Proteínas de fase aguda em gatos

Rosa, Rita Mourão; Mestrinho, Lisa Alexandra Pereira

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CLINIC AND SURGERY • Cienc. Rural 49 (4) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20180790 copiar

Proteínas de fase aguda em gatos

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO:

As proteínas de fase aguda (PFA) são proteínas sintetizadas e libertadas em grande parte por hepatócitos ao mesmo tempo da ocorrência de lesão celular ou invasão por microrganismos. Este artigo revê a utilização das PFA nas doenças do gato identificando a sua potencial utilidade no contexto clínico, analisando 55 artigos publicados. A amiloide sérica A, a alfa-1 glicoproteina ácida e a haptoblobina são os marcadores apontados pelos autores como úteis na monitorização da resposta aguda inflamatória nesta espécie. Embora o doseamento das PFA ainda não seja rotineiramente utilizado na medicina veterinária, o seu doseamento, em conjunto com sinais clínicos e outros meios complementares de diagnóstico, revelou interesse e aplicabilidade clínica em doenças tais como a peritonite infeciosa felina, pancreatite, insuficiência renal, infeções retrovirais e por Calicivírus. Apesar de existirem kits comercialmente disponíveis para dosear as PFA felinas, será necessária uma padronização de ensaios no sentido da melhoria da sua simplicidade técnica, da sua especificidade para o gato e com menores custos associados, para que sejam utilizados de forma rotineira, tal como são utilizados em medicina humana.

Palavras-chave:
inflamação; proteínas de fase aguda; gato

Autoria

Rita Mourão Rosa

Hospital Escolar Veterinário, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal.Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa)PortugalLisboa, PortugalHospital Escolar Veterinário, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-5417

Lisa Alexandra Pereira Mestrinho

Centro interdisciplinar de investigação em sanidade animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa (Ulisboa), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal. Universidade de Lisboa (Ulisboa)PortugalLisboa, PortugalCentro interdisciplinar de investigação em sanidade animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa (Ulisboa), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2424-2106

E-mail: lmestrinho@fmv.ulisboa.pt. ^*Corresponding author.

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

The authors contributed equally to the manuscript.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figuras | Tabelas

Figuras (1)
Tabelas (2)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Idealized behavior of acute phase proteins in the cat after an inflammatory stimulus. The values depicting the changes cannot be taken as absolute. Serum Amyloid A (SAA) increase 3 to 6 h after the stimulus, peak at 21 to 24 h, magnitude at peak 10 to 50 times its basal plasma concentration. 1 acid-glycoprotein (AGP) increase 8 h after the stimulus, peak at 36 h, magnitude at peak 2 to 10 times its basal plasma concentration. Haptoglobulin (Hp) increase 24 h after the stimulus, peak at 36 to 48 h, magnitude at peak 2 to 10 times its basal plasma concentration value. C-Reactive protein (CRP) increase 8 h after the stimulus, peak at 36 h, magnitude at peak 1.5 times its basal values.

Thumbnail

Table 1
Acute phase proteins studied in the context feline diseases.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Advantages and disadvantages of possible techniques in measuring APP.

Figure 1 Idealized behavior of acute phase proteins in the cat after an inflammatory stimulus. The values depicting the changes cannot be taken as absolute. Serum Amyloid A (SAA) increase 3 to 6 h after the stimulus, peak at 21 to 24 h, magnitude at peak 10 to 50 times its basal plasma concentration. 1 acid-glycoprotein (AGP) increase 8 h after the stimulus, peak at 36 h, magnitude at peak 2 to 10 times its basal plasma concentration. Haptoglobulin (Hp) increase 24 h after the stimulus, peak at 36 to 48 h, magnitude at peak 2 to 10 times its basal plasma concentration value. C-Reactive protein (CRP) increase 8 h after the stimulus, peak at 36 h, magnitude at peak 1.5 times its basal values.

Table 1 Acute phase proteins studied in the context feline diseases.

APP	Diseases	References
	FIP	DUTHIE et al., 1997DUTHIE, S. et al. Value of α1-acid glycoprotein in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. The Veterinary Record, v.141, n.12, p.299-303, 1997. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9330474 >. Accessed: Aug. 11, 2018. doi: 10.1136/vr.141.12.299. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9330... ; GIORDANO et al., 2004GIORDANO, A. et al. Changes in some acute phase protein and immunoglobulin concentrations in cats affected by feline infectious peritonitis or exposed to feline coronavirus infection. The Veterinary Journal, v.167, n.1, p.38-44, 2004. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00055-8 >. Accessed: Aug. 9, 2018. doi: 10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00055-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00... ; HAZUCHOVA et al. 2017HAZUCHOVA, K. et al. Usefulness of acute phase proteins in differentiating between feline infectious peritonitis and other diseases in cats with body cavity effusions. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v.19, n.8, p.809-816, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X16658925 >. Accessed: Aug. 11, 2018. doi: 10.1177/1098612X16658925. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X16658925... ;
	Induced inflammation and surgery	KAJIKAWA et al., 1999KAJIKAWA, T. et al. Changes in concentrations of serum amyloid A protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein in feline sera due to induced inflammation and surgery. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, v.68, n.1, p. 91-98, 1999. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00012-4 > Accessed: Aug. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00012-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00... ;
	Various diseases (Pancreatitis, Renal failure, FLUTD, Tumors, Diabetes mellitus; renal disease, injury, etc.)	SASAKI et al., 2003SASAKI, K. et al. Evaluation of feline serum amyloid A (SAA) as an inflammatory marker. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, v.65, n.4, p.545-8, 2003. Available from: <Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvms/65/4/65_4_545/_pdf >. Accessed: Aug. 10, 2018. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvm... ; KANN et al., 2012KANN, R. et al. Acute phase proteins in healthy and sick cats. Research in Veterinay Science, v.93, n.2. p.649-654, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.007 >. Accessed: Aug. 20, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.0... ; TAMAMOTO et al., 2013TAMAMOTO, T. et al. Serum amyloid A as a prognostic marker in cats with various diseases. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v.25, n.3, p.428-432, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1040638713486112 >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2019. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.... ; TAMAMOTO et al., 2013;JAVARD et al., 2017JAVARD R. et al. Acute phase proteins and iron status in cats with chronic kidney Disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.31, n.2, p.457-464, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3053509/ >. Accessed: Oct. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1111/jvim.14661. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... ;
SAA	Sepsis	TRÒIA et al., 2017;
	FeLV; Hemotropicmycoplasms infections	VILHENA et al., 2018VILHENA, H. et al. Acute phase proteins response in cats naturally infected by hemotropic mycoplasmas. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, v.56, p.1-5, 2018. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2017.11.001 >. Accessed: Aug. 11, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.11.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2017.11.... ;
	Infection by Hepatozoonfelis and Babesia vogeli	VILHENA et al., 2017VILHENA, H. et al. Acute phase proteins response in cats naturally infected with Hepatozoonfelis and Babesia vogeli. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, v.48, n.1, p.72-76, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12451 >. Accessed: Aug. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1111/vcp.12451. https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12451... ;
	Dirofilariaimmitis	SILVESTRE-FERREIRAet al., 2017SILVESTRE-FERREIRA, A.C. et al. Serum acute phase proteins in Dirofilariaimmitis and Wolbachia seropositive cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v.19, n.6, p.693-696, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X15625435 >. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2018. doi: 10.1177/1098612X15625435. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X15625435... ;
	FIV cats treated with recombinant feline interferon	LEAL et al., 2014LEAL, R. et al. Monitoring acute phase proteins in retrovirus infected cats undergoing feline interferon-ω therapy. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.55, n.1, p.39-45, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12160 >. Accessed: Jan. 6, 2019. doi: 10.1111/jsap.12160. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12160... ;
	Infection by Chlamydophila psittaci;	TERWEE et al., 1998TERWEE, J. et al. Characterization of the systemic disease and ocular signs induced by experimental infection with Chlamydia psittaci in cats. Veterinary Microbiology, v.59, 259-281, 1998. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00185-5 >. Accessed: Aug. 20, 2018. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00185-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00... ;
	Pancreatitis and pancreatic tumors	MEACHEM et al., 2015MEACHEM, M.D. et al. A comparative proteomic study of plasma in feline pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify diagnostic biomarkers: A pilot study. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, v.79, n.3, p.184-189, 2015. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445510/pdf/cjvr_07_184.pdf >. Accessed: Oct. 10, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... ;
	Feline infectious peritonitis	DUTHIE et al., 1997DUTHIE, S. et al. Value of α1-acid glycoprotein in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. The Veterinary Record, v.141, n.12, p.299-303, 1997. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9330474 >. Accessed: Aug. 11, 2018. doi: 10.1136/vr.141.12.299. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9330... ; CECILIANI, et al., 2004CECILIANI, F. et al. Decreased sialylation of the acute phase protein α1-acid glycoprotein in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, v.99, n.3-4, p.229-236, 2004. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.02.003 >. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.02.003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.02... ; GIORDANO et al., 2004GIORDANO, A. et al. Changes in some acute phase protein and immunoglobulin concentrations in cats affected by feline infectious peritonitis or exposed to feline coronavirus infection. The Veterinary Journal, v.167, n.1, p.38-44, 2004. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00055-8 >. Accessed: Aug. 9, 2018. doi: 10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00055-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00... ; BENCE et al., 2005BENCE, L. et al. An immunoturbidimetric assay for rapid quantitative measurement of feline alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in serum and peritoneal fluid. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, v.34, n.4, p335-341, 2005. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00058.x >. Accessed: Jan. 13, 2019. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00058.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005... ; PALTRINIERI et al., 2007bPALTRINIERI, S. et al. Serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentration in non-symptomatic cats with feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v.9, n.4, p.271-277, 2007b. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.01.002 >. Accessed: Aug. 11, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.01.002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.01.0... ; GIORI et al., 2011GIORI, L. et al. Performances of different diagnostic tests for feline infectious peritonitis in challenging clinical cases. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.52, n.3, p.152-157, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01042.x >. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2018. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01042.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011... ; HAZUCHOVA et al., 2017HAZUCHOVA, K. et al. Usefulness of acute phase proteins in differentiating between feline infectious peritonitis and other diseases in cats with body cavity effusions. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v.19, n.8, p.809-816, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X16658925 >. Accessed: Aug. 11, 2018. doi: 10.1177/1098612X16658925. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X16658925... ;
AGP	Lymphoma and other tumors	SELTING et al., 2000SELTING, K. et al. Serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentrations in healthy and tumor-bearing cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.14, n.5, p.503-506, 2000. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02267.x >. Accessed: Aug. 9, 2018. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02267.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2000... ; CORREA et al., 2001CORREA, S.S et al. Serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentration in cats with lymphoma. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, v.37, n.2, p.153-158, 2001. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.5326/15473317-37-2-153 >. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2018. doi: 10.5326/15473317-37-2-153. https://doi.org/10.5326/15473317-37-2-15... ; WINKEL et al. 2015WINKEL, V. et al. Serum α-1 acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid A concentrations in cats receiving antineoplastic treatment for lymphoma. American Journal Veterinary Research, n.76, v.11, p.983-988, 2015. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.76.11.983 >. Accessed: Aug. 22, 2018. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.76.11.983. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.76.11.983... ;
	Induced inflammation and surgery	KAJIKAWA et al., 1999KAJIKAWA, T. et al. Changes in concentrations of serum amyloid A protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein in feline sera due to induced inflammation and surgery. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, v.68, n.1, p. 91-98, 1999. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00012-4 > Accessed: Aug. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00012-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00... ;
	FIV cats treated with recombinant feline interferon	LEAL et al., 2014LEAL, R. et al. Monitoring acute phase proteins in retrovirus infected cats undergoing feline interferon-ω therapy. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.55, n.1, p.39-45, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12160 >. Accessed: Jan. 6, 2019. doi: 10.1111/jsap.12160. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12160...
	Abscesses, pyothorax, Fat necrosis	OTTENJANN et al., 2006OTTENJANN, M. et al. Characterization of the anemia of inflammatory disease in cats with abscesses, pyothorax, or fat necrosis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.2, n.5, p. 1143-1150, 2006. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00713.x >. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2018. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00713.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006... ;
	Various diseases (FLUTD, Tumors, Diabetes mellitus; renal disease, injury, etc.)	KANN et al., 2012KANN, R. et al. Acute phase proteins in healthy and sick cats. Research in Veterinay Science, v.93, n.2. p.649-654, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.007 >. Accessed: Aug. 20, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.0... ;
	Feline infectious peritonitis	DUTHIE et al., 1997DUTHIE, S. et al. Value of α1-acid glycoprotein in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. The Veterinary Record, v.141, n.12, p.299-303, 1997. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9330474 >. Accessed: Aug. 11, 2018. doi: 10.1136/vr.141.12.299. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9330... ; GIORDANO et al., 2004GIORDANO, A. et al. Changes in some acute phase protein and immunoglobulin concentrations in cats affected by feline infectious peritonitis or exposed to feline coronavirus infection. The Veterinary Journal, v.167, n.1, p.38-44, 2004. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00055-8 >. Accessed: Aug. 9, 2018. doi: 10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00055-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00... ; HAZUCHOVA, K. et al. 2017HAZUCHOVA, K. et al. Usefulness of acute phase proteins in differentiating between feline infectious peritonitis and other diseases in cats with body cavity effusions. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v.19, n.8, p.809-816, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X16658925 >. Accessed: Aug. 11, 2018. doi: 10.1177/1098612X16658925. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X16658925... ;
	Induced inflammation and surgery	KAJIKAWA, T. et al. 1999KAJIKAWA, T. et al. Changes in concentrations of serum amyloid A protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein in feline sera due to induced inflammation and surgery. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, v.68, n.1, p. 91-98, 1999. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00012-4 > Accessed: Aug. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00012-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00...
	Abscesses, Pyothorax, Fat necrosis,	OTTENJANN et al., 2006OTTENJANN, M. et al. Characterization of the anemia of inflammatory disease in cats with abscesses, pyothorax, or fat necrosis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.2, n.5, p. 1143-1150, 2006. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00713.x >. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2018. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00713.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006... ;
Haptoglobin	Various diseases (FLUTD, Tumors, Diabetes mellitus; renal disease, injury, etc)	KANN et al. 2012KANN, R. et al. Acute phase proteins in healthy and sick cats. Research in Veterinay Science, v.93, n.2. p.649-654, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.007 >. Accessed: Aug. 20, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.0...
	Infection by Hepatozoonfelis and Babesia vogeli	VILHENA et al., 2017VILHENA, H. et al. Acute phase proteins response in cats naturally infected with Hepatozoonfelis and Babesia vogeli. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, v.48, n.1, p.72-76, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12451 >. Accessed: Aug. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1111/vcp.12451. https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12451... ;
	FeLV, Hemotropicmycoplasms	VILHENA et al., 2018VILHENA, H. et al. Acute phase proteins response in cats naturally infected by hemotropic mycoplasmas. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, v.56, p.1-5, 2018. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2017.11.001 >. Accessed: Aug. 11, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.11.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2017.11.... ;
	Dirofilariaimmitis	Silvestre-Ferreiraet al. 2017;
CRP	FIV cats treated with recombinant feline interferon	LEAl et al., 2014LEAL, R. et al. Monitoring acute phase proteins in retrovirus infected cats undergoing feline interferon-ω therapy. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.55, n.1, p.39-45, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12160 >. Accessed: Jan. 6, 2019. doi: 10.1111/jsap.12160. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12160...
	Induced inflammation and surgery	KAJIKAWA et al., 1999KAJIKAWA, T. et al. Changes in concentrations of serum amyloid A protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein in feline sera due to induced inflammation and surgery. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, v.68, n.1, p. 91-98, 1999. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00012-4 > Accessed: Aug. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00012-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00... ;

Legend: Serum Amyloid A (SAA), α1-Acid Glycoprotein (AGP), Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD), Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV), Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV); Feline Calicivirus (FCV).

Table 2 Advantages and disadvantages of possible techniques in measuring APP.

Analyses	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Radioimmunoassay		24 to 48 hours to get results, specific skilles from the operator	WHICHER et al., 1983WHICHER, T. et al. Immunonephelometric and immunoturbidimetric assays for proteins. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, v.18, n.3, p.213-260, 1983. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3109/10408368209085072 >. Accessed: Aug. 13, 2019. doi: 10.3109/10408368209085072. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040836820908507...
ELISA	Commercially available kits, species specific	Lack automation, expensive, some imprecision between-run	JACOBSEN et al. 2006JACOBSEN, S. et al. Evaluation of a commercially available human serum amyloid A (SAA) turbidometric immunoassay for determination of equine SAA concentrations. Veterinary Journal, v.172, n.2, p.315-319, 2006. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.04.021 >. Accessed: Aug. 24, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.04.021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.04.0... TECLES et al. 2007TECLES, F. et al. Validation of a commercially available human immunoturbidimetric assay for haptoglobin determination in canine serum samples. Veterinary Research Communications, v.31, n.1, p.23-36, 2007. Available from: <Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11259-006-3397-y >. Accessed: Jan. 13, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s11259-006-3397-y. https://link.springer.com/article/10.100... MARTÍNEZ-SUBIELA, S. et al. 2005MARTÍNEZ-SUBIELA, S. et al. Validación analítica de técnicas comerciales para la determinación de haptoglobina, proteína C reactiva y amiloide A sérico en caninos [Analytical validation of comercial techniques for haptoglobin, C reactive protein and sérum amyloid A determinations in dogs]. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, v.37, n.1, 2005. Available from: <Available from: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0301-732X2005000100009 >. Accessed: Jan. 13, 2019. doi: 10.4067/S0301-732X2005000100009. https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?scr...
Immunoturbidimetry	30 minutes to get results, adaptable to biochemical analyzers		WHICHER et al., 2003, KURIBAYASHI et al., 2003KURIBAYASHI, T. et al. Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) levels in healthy and pregnant beagle dogs. Experimental Animals, v.52, n. 5, p.377-381, 2003. Available from: <Available from: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/expanim/52/5/52_5_377/_article >. Accessed: Jan. 13, 2019. doi: 10.1538/expanim.52.377. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/exp... BENCE et al. 2005BENCE, L. et al. An immunoturbidimetric assay for rapid quantitative measurement of feline alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in serum and peritoneal fluid. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, v.34, n.4, p335-341, 2005. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00058.x >. Accessed: Jan. 13, 2019. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00058.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005...
Western Blot		Long period to process immunoblots	CALLAHAN & YATES 2014CALLAHAN, G. & YATES, R. Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Immunology. In Warren, A. Basic Veterinary Immunology, pp. 295-317, 2014. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado.
Nephelometric immunoassays		Depend on cross-reactivity of antiserum raised	WEIDMEYER & SOLTER, 1996WEIDMEYER, C. & SOLTER, P. Validation of human haptoglobin immunoturbidimetric detection of haptoglobin in equine and canine serum and plasma. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, v.24, n.4, p.141-146, 1996. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.1996.tb00988.x >. Accessed: Jan. 13, 2019. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.1996.tb00988.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.1996...

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[1] E-mail: lmestrinho@fmv.ulisboa.pt. ^*Corresponding author.