Abstracts
The phytal is characterized by the formation of seaweed beds and a great diversity of associated species, the malacofauna being one of its main components. Aiming to record the species of Gastropoda associated to the brown algae Sargassum sp. C. Agardh, 1820, this study was carried out in São Sebastião Channel, northern coast of São Paulo, and nearby areas. A total of 13945 individuals were identified, belonging to 35 families and 62 species. Cerithiidae, Phasianellidae and Columbellidae were the most abundant families, represented by 34, 33 and 17% of the total collected individuals, respectively. Bittiolum varium (Pfeiffer, 1840) (Cerithiidae) and Eulithidium affine (C. B. Adams, 1850) (Phasianellidae) are the dominant species, followed by the columbelids Mitrella dichroa (G. B. Sowerby I, 1844), Anachis fenneliRadwin, 1968RADWIN, G.E. 1968. New taxa of Western Atlantic Columbellidae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 81:143-150. and Costoanachis sertulariarium (d'Orbigny, 1839). Among the least abundant species, some of them may be considered as of fortuitous occurrences, while others seem to be typical in those habitats, although rare. The presence of juvenile specimens was recurrent, this indicating that the algae can function as a nursery for most of these species. The expressive values found, for both abundance and number of species, illustrate the great ecological importance of the phytal habitats for the gastropod species.
Biodiversity; marine gastropods; phytal
O fital é caracterizado pela formação de bancos de algas marinhas e uma grande diversidade de espécies associadas, estando a malacofauna entre seus principais componentes. Com o objetivo de registrar as assembleias de gastrópodes associadas è alga parda Sargassum C. Agardh, 1820, este estudo foi realizado no Canal de São Sebastião, litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, e áreas próximas. Um total de 13945 indivíduos foram identificados, pertencentes a 35 famílias e 62 espécies. Em termos de abundância, Cerithiidae, Phasianellidae e Columbellidae foram as famílias mais representativas, com 34, 33 e 17% do total de indivíduos coletados, respectivamente. Bittiolum varium (Pfeiffer, 1840) (Cerithiidae) e Eulithidium affine (C. B. Adams, 1850) (Phasianellidae) foram as espécies dominantes, seguidas pelos columbelídeos Mitrella dichroa (G. B. Sowerby I, 1844), Anachis fenneliRadwin, 1968RADWIN, G.E. 1968. New taxa of Western Atlantic Columbellidae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 81:143-150. e Costoanachis sertulariarium (d'Orbigny, 1839). Entre as espécies pouco abundantes, algumas podem ser consideradas como de ocorrência ocasional, enquanto outras parecem ser típicas deste ambiente, porém raras. A presença de formas juvenis mostrou-se muito recorrente para a maioria das espécies, o que parece indicar que a alga pode atuar como berçário. Os valores expressivos encontrados, tanto para a abundância de indivíduos como para o número de espécies, ilustram a grande importância ecológica apresentada por este ambiente para as espécies de gastrópodes.
Biodiversidade; gastrópodes marinhos; fital
Introduction
Seaweed beds carrying an associated fauna form a singular community known as the phytal, a generally rich assemblage of organisms regulated by both biotic (e.g. predation, competition, recruitment and migration) and abiotic factors (e.g. hydrodynamism, nutrients availability, habitat structure, light incidence and temperature) (Chemello & Milazzo 2002CHEMELLO, R. & MILAZZO, M. 2002. Effect of algal architecture on associated fauna: some evidence from phytal molluscs. Mar. biol. 140:981-990, 10.1007/s00227-002-0777-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0777-...
, Jacobucci & Leite 2002JACOBUCCI, G.B. & LEITE, F.P.P. 2002. Distribuição vertical e flutuação sazonal da macrofauna vágil associada a Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, na praia do Lázaro, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 19(1):87-100, 10.1590/S0101-81752002000500004.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-8175200200...
, Leite et al. 2009LEITE, F.P.P., TAMBOURGI, M.R.S. & CUNHA, C.M. 2009. Gastropods associated with the green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa, on two beaches of the Nothern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Strombus 16(1-2):1-10.). In these communities, algae provide several advantages for invertebrate and vertebrate animals inhabiting their fronds, including protection against desiccation, wave action and predators, better temperature and salinity conditions, as well as food resources (Jacobucci & Leite 2002JACOBUCCI, G.B. & LEITE, F.P.P. 2002. Distribuição vertical e flutuação sazonal da macrofauna vágil associada a Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, na praia do Lázaro, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 19(1):87-100, 10.1590/S0101-81752002000500004.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-8175200200...
, Jacobucci et al. 2006JACOBUCCI, G.B., GÜTH, A.Z., TURRA, A., MAGALHÃES, C.A., DENADAI, R., CHAVES, A.M.R. & SOUZA, E.C. 2006. Levantamento de Mollusca, Crustacea e Echinodermata associados a Sargassum spp. na Ilha de Queimada Pequena, Estação Ecológica dos Tupiniquins, litoral sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil., Leite et al. 2009LEITE, F.P.P., TAMBOURGI, M.R.S. & CUNHA, C.M. 2009. Gastropods associated with the green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa, on two beaches of the Nothern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Strombus 16(1-2):1-10.). Among macroalgae groups composing the phytal, those of Sargassum can be considered one of the most representative in some localities of the Brazilian coast (Széchy & Paula 2000SZÉCHY, M.T.M. & PAULA, E.J. 2000. Padrões estruturais quantitativos de bancos de Sargassum Phaeophyta, Fucales) do litoral dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Bot. 23(2):121-132, 10.1590/S0100-84042000000200002.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8404200000...
), with the malacofauna standing out both in abundance and diversity (Montouchet 1979MONTOUCHET, P.C. 1979. Sur La communauté dês animaux vagiles associés è Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, è Ubatuba, Etat de São Paulo, Brésil. Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ. 14:33-64, 10.1080/01650527909360546.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0165052790936054...
, Schézy & Paula 2000, Chemello & Milazzo 2002CHEMELLO, R. & MILAZZO, M. 2002. Effect of algal architecture on associated fauna: some evidence from phytal molluscs. Mar. biol. 140:981-990, 10.1007/s00227-002-0777-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0777-...
, Jacobucci & Leite 2002JACOBUCCI, G.B. & LEITE, F.P.P. 2002. Distribuição vertical e flutuação sazonal da macrofauna vágil associada a Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, na praia do Lázaro, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 19(1):87-100, 10.1590/S0101-81752002000500004.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-8175200200...
, Leite et al. 2009LEITE, F.P.P., TAMBOURGI, M.R.S. & CUNHA, C.M. 2009. Gastropods associated with the green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa, on two beaches of the Nothern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Strombus 16(1-2):1-10., Veras 2011VERAS, D.R.A. 2011. Moluscos associados è macroalga Pterocladiella caerulescens (Rhodophyta, Pterocladiaceae) na zona entremarés da praia da Pedra Rachada, Paracuru, Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará.).
Gastropods, in particular, are an important part of the phytal fauna. Studies highlighting and describing the diversity of phytal molluscan assemblages are scarce in Brazil, especially in the coast of São Paulo state, some of which are Montouchet (1979)MONTOUCHET, P.C. 1979. Sur La communauté dês animaux vagiles associés è Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, è Ubatuba, Etat de São Paulo, Brésil. Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ. 14:33-64, 10.1080/01650527909360546.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0165052790936054...
, Jacobucci et al. (2006)JACOBUCCI, G.B., GÜTH, A.Z., TURRA, A., MAGALHÃES, C.A., DENADAI, R., CHAVES, A.M.R. & SOUZA, E.C. 2006. Levantamento de Mollusca, Crustacea e Echinodermata associados a Sargassum spp. na Ilha de Queimada Pequena, Estação Ecológica dos Tupiniquins, litoral sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. and Leite et al. (2009)LEITE, F.P.P., TAMBOURGI, M.R.S. & CUNHA, C.M. 2009. Gastropods associated with the green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa, on two beaches of the Nothern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Strombus 16(1-2):1-10.. Furthermore, illustrated inventories are practically absent in the literature, this kind of work being an important tool to the development of future studies of the phytal gastropod assemblages, as it can facilitate the species identification.
The aim of this study is to provide such an inventory of the gastropod fauna associated to Sargassum sp. beds from São Sebastião Channel and nearby areas, thereby increasing knowledge on the biodiversity of this environment, as well as illustrating its species.
Material and Methods
This study was carried out in the northern part of the coast of São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil (23°43'-23°52'S; 45°20'-45°27'W), where algae bed samples were obtained from thirteen sites in March, September and December of 2007, and in February of 2008. Two of these sites are placed in Caraguatatuba and Ubatuba municipalities (at Tabatinga and Ubatumirim beaches, respectively) and eleven are distributed in the São Sebastião Channel. In this channel, six sites were chosen from its insular part (São Sebatião Island, Ilhabela municipality) and five from the continental part (São Sebatião municipality) (Figure 1).
Collecting sites in the insular and continental part of the São Sebastião Channel, and in the Caraguatatuba and Ubatuba municipalities. The placement of this area is indicated by an arrow pointing the north coast of the State of São Paulo (SP), southeastern Brazil.
At each site, a horizontal transect was established, where ten fronds were randomly collected, each of them with its holdfast being detached from the substratum. These fronds were enclosed in a bag of 0.2 mm mesh size and at the laboratory were washed in seawater in order to separate the associated animals from algae, and to sort the gastropods for to be fixed and preserved in a solution of 70% ethanol. The obtained gastropods were examined under the stereomicroscope, identified through their shell characteristics, counted from each collecting site and then separated in lots which were deposited in the Zoology Museum of the State University of Campinas “Prof. Adão José Cardoso”. For each species, well preserved specimens were chosen to be photographed by a camera coupled to a Zeiss “Discovery V8” stereomicroscope. All these lots are georeferenced and registered in the Center of Reference in Environmental Information (CRIA) database. About five morphotipes of shelless opisthobranch gastropods could be distinguished, but most of the total specimens were poorly preserved, hence, precluding an accurate identification; these were, therefore, excluded in this inventory.
Results
A total of 13945 individuals from 62 species belonging to 35 families was obtained (Table 1). These specimens compose 2437 deposited lots (Table 1). All the identified species are shown in Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5. Except for 32 specimens of the single Calliostomatidae (Calliostoma sp.), one of the single Marginellidae (Volvarina sp.), one of the Eulimidae Vitreolina sp., and 32 juveniles of Columbellidae and 14 of Fissurellidae, all the animals were identified up to the species level. Most families (31) are represented by one or two species (Table 1). Pyramidellidae, Columbellidae, Eulimidae and Cerithiopsidae are the only exceptions to this rule, each one with eight, six, four and three species, respectively.
Species, number of individuals (N), series number, literature used for the identification and places where species occurred (✗). S.Sb. = São Sebastião; Ib. = Ilhabela (São Sebastião Island); Tb. = Tabatinga (Caraguatatuba) and Ubm. = Ubatumirim (Ubatuba)
Photomicrographs of the gastropod species collected in Sargassum sp. beds from the São Sebastião Channel, Caraguatatuba and Ubatuba (continues in Figures 3 to 5). Cerithiidae: Cerithium atratum (A) and Bittiolum varium (B). Phasianellidae: Eulithidium affine (C). Columbellidae: Anachis fenneli (D), Costoanachis sertulariarum (E), Costoanachis sparsa (F), Anachis obesa (G), Mitrella dichroa (H), Astyris lunata (I), and Columbella mercatoria (J). Caecidae: Caecum ryssotitum (K) and Caecum brasilicum (L). Rissoidae: Alvania auberiana (M). Fissurellidae: Fissurella rosea (N). Scale bars: 500um for A and K-N; 1000um for B-J.
Photomicrographs of the gastropod species collected in Sargassum sp. beds from the São Sebastião Channel, Caraguatatuba and Ubatuba. Pyramidellidae: Fargoa bushiana (A), Folinella robertsoni (B), Boonea jadisi (C), Chrysallida nioba (D), Turbonilla multicostata (E), Eulimastoma didyma (F), Trabecula krumpermani (G), Turbonilla penistoni (H). Rissoellidae: Rissoella ornata (I). Litiopidae: Alaba incerta (J). Barleeidae: Amphithalamus glabrus (K). Scaliolidae: Finella dubia (L). Cerithiopsidae: Retilaskeya bicolor (M), Seila adamsii (N) and Cerithiopsis gemmulosa (O). Assimineidae: Assiminea succinea (P). Buccinidae: Engina turbinella (Q). Scale bars: 500um for A, D, F, K and P; 250 um for B; 1000um for C, E, G-J, L-O and Q.
Photomicrographs of the gastropod species collected in Sargassum sp. beds from the São Sebastião Channel, Caraguatatuba and Ubatuba. Triphoridae: Marshallora nigrocincta (A), Nototriphora decorata (B). Littorinidae: Echinolittorina lineolata (C). Muricidae: Stramonita brasiliensis (D) and Muricopsis necocheana (E). Calliostomatidae: Calliostoma sp. (F). Scissurellidae: Scissurella alexandrei (G). Tornidae: Circulus cf. liratus (H) and Parviturboides interruptus (I). Eulimidae: Melanella cf. eulimoides (J), Vitreolina arcuata (K), Vitreolina sp. (L), Melanella eburnea (M). Turbinidae: Lithopoma phoebium (N) and Tegula viridula (O). Scale bars: 1000um for A-F and K-O; 500um for G-J.
Gastropod species collected in Sargassum sp. beds from the São Sebastião Channel, Caraguatatuba and Ubatuba. Nassariidae: Nassarius albus (A). Mangellidae: Tenaturris fulgens (B) and Glyphoturris rugirima (C). Epitoniidae: Epitonium cf. worsfoldi (D). Retusidae: Pyrunculus caelatus (E). Ellobiidae: Pedipes mirabilis (F). Modulidae: Modulus modulus (G). Pseudomelatomidae: Crassispira cf. fuscescens (H). Rissoinidae: Schwartziella bryerea (I). Planaxidae: Fossarus ambiguus (J). Bullidae: Bulla occidentalis (K). Haminoeidae: Haminoea antillarum (L). Cylichnidae: Cylichna discus (M). Marginellidae: Volvarina sp. (N). Scale bars: 1000um for A-K; 500um for L-N.
In terms of abundance, the predominance of a few families is remarkable: specimens of Cerithiidae, Phasianellidae and Columbellidae are the most numerous, representing altogether 84% of the total number of individuals. This is mainly caused by the fact that Eulithidium affine (C. B. Adams, 1850) (the single Phasianellidae) and Bittiolum varium (Pfeiffer, 1840) (Cerithiidae) are the best represented species (4630 and 4642 specimens, respectively), followed by Mitrella dichroa (G. B. Sowerby I, 1844) (n=813), Anachis fenneliRadwin, 1968RADWIN, G.E. 1968. New taxa of Western Atlantic Columbellidae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 81:143-150. (n=626) and Costoanachis sertulariarium (d'Orbigny, 1839) (n=600) (Columbellidae). Apart from these abundant species, 57 species are responsible for 19% of the total number of individuals (Figure 6). Some of them were well collected, as Caecum ryssotitum de Folin, 1867, Caecum brasilicum de Folin, 1874 and Alvania auberiana (d’Orbigny, 1842), with 323, 294 and 302 individuals, respectively. Noteworthy is also the occurrence of Costoanachis sparsa (Reeve, 1859), Anachis obesa (Adams, 1845), Fissurella rosea (Gmelin, 1791), Turbonilla multicostata (C. B. Adams, 1850), Rissoella ornataSimone, 1995SIMONE, L.R.L. 1995. A new Amphithalamus Carpenter, 1864 species (Gastropoda, Rissoidae, Barleeidae) from the Brazilian coast. J. conchol. 35:329-333., Alaba incerta (d’Orbigny, 1841) and Amphithalamus glabrus Simone, 1996, each one represented by 100 to 200 specimens. Regarding the more rare species, 26 presented less than 10 specimens; for some species, most animals found are juveniles, as for Cerithium atratum (Born, 1778), F. rosea, T. multicostata, Stramonita brasiliensis Claremont & D. G. Reid, 2011, Calliostoma sp. and Bulla occidentalis A. Adams, 1850.
The most representative species and families, in terms of relative abundance of collected individuals.
Discussion
Expressive values for both number of species and individuals were found for the Gastropoda assemblages studied herein. Similar records had already been found for phytal assemblages of other algae species and from other localities (Montouchet 1979MONTOUCHET, P.C. 1979. Sur La communauté dês animaux vagiles associés è Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, è Ubatuba, Etat de São Paulo, Brésil. Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ. 14:33-64, 10.1080/01650527909360546.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0165052790936054...
, Schézy & Paula 2000, Chemello & Milazzo 2002CHEMELLO, R. & MILAZZO, M. 2002. Effect of algal architecture on associated fauna: some evidence from phytal molluscs. Mar. biol. 140:981-990, 10.1007/s00227-002-0777-x.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0777-...
, Jacobucci & Leite 2002JACOBUCCI, G.B. & LEITE, F.P.P. 2002. Distribuição vertical e flutuação sazonal da macrofauna vágil associada a Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, na praia do Lázaro, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Zool. 19(1):87-100, 10.1590/S0101-81752002000500004.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-8175200200...
, Jacobucci et al. 2006JACOBUCCI, G.B., GÜTH, A.Z., TURRA, A., MAGALHÃES, C.A., DENADAI, R., CHAVES, A.M.R. & SOUZA, E.C. 2006. Levantamento de Mollusca, Crustacea e Echinodermata associados a Sargassum spp. na Ilha de Queimada Pequena, Estação Ecológica dos Tupiniquins, litoral sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil., Almeida 2007ALMEIDA, S.M. 2007. Malacofauna associada ao fital de Sargassum spp. no Pontal do Cupe, Ipojuca, PE. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco., Leite et al. 2009LEITE, F.P.P., TAMBOURGI, M.R.S. & CUNHA, C.M. 2009. Gastropods associated with the green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa, on two beaches of the Nothern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Strombus 16(1-2):1-10., Veras 2011VERAS, D.R.A. 2011. Moluscos associados è macroalga Pterocladiella caerulescens (Rhodophyta, Pterocladiaceae) na zona entremarés da praia da Pedra Rachada, Paracuru, Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará.). Many families identified in this work, including the most abundant ones (Cerithiidae, Phasianellidae and Columbellidae) have recurrent records in general phytal studies already developed in Brazil (Montouchet 1979MONTOUCHET, P.C. 1979. Sur La communauté dês animaux vagiles associés è Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh, è Ubatuba, Etat de São Paulo, Brésil. Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ. 14:33-64, 10.1080/01650527909360546.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0165052790936054...
, Jacobucci et al. 2006JACOBUCCI, G.B., GÜTH, A.Z., TURRA, A., MAGALHÃES, C.A., DENADAI, R., CHAVES, A.M.R. & SOUZA, E.C. 2006. Levantamento de Mollusca, Crustacea e Echinodermata associados a Sargassum spp. na Ilha de Queimada Pequena, Estação Ecológica dos Tupiniquins, litoral sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil., Almeida 2007ALMEIDA, S.M. 2007. Malacofauna associada ao fital de Sargassum spp. no Pontal do Cupe, Ipojuca, PE. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco., Leite et al. 2009LEITE, F.P.P., TAMBOURGI, M.R.S. & CUNHA, C.M. 2009. Gastropods associated with the green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa, on two beaches of the Nothern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Strombus 16(1-2):1-10., Veras 2011VERAS, D.R.A. 2011. Moluscos associados è macroalga Pterocladiella caerulescens (Rhodophyta, Pterocladiaceae) na zona entremarés da praia da Pedra Rachada, Paracuru, Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará.).
The two most abundant species, B. varium and E. affine, exhibit similar feeding habits: they graze algae surface and feed on the perifiton settled on the fronds (Marcus & Marcus 1960MARCUS, E. & MARCUS, E. 1960. Studies on Tricolia affinis cruenta. Bol. Fac. Fil. C. Let. Univ. São Paulo, Zoologia. 23:171-198., Montfrans et al.1982MONTFRANS, J.V., ORTH, R.J. & VAY, S.A. 1982. Preliminary studies of grazing by Bittium varium on eelgrass periphyton. Aquat, bot. 14:75-89, 10.1016/0304-3770(82)90087-0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(82)900...
). The following most abundant species, the columbelllids M. dichroa and A. fenneli, on the other hand, are both carnivorous species (Radwin 1977RADWIN, G.E. 1977. The family Columbellidae in the Western Atlantic. Veliger 19(4):403-417.). The Pyramidellidae and the Eulimidae, with eight and four species, respectively, are known as parasites of other invertebrates (Warén 1983WARÉN, A. 1983. A generic revision of the family Eulimidae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). J. molluscan stud. Suppl. 13. 49:1-96, 10.1093/mollus/49.Supplement_13.1.
https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/49.Supple...
, Wise 1996WISE, J.B. 1996. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of certain pyramidellid taxa (Heterobranchia). Malacologia 37(2):443-511.). This diversity in the feeding habits is notorious throughout all the species, and indicates that the Sargassum sp. beds are a highly heterogeneous environment, which provides a great variety of food sources for its associated species. This should be expected, since Sargassum species are already known as having a high structural complexity (Széchy & Paula 2000SZÉCHY, M.T.M. & PAULA, E.J. 2000. Padrões estruturais quantitativos de bancos de Sargassum Phaeophyta, Fucales) do litoral dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Bot. 23(2):121-132, 10.1590/S0100-84042000000200002.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8404200000...
).
Among the least abundant species (< 50 specimens), some of them are known to occur in phytal habitats, e.g. Columbella mercatoria (Linnaeus, 1758), Schwartziella bryerea (Montagu, 1803), Finella dubia (d’Orbigny, 1840), Seila adamsii (H. C. Lea, 1845), Assiminea succinea (Pfeiffer, 1840), Nototriphora decorata (C. B. Adams, 1850) and Glyphoturris rugirima (Dall, 1889) (Rios 2009RIOS, E.C. 2009. Compendium of Brazilian Seashells. Evangraf, Rio Grande.). On the other hand, a few species found are typical from other habitats like rocky shores or soft bottoms, e.g. Echinolittorina lineolata (d'Orbigny, 1840), S. brasiliensis, Calliostoma sp., Melanella eburnea (Mühlfeld, 1824) and Tegula viridula (Gmelin, 1791). In this last case, the occurrence of most species in the Sargassum sp. beds can be considered as fortuitous, whilst in the former case, those species can be characterized as rare, even though they can be considered typical in this habitat. In both cases, and also for many of the more numerous species, it is notable the presence of juvenile forms. This may be an indicator that the seaweed beds are a favorable environment for the development of these gastropods, due to the many benefits provided by the algae, which can act as a nursery for many species.
The gastropod assemblages stand out, therefore, as an important component of the associated fauna of the Sargassum sp. beds in São Sebastião Channel, northern coast of São Paulo. However, studies describing the composition and dynamics of these phytal assemblages are still scarce, especially the ones developed in Brazil. A higher and more detailed knowledge of these assemblages are an important step for a better understanding and conservation of these environments.
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank FAPESP, for the financing support of the senior author (Proc. 2012/09374-8); G. B. Jacobucci, M. L. L. de Moraes and S. G. L. Siqueira for performing the collections, as well as the technicians from CEBIMar - USP for the help and support during the collecting process; P. V. F. Corrêa for the edition of the map; and A. D. Pimenta, J. H. Leal, L. Souza, M. Fernandes, R. Figueira and S. F. B. de Lima for the help during the identification process.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Dec 2014
History
-
Received
23 July 2014 -
Reviewed
08 Oct 2014 -
Accepted
09 Oct 2014