Source: the authors, 2024.