Key points for the thermal comfort of water buffaloes in Eastern Amazon

Garcia, Alexandre Rossetto; Silva, Lílian Kátia Ximenes; Barros, Daniel Vale; Lourenço Junior, José de Brito; Martorano, Lucieta Guerreiro; Lisboa, Leila Sheila Silva; Silva, Jamile Andrea Rodrigues da; Sousa, José Silva de; Silva, Aluízio Otávio Almeida da

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210544

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ANIMAL PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 53 (1) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210544 copy

Key points for the thermal comfort of water buffaloes in Eastern Amazon

Pontos-chave do conforto térmico de bubalinos na Amazônia Oriental

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

This study presented relevant aspects about the Amazonian environment and how it impacts the thermal comfort of domestic buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised in the Eastern Amazon. Furthermore, strategies for monitoring and mitigating animal heat stress are presented, based on research results with the species. Although domestic buffaloes are considered adaptable animals, exposure to intense solar radiation causes thermal discomfort. This condition is expressed in biophysical indicators, in metabolic, endocrine, behavioral responses, and in body thermographic patterns. Therefore, the biometeorological monitoring of production is crucial to support decision-making regarding environmental management strategies, genetic selection of thermotolerant individuals, and increase in animal welfare. Lastly, the use of silvopastoral systems can help to provide higher thermal comfort, which is a condition that directly impacts the productivity of milk and meat buffaloes when they are raised in tropical regions, such as in the Eastern Amazon.

Key words:
ambience; Bubalus bubalis; thermal stress; thermoregulation; silvopastoral systems

Authorship

Alexandre Rossetto Garcia ^*E-mail: alexandre.garcia@embrapa.br. *Corresponding author

Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste (CPPSE), 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil..Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste (CPPSE)BrazilSão Carlos, SP, BrazilEmbrapa Pecuária Sudeste (CPPSE), 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil..

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-1474

Lílian Kátia Ximenes Silva

Universidade da Amazônia (UNAMA), Belém, PA, Brasil.Universidade da Amazônia (UNAMA)BrazilBelém, PA, BrazilUniversidade da Amazônia (UNAMA), Belém, PA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0790-1958

Daniel Vale Barros

Marinha do Brasil, Belém, PA, Brasil.Marinha do BrasilBrasilBelém, PA, BrasilMarinha do Brasil, Belém, PA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0367-680X

José de Brito Lourenço Junior

Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA)BrazilCastanhal, PA, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6441-4577

Lucieta Guerreiro Martorano

Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (CPATU), Santarém, PA, Brasil.Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (CPATU)BrazilSantarém, PA, BrazilEmbrapa Amazônia Oriental (CPATU), Santarém, PA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3893-3781

Leila Sheila Silva Lisboa

Secretaria Municipal de Educação e Cultura, Belém, PA, Brasil.Secretaria Municipal de Educação e CulturaBrazilBelém, PA, BrazilSecretaria Municipal de Educação e Cultura, Belém, PA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9430-136X

Jamile Andrea Rodrigues da Silva

Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA)BrazilBelém, PA, BrazilUniversidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, PA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-6925

José Silva de Sousa

Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA)BrazilCastanhal, PA, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1195-5836

Aluízio Otávio Almeida da Silva

Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA)BrazilCastanhal, PA, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2384-2860

E-mail: alexandre.garcia@embrapa.br. ^*Corresponding author

Editors: Rudi Weiblen (0000-0002-1737-9817)

Rosângela Poletto Cattani (0000-0002-2096-1576)

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to publish the results.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors contributed equally for the conception and writing of the manuscript. The authors critically revised the manuscript and approved of the final.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade da Amazônia (UNAMA), Belém, PA, Brasil.Universidade da Amazônia (UNAMA)BrazilBelém, PA, BrazilUniversidade da Amazônia (UNAMA), Belém, PA, Brasil.

Marinha do Brasil, Belém, PA, Brasil.Marinha do BrasilBrasilBelém, PA, BrasilMarinha do Brasil, Belém, PA, Brasil.

Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA)BrazilCastanhal, PA, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil.

Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (CPATU), Santarém, PA, Brasil.Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (CPATU)BrazilSantarém, PA, BrazilEmbrapa Amazônia Oriental (CPATU), Santarém, PA, Brasil.

Secretaria Municipal de Educação e Cultura, Belém, PA, Brasil.Secretaria Municipal de Educação e CulturaBrazilBelém, PA, BrazilSecretaria Municipal de Educação e Cultura, Belém, PA, Brasil.

Figures | Tables

Figures (2)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Map of the climate typology of the Legal Amazon, according to Köppen classification (adapted by MARTORANO et al., 1993MARTORANO, L. G. et al. Tipologia climática do Estado do Pará: adaptação do método de Köppen. Boletim de Geografia Teorética, v.23, p.45-46, 1993.).

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Figure 2
Illustrative thermographic images acquired in the right lateral (a, b) and caudal (c, d) positions of water buffaloes raised in Eastern Amazon, recorded on the same assessment day in the morning (a, c) and afternoon (b, d) periods. It is worth highlighting the change in the skin thermographic pattern, due to peripheral vasodilation that occurred in the hottest part of the day, in order to facilitate the loss of body heat (Source: GARCIA, A.R., personal archive).

Thumbnail

Table 1
Internal temperatures of young buffaloes, raised in tropical climate regions, under different management conditions^*.

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Table 2
Internal temperatures of adult female buffaloes, raised in tropical climate regions, under different management conditions^*.

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Table 3
Internal temperatures of adult male buffaloes, raised in tropical climate regions, under different management conditions^*.

Figure 1 Map of the climate typology of the Legal Amazon, according to Köppen classification (adapted by MARTORANO et al., 1993MARTORANO, L. G. et al. Tipologia climática do Estado do Pará: adaptação do método de Köppen. Boletim de Geografia Teorética, v.23, p.45-46, 1993.).

Figure 2 Illustrative thermographic images acquired in the right lateral (a, b) and caudal (c, d) positions of water buffaloes raised in Eastern Amazon, recorded on the same assessment day in the morning (a, c) and afternoon (b, d) periods. It is worth highlighting the change in the skin thermographic pattern, due to peripheral vasodilation that occurred in the hottest part of the day, in order to facilitate the loss of body heat (Source: GARCIA, A.R., personal archive).

Table 1 Internal temperatures of young buffaloes, raised in tropical climate regions, under different management conditions^*.

Category	Internal temperature (^oC)	Location (geographic coordinates)	Management condition	Reference
Calves (up to 6 months old)	38.3±0.26 to 39.3±0.36	Belém, PA, Brasil 01°25'S; 48°26'W	silvopastoral system (18-21% of shaded area)	MORAES JÚNIOR et al. (2010MORAES JÚNIOR, R. J. et al. Environmental comfort of buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758) on silvopastoral systems in the Eastern Amazon. Acta Amazonica, v.40, p.629-649, 2010. Available from: <Available from: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/aa/v40n4/v40n4a01.pdf >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2021. https://www.scielo.br/pdf/aa/v40n4/v40n4... )
Calves (6 months old)	39.14±0.07 to 40.0±0.10	Chaitnat Province, Thailand 15°16'N; 100°06'E	free stall (modified roof or normal corrugated iron roof)	KHONGDEE et al. (2013)
Young males (7 to 9 months old)	38.5±0.37 to 40.5±0.10	Karnal, Índia 29°70'N; 76°98'E	open stable, no shading	DAS et al. (1999DAS, S. K. et al. Heat stress in Murrah buffalo calves. Livestock Production Science, v.61, p.71-78, 1999. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301622699000408?casa_token=2SIsnEwVcuYAAAAA:MIiTrHH1hCtCBELgUveN56lSvsLOreGjIE-eU85JM6LvVSCQVewvSOpMa0crVvy_LWD2if093hA >. Accessed: Oct. 20, 2021. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00040-8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... )
Young males (9 to 12 months old)	38.6±0.30 to 38.9±0.20	Dehong State, China 24°43'N; 98°57'E	shaded or non-shaded barns	GU et al. (2016GU, Z. et al. Impacts of shade on physiological and behavioural pattern of Dehong buffalo calves under high temperature. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, v.177. p.1-5. 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159116300181?via%3Dihub >. Accessed: Nov. 11, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.01.024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... )
Young males (1 to 2 years old)	38.4	Karnal, India 29°70'N; 76°98'E	closed stable	HAQUE et al. (2012HAQUE, N. et al. Comparative studies on temperature threshold for heat shock protein 70 induction in young and adult Murrah buffaloes. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, v.96, p.920-929, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21848850/ >. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2021. doi: 10.1111 / j.1439-0396.2011.01208.x. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21848850... )
Steers (4.5 years old)	38.2±0.5	Castanhal, PA, Brazil 1°18′18″S; 47°56′36″W	confined in collective stalls	BARROS et al. (2015BARROS, D. V. et al. Evaluation of thermal comfort, physiological, hematological, and seminal features of buffalo bulls in an artificial insemination station in a tropical environment. Tropical Animal Health and Production , v.47, p.805-813, 2015. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25801015/ >. Accessed: Jan. 22, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s11250-015-0792-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25801015... )
Heifers (1.5 years old)	38.36 to 38.88 38.16 to 39.32	Pirassununga, SP, Brasil 21° 57'S, 47°27W	outside of the climatic chamber simulated heat wave	PEREIRA et al. (2020PEREIRA, A. M. F. et al. Thermoregulatory responses of heat acclimatized buffaloes to simulated heat waves. Animals (Basel) . v.10, p.756, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32357524/ >. Accessed: Mar. 07, 2021. doi: 10.3390/ani10050756. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32357524... )

^*Adapted from GARCIA (2013GARCIA, A. R. Thermal comfort on reproductive processes of water buffaloes raised under tropical conditions. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal , v.37, p.121-130, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/87101/1/PROCI-2013.00081.pdf >. Accessed: Jan. 17, 2021.
https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/... ).

Table 2 Internal temperatures of adult female buffaloes, raised in tropical climate regions, under different management conditions^*.

Category	Internal temperature (^oC)	Location (geographic coordinates)	Management condition	Reference
Non-lactating and non-pregnant adult females (2.5 years old)	39.30±0.37	Los Banos, Filipinas 14°15'N; 121°24'E	confined in individual stalls	KOGA et al. (2004KOGA, A. et al. Comparison of the thermoregulatory response of buffaloes and tropical cattle, using fluctuations in rectal temperature, skin temperature and haematocrit as an index. Journal of Agricultural Science, v.142, p.351-355, 2004. Available from: <Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/abs/comparison-of-the-thermoregulatory-response-of-buffaloes-and-tropical-cattle-using-fluctuations-in-rectal-temperature-skin-temperature-and-haematocrit-as-an-index/D5FBFAA41C296B782456E8DD1694F970 >. Accessed: Mar. 02, 2021. doi: 10.1017/S0021859604004216. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/... )
Adult females in early lactation stage	38.4±0.1 38.0±0.1	Karnal, India 29°42'N, 76°58'E	access to sprinkler showers access to water for bath	AGGARWAl & SINGH (2008)
Non-lactating and non-pregnant adult females (4 to 5 years old)	38.2±0.1 to 38.8±0.1	Belém, PA, Brazil 01°26'S; 48°26'W	pasture, with neither shading nor water for bath	SILVA et al. (2011SILVA, J. A. R. et al. Conforto térmico de búfalas em sistema silvipastoril na Amazônia Oriental. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira , v.46, p.1364-1371, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-04X2011001000033&script=sci_abstract&tlng=pt >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2021. doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000033. https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S01... b)
Non-lactating and non-pregnant adult females (4 to 5 years old)	38.2±0.1 to 38.6±0.1	Belém, PA, Brazil 01°26'S; 48°26'W	silvopastoral system	SILVA et al. (2011SILVA, J. A. R. et al. Conforto térmico de búfalas em sistema silvipastoril na Amazônia Oriental. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira , v.46, p.1364-1371, 2011. Available from: <Available from: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-04X2011001000033&script=sci_abstract&tlng=pt >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2021. doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X2011001000033. https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S01... b)
Non-lactating and non-pregnant adult females (6 to 7 years old)	38.94±0.56 to 39.11±0.48	Belém, PA, Brazil 01°25'S; 48°26'W	pasture, no shading, with water for bath	GARCIA et al. (2011bGARCIA A. R. et al. Follicular features in Murrah, Mediterranean and Crossbred buffalo heifers submitted to exogenous control of ovulation. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, v.39, p.379, 2011b.)
Non-lactating and non-pregnant adult females (6 to 7 years old)	38.62±0.48 to 38.68±0.32	Belém, PA, Brazil 01°25'S; 48°26'W	silvopastoral system (20% shaded area)	GARCIA et al. (2011bGARCIA A. R. et al. Follicular features in Murrah, Mediterranean and Crossbred buffalo heifers submitted to exogenous control of ovulation. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, v.39, p.379, 2011b.)
Lactating adult females (not reported age)	38.66 38.25	Pattoki, Pakistan 31°02'N; 73°84'E	stall with shade stall with shade, fans and sprinklers	AHMAD et al. (2019AHMAD, M. et al. Different ambient management intervention techniques and their effect on milk production and physiological parameters of lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes during hot dry summer of subtropical region. Tropical Animal Health and Production , v51, p.911-918, 2019. Accessed: Nov. 11, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-1774-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1774-... )

^*Adapted from GARCIA (2013GARCIA, A. R. Thermal comfort on reproductive processes of water buffaloes raised under tropical conditions. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal , v.37, p.121-130, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/87101/1/PROCI-2013.00081.pdf >. Accessed: Jan. 17, 2021.
https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/... ).

Table 3 Internal temperatures of adult male buffaloes, raised in tropical climate regions, under different management conditions^*.

Category	Internal temperature (^oC)	Location (geographic coordinates)	Management condition	Reference
Adult males (3 to 4 years old)	37.20	Karnal, India 29°70'N; 76°98'E	closed stable	HAQUE et al. (2012HAQUE, N. et al. Comparative studies on temperature threshold for heat shock protein 70 induction in young and adult Murrah buffaloes. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, v.96, p.920-929, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21848850/ >. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2021. doi: 10.1111 / j.1439-0396.2011.01208.x. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21848850... )
Adult males (4 to 5 years old)	37.9±0.1 to 38.7±0.1	Castanhal, PA, Brasil 01°18′S, 47°56′W	open stable, with partial shading	SILVA et al. 2018
Adult males (7 years old)	37.5 to 38.6	Viseu, PA, Brasil 01°11' S, 46°08'W	open stable, with partial shading	GONÇALVES et al. (2021GONÇALVES, A. A. et al. Scrotal thermoregulation and sequential sperm abnormalities in buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis) under short-term heat stress. Journal of Thermal Biology , v.96, p.102842 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306456521000097 >. Accessed: Apr. 02, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102842. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... )

^*Adapted from GARCIA (2013GARCIA, A. R. Thermal comfort on reproductive processes of water buffaloes raised under tropical conditions. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal , v.37, p.121-130, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/87101/1/PROCI-2013.00081.pdf >. Accessed: Jan. 17, 2021.
https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/... ).

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Key points for the thermal comfort of water buffaloes in Eastern Amazon

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[1] E-mail: alexandre.garcia@embrapa.br. ^*Corresponding author