A exploração da fauna silvestre no Brasil: Jacarés, sistemas e recursos humanos

Verdade, Luciano M.

doi:10.1590/S1676-06032004000200002

Resumos

A conservação da vida silvestre normalmente necessita de estudos caso a caso porque a população - e não a espécie - deve ser na maioria das vezes a unidade do manejo. No Brasil, a falta de uma categoria profissional específica, como a dos wildlife biologists norte-americanos, dificulta a implantação de programas de conservação e manejo de vida silvestre. O preconceito contra o uso da fauna como recurso natural renovável, o abuso da criação em cativeiro e a noção de que o país não é capaz de implantar com sucesso um programa de fiscalização eficaz impedem a implantação de sistemas biologicamente sustentáveis, economicamente viáveis e socialmente justificáveis de uso da fauna silvestre. Isto só poderá mudar através da formação adequada de recursos humanos, da descentralização da pesquisa e do uso da infraestrutura já existente de extensão para a implantação de um Serviço de Fauna. No presente artigo, fatores normalmente relacionados ao sucesso de programas de uso econômico da fauna silvestre são apresentados e exemplos reais envolvendo crocodilianos são discutidos.

manejo de fauna; uso sustentável; jacaré; sistemas de manejo; sociedade

Wildlife management and conservation usually require case-by-case studies because populations - not species - should in most cases be the management unit. In Brazil, the lack of a specific professional career such as the north American wildlife biologist makes the implantation of wildlife management programs difficult. Urban prejudice against the use of wildlife as a renewable resource, the abuse of captive breeding programs, and the feeling that the country is unable to implement effective control systems over harvest programs prevent the establishment of biologically sustainable, economically viable, and socially justifiable use of wildlife. This can only be changed by adequate training of professionals,decentralized research, and the use of existing infrastructure of extension for the implantation of a wildlife service. In this paper, elements usually related to the success of economic wildlife programs are presented, and real cases of crocodilian management and conservation programs around the world are discussed as examples.

wildlife management; sustainable use; caiman; management systems; society

A exploração da fauna silvestre no Brasil: Jacarés, sistemas e recursos humanos

Luciano M. Verdade

Laboratório de Ecologia Animal / LZT / ESALQ / USP, Caixa Postal 09, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 BRASIL. E-mail: lmv@esalq.usp.br

RESUMO

A conservação da vida silvestre normalmente necessita de estudos caso a caso porque a população e não a espécie deve ser na maioria das vezes a unidade do manejo. No Brasil, a falta de uma categoria profissional específica, como a dos wildlife biologists norte-americanos, dificulta a implantação de programas de conservação e manejo de vida silvestre. O preconceito contra o uso da fauna como recurso natural renovável, o abuso da criação em cativeiro e a noção de que o país não é capaz de implantar com sucesso um programa de fiscalização eficaz impedem a implantação de sistemas biologicamente sustentáveis, economicamente viáveis e socialmente justificáveis de uso da fauna silvestre. Isto só poderá mudar através da formação adequada de recursos humanos, da descentralização da pesquisa e do uso da infraestrutura já existente de extensão para a implantação de um Serviço de Fauna. No presente artigo, fatores normalmente relacionados ao sucesso de programas de uso econômico da fauna silvestre são apresentados e exemplos reais envolvendo crocodilianos são discutidos.

Palavras-chave: manejo de fauna, uso sustentável, jacaré, sistemas de manejo, sociedade

ABSTRACT

Wildlife management and conservation usually require case-by-case studies because populations not species should in most cases be the management unit. In Brazil, the lack of a specific professional career such as the north American wildlife biologist makes the implantation of wildlife management programs difficult. Urban prejudice against the use of wildlife as a renewable resource, the abuse of captive breeding programs, and the feeling that the country is unable to implement effective control systems over harvest programs prevent the establishment of biologically sustainable, economically viable, and socially justifiable use of wildlife. This can only be changed by adequate training of professionals,decentralized research, and the use of existing infrastructure of extension for the implantation of a wildlife service. In this paper, elements usually related to the success of economic wildlife programs are presented, and real cases of crocodilian management and conservation programs around the world are discussed as examples.

Key words: wildlife management, sustainable use, caiman, management systems, society

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Recebido em: 30/1/2004

Revisado em: 15/5/2004

Publicado em: 01/07/2004

ISSN 1676-0603

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Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
07 Jun 2013
Data do Fascículo
2004

Histórico

Aceito
01 Jul 2004
Revisado
15 Maio 2004
Recebido
30 Jan 2004

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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[12] CAMPOS, Z., MOURÃO, G. & COUTINHO, M. 1994 Propostas de pesquisa e manejo para o jacaré-do-Pantanal Caiman crocodylus yacare (Daudin, 1802). pp.58-64. In: LARRIERA, A., IMHOF, A.; VON FINCK, M. C. COSTA, A. L. & TOURN, S.C. [Eds.]. Memorias del IV Workshop sobre Conservacion y Manejo del Yacare Overo (Caiman latirostris). Fundación Banco Bica. Santo Tome, Santa Fe, Argentina.

[13] CAUGHLEY, G. 1977. Analysis of Vertebrate Populations. John Wiley & Sons. New York, USA.

[14] CAUGHLEY, G. & SINCLAIR, A. R. E. 1994. Wildlife Ecology and Management. Blackwell, Boston, USA.

[15] CAUGHLEY, G. & A. GUNN. 1996. Conservation Biology in Theory and Practice. Blackwell, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

[17] COLLINS, L. 1998. Crocodilian skin production estimates 1995-1996. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 17(1):13-15.

[18] COSTANZA, R., DALY, H. E. & BARTHOLOMEU, J. A. 1991. Goals, agenda and policy recommendations for ecological economics. pp.1-20. In: COSTANZA, R. [Ed.]. Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability. Columbia University Press. New York, USA.

[19] COTT, H. B. 1971. Address by the chairman of the Crocodile Specialist Group of IUCNs Survival Service Commission. pp.31-33. In: Crocodile Specialist Group. Proc. 1st Work. Meet. Croc. Spec. Group. IUCN. Morges, Switzerland.

[20] COUTINHO, M. & Z. CAMPOS. 2002. A utilização de populações naturais de jacaré (Caiman crocodilus yacare) como mecanismo de conservação do Pantanal. pp.47-59. In: VERDADE, L. M. & LARRIERA, A. [Eds.]. Conservação e Manejo de Jacarés e Crocodilos da América Latina. CN Editoria. Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.

[21] CROWE, P. K. 1967. The Empty Arc. Scribner, New York, USA.

[22] DA SILVEIRA , R. 2001. Monitoramento, Crescimento e Caça de Jacaré-açu (Melanosuchus niger) e de Jacaré-tinga (Caiman crocodilus crocodilus). Tese de Doutorado. Universidade do Amazonas. Manaus, AM, Brasil. 151pp.

[24] DA SILVEIRA, R., W. E. MAGNUSSON & Z. CAMPOS. 1997. Monitoring the distribution, abundance and breeding areas of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus and Melanosuchus niger in the Anavilhanas Archipelago, central Amazonia, Brazil. Journal of Herpetology 31(4):514-520.

[25] DIAMOND, J.E. 1989. Overview of recent extinctions. pp.37-41. In: WESTERN, D. & PEARL, M.C. [Eds.]. Conservation for the Twenty-first Century. Wildlife Conservation International, New York.

[26] EHRLICH, P.R. 1986. The loss of diversity: causes and consequences. pp.21-27. In: WILSON, E. O. & PETER, F. M. [Eds.]. Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

[27] FARNESE-FILHO, P. 1982. A assistência técnica e extensão rural na região dos cerrados. pp.183-192. In: MARCHETTI, D. & MACHADO, A. D. [Eds.]. Anais do V Simpósio sobre o Cerrado: Uso e Manejo. Editerra. Brasília, Brasil.

[28] FUCHS, K. H. P., C. A. ROSS, A. C. POOLEY & R. WHITAKER. 1989. Crocodile skin-products. pp.188-195. In: ROSS, C. [Ed.]. Crocodiles and Alligators. Golden Press. Silverwater, NSW, Australia.

[29] HEMLEY, G. 1994. International Wildlife Trade. Island Press. Washington, D.C., USA.

[30] HILBORN, R., WALTERS, C. J. & LUDWIG, D. 1995. Sustainable exploitation of renewable resources. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26:45-67.

[31] HONEGGER, R. E. 1971. Zoo breeding and crocodile banking. pp.86-97. In: Crocodile Specialist Group. Proc. 1st Work. Meet. Croc. Spec. Group. IUCN. Morges, Switzerland.

[32] HUSTON, M. A. 1994. Biological Diversity: The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K.

[33] HUTTON, J. M. & WEBB, G. J. W. 1992. An introduction to the farming of crocodilians. pp.1-39. In: LUXMORE, R. A. [Ed.].Directory of Crocodilian Farming Operations. 2nd ed. IUCN The World Conservation Union. Gland, Switzerland.

[34] JOANEN, T., MCNEASE, L., PERRY, G., RICHARD, D. & TAYLOR, D. 1984. Louisianas alligator management program. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies 38:201-211.

[35] JOANEN, T. & MCNEASE, L. 1987. The management of alligators in Louisiana. pp.33-42. In: WEBB, G. J. W., MANOLIS S. C. & WHITEHEAD, P. J. [Eds.]. Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators. Surrey Beatty & Sons. Chipping Norton, NT, Australia.

[36] KEITH, J. O. 1996. Residue analyses: how they were used to assess the hazards of contaminants to wildlife. pp.1-47. In: BEYER, W. N., HEINZ, G. H. & REDMON-NORWOOD, A. W. [Eds.]. Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.

[37] KING, F. W. & BRAZAITIS, P. 1971. The identification of commercial crocodilian skins. Zoologica NY 56(2):15-70.

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