The effects of beetroot powder as a colorant on the color stability and product quality of white compound chocolate and chocolate spread

BAYCAR, Abdullah; KONAR, Nevzat; GOKTAS, Hamza; SAGDIC, Osman; POLAT, Derya Genç

doi:10.1590/fst.66220

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Food Science and Technology

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol (Campinas) 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.66220 copy

The effects of beetroot powder as a colorant on the color stability and product quality of white compound chocolate and chocolate spread

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study determines the possibility of using spread (SC) and compound chocolate (CC) as delivering agents of betalains, bioactive compounds and coloring agents. Therefore, the effects of various beetroot powder concentrations (0.0-1.00 g/100 g) on SC and CC’s quality parameters and the associated visual properties over a 12-week period under accelerated shelf-life conditions were investigated. The hardness and plastic viscosity values of CC significantly increased as the amount of beetroot powder increased (P<0.05), the particle size while melting behavior, water activity, moisture content and sensory properties did not significantly change (P<0.05). The D90 and textural properties (firmness, stickiness, adhesion, work of shear) of the SC samples were significantly affected with the addition of beetroot powder (P<0.05), but no significant differences were observed in moisture content, water activity and some sensory properties (P>0.05). The use of beetroot powder for both groups caused a significant decrease in the samples’ color values, and the redness associated with the pigment source also significantly increased (p<0.05). The findings revealed that high concentrations of beetroot powder did not significantly impact CC’s color stability to the same extent that it impacted the SC’s color stability. This study was made as a preliminary study to produce functional foods.

Keywords:
confectionery; beetroot; chocolate spread; color stability; functional foods

Sample	Physicochemical		Texture
Sample	Water activity	Moisture (g/100 g)	Firmness (g)	Stickiness (g)	Adhesion (g/min)	Work of Shear (g.min)	Hardness (g)
C000	0.25 ± 0.029^a	0.77 ± 0.23^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	4413 ± 313^c
C025	0.25 ± 0.01^a	1.06 ± 0.48^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	7893 ± 171^a
C050	0.25 ± 0.02^a	1.07 ± 0.29^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	6633 ± 265^b
C075	0.24 ± 0.01^a	1.14 ± 0.29^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	6777 ± 135^b
C100	0.25 ± 0.02^a	1.44 ± 0.35^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	6393 ± 47^b
S000	0.34 ± 0.02^a	1.46 ± 0.28^a	588 ± 87^ab	-611 ± 76.7^b	-268 ± 30.7^bc	480.4 ± 61.0^ab	nd
S025	0.30 ± 0.01^a	1.80 ± 0.14^a	414 ± 2.20^b	-410 ± 2.70^a	-182 ± 1.20^a	349.1 ± 14.5^b	nd
S050	0.31 ± 0.01^a	2.00 ± 0.33^a	663 ± 26.4^a	-652 ± 39.7^b	-329 ± 13.1^c	585.6 ± 15.3^a	nd
S075	0.30 ± 0.01^a	1.40 ± 0.53^a	648 ± 61.6^a	-588 ± 52.7^ab	-252 ± 22.5^abc	575.6 ± 73.4^a	nd
S100	0.30 ± 0.01^a	1.80 ± 0.28^a	516 ± 18.3^ab	-525 ± 2.60^ab	-246 ± 22.1^ab	416.4 ± 30.2^ab	nd

Sample	D₉₀ (µm)	CIE-Lab
Sample	D₉₀ (µm)	L*	a*	b*	C*	h°	WI
C000	30.3 ± 0.58^a	74.4 ± 0.6^a	-5.90 ± 0.10^d	18.2 ± 0.15^a	19.2 ± 0.15^a	-72.0 ± 0.12^e	68.0 ± 0.42^a
C025	33.3 ± 1.53^a	65.9 ± 0.1^b	3.90 ± 0.20^c	12.4 ± 0.60^b	13.0 ± 0.63^b	72.6 ± 0.38^a	63.5 ± 0.28^b
C050	33.0 ± 1.73^a	65.3 ± 0.5^b	4.20 ± 0.00^b	12.6 ± 0.18^b	13.3 ± 0.19^c	71.5 ± 0.20^b	62.9 ± 0.41^b
C075	31.7 ± 1.15^a	57.2 ± 0.2^c	10.77 ± 0.20^b	9.2 ± 0.05^c	14.2 ± 0.16^d	40.7 ± 0.54^c	54.9 ± 0.20^c
C100	33.3 ± 1.53^a	54.9 ± 0.7^d	12.8 ± 0.10^a	8.2 ± 0.10^d	15.3 ± 0.13^d	32.7 ± 0.16^d	52.4 ± 0.61^d
S000	19.0 ± 0.85^c	68.4 ± 0.16^a	-2.61 ± 0.11^e	17.3 ± 0.06^a	17.5 ± 0.08^a	-81.4 ± 0.32^e	63.9 ± 0.12^a
S025	25.0 ± 1.00^b	63.5 ± 0.35^b	2.47 ± 0.33^d	14.3 ± 0.07^b	14.5 ± 0.01^b	80.2 ± 1.34^a	60.7 ± 0.32^b
S050	31.7 ± 0.58^a	60.1 ± 0.33^c	5.61 ± 0.41^c	12.1 ± 0.37^c	13.3 ± 0.32^c	65.1 ± 1.94^b	57.9 ± 0.37^c
S075	30.7 ± 0.58^a	56.6 ± 0.38^d	8.95 ± 0.24^b	10.9 ± 0.13^d	14.1 ± 0.08^c	50.7 ± 1.07^c	54.3 ± 0.38^d
S100	31.3 ± 2.08^a	54.2 ± 0.58^e	10.78 ± 0.37^a	10.0 ± 0.15^e	14.7 ± 0.18^d	42.9 ± 1.39^d	51.9 ± 0.60^e

Sample	Appearance	Brightness	Color	Melting in mouth	Sweetness	Flavor	Taste	Buying intense	General Acceptance
C000	4.60 ± 0.67^ab	4.63 ± 0.56^a	4.73 ± 0.45^a	4.93 ± 0.25^a	4.80 ± 0.48^a	4.80 ± 0.42^a	4.77 ± 0.43^a	4.63 ± 0.49^a	4.73 ± 0.49^a
C025	4.40 ± 0.72^ab	4.57 ± 0.50^a	4.33 ± 0.66^b	4.90 ± 0.31^a	4.80 ± 0.48^a	4.70 ± 0.47^a	4.77 ± 0.43^a	4.63 ± 0.56^a	4.70 ± 0.46^a
C050	4.53 ± 0.63^ab	4.63 ± 0.49^a	4.47 ± 0.57^ab	4.80 ± 0.41^a	4.80 ± 0.48^a	4.70 ± 0.47^a	4.77 ± 0.43^a	4.63 ± 0.56^a	4.70 ± 0.46^a
C075	4.67 ± 0.48^ab	4.67 ± 0.48^a	4.60 ± 0.50^ab	4.63 ± 0.56^ab	4.60 ± 0.56^a	4.70 ± 0.47^a	4.67 ± 0.48^a	4.63 ± 0.49^a	4.63 ± 0.49^a
C100	4.80 ± 0.41^a	4.70 ± 0.47^a	4.77 ± 0.43^a	4.37 ± 0.67^b	4.60 ± 0.56^a	4.70 ± 0.47^a	4.73 ± 0.45^a	4.73 ± 0.45^a	4.767 ± 0.43^a
S000	4.27 ± 0.72^b	4.53 ± 0.57^a	4.57 ± 0.5683^ab	4.77 ± 0.43^a	4.70 ± 0.54^a	4.67 ± 0.48^a	4.63 ± 0.56^a	4.47 ± 0.57^a	4.57 ± 0.57^a
S025	4.37 ± 0.74^ab	4.43 ± 0.57^a	4.37 ± 0.56^b	4.53 ± 0.68^ab	4.47 ± 0.73^a	4.33 ± 0.55^ab	4.50 ± 0.63^a	4.13 ± 0.78^a	4.37 ± 0.56^a
S050	4.50 ± 0.57^ab	4.33 ± 0.66^a	4.47 ± 0.57^ab	4.47 ± 0.57^ab	4.43 ± 0.73^a	4.30 ± 0.75^ab	4.63 ± 0.67^a	4.13 ± 0.73^a	4.47 ± 0.51^a
S075	4.70 ± 0.46^ab	4.30 ± 0.65^a	4.67 ± 0.48^ab	4.40 ± 0.72^ab	4.43 ± 0.77^a	4.33 ± 0.71^ab	4.70 ± 0.46^a	4.53 ± 0.51^a	4.57 ± 0.50^a
S100	4.83 ± 0.38^a	4.37 ± .61^a	4.80 ± 0.41^a	4.17 ± 0.65^b	4.27 ± 0.74^a	4.13 ± 0.73^b	4.67 ± 0.48^a	4.33 ± 0.71^a	4.67 ± 0.48^a

Sample	Flow Behaviour			Melting Behaviour
Sample	σ₀ (Pa)	η_pl (Pa.s)	R²	T_onset (°C)	T_peak (°C)	T_offset (°C)	∆h (J/g)
C000	1.68 ± 0.25^a	2.09 ± 0.01^b	0.995	21.3 ± 0.38^a	32.1 ± 0.26^a	40.8 ± 0.83^a	35.3 ± 1.55^a
C025	1.95 ± 0.10^a	2.50 ± 0.01^a	0.993	22.0 ± 0.11^a	32.1 ± 0.16^a	40.5 ± 0.33^a	33.1 ± 0.96^a
C050	1.90 ± 0.03^a	2.49 ± 0.06^a	0.993	22.2 ± 0.38^a	32.1 ± 0.23^a	41.0 ± 0.64^a	32.4 ± 0.98^a
C075	1.89 ± 0.12^a	2.48 ± 0.12^a	0.993	21.3 ± 0.85^a	32.5 ± 0.92^a	40.5 ± 1.67^a	34.4 ± 0.44^a
C100	2.02 ± 0.05^a	2.40 ± 0.02^a	0.992	21.1 ± 0.11^a	32.0 ± 0.06^a	40.6 ± 0.8^a	34.2 ± 0.17^a

Sample		Storage time (weeks)
Sample		0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
C000	L*	74.4 ± 0.65^bc	75.5 ± 0.48^a	73.5 ± 0.51^b	74.0 ± 0.54^ab	74.4 ± 0.64^ab	74.6 ± 0.89^ab	74.4 ± 0.59^ab	73.7 ± 0.89^ab	74.3 ± 0.54^ab	74.0 ± 0.88^ab	73.2 ± 0.02^b	73.2 ± 0.93^b	73.6 ± 0.66^ab
	a*	-5.9 ± 0.06^g	-5.2 ± 0.05^f	-4.9 ± 0.03^e	-4.8 ± 0.06^e	-4.7 ± 0.09^de	-4.5 ± 0.15^cd	-4.4 ± 0.08^c	-4.3 ± 0.11^bc	-4.2 ± 0.04^ab	-4.1 ± 0.12^ab	-4.1 ± 0.06^a	-4.0 ± 0.11^a	-4.0 ± 0.06^a
	b*	18.2 ± 0.17^fg	18.4 ± 0.11^fg	18.2 ± 0.28^g	18.4 ± 0.32^efg	18.9 ± 0.15^cdef	18.3 ± 0.29^fg	19.2 ± 0.17^cd	19.5 ± 0.23^bc	18.8 ± 0.24^def	19.1 ± 0.32^cde	20.3 ± 0.13^a	20.3 ± 0.37^a	20.0 ± 0.21^ab
	ΔE	nd	1.34 ± 0.40^fg	1.42 ± 0.33^efg	1.29 ± 0.15^g	1.49 ± 0.13^efg	1.67 ± 0.14^defg	1.85 ± 0.03^cdef	2.30 ± 0.09^bc	1.89 ± 0.01^cde	2.18 ± 0.10^cd	2.99 ± 0.13^a	3.16 ± 0.14^a	2.83 ± 0.09^ab
C025	L*	65.9 ± 0.14^bc	67.1 ± 0.50^ab	66.3 ± 0.28^abc	66.4 ± 0.25^abc	66.4 ± 0.24^abc	66.7 ± 0.56^abc	65.3 ± 0.54^c	65.8 ± 0.11^bc	67.4 ± 0.11^a	66.4 ± 0.48c^bc	65.1 ± 1.19^c	66. ± 0.45^ab	66.0 ± 0.76^ab
	a*	3.90 ± 0.22^ab	4.02 ± 0.08^a	3.91 ± 0.17^ab	3.83 ± 0.08^ab	3.75 ± 0.10^ab	4.07 ± 0.09^ab	3.60 ± 0.12^b	3.77 ± 0.13^ab	3.21 ± 0.03^c	3.08 ± 0.22^c	3.08 ± 0.02^c	2.64 ± 0.17^d	2.89 ± 0.07^cd
	b*	12.4 ± 0.60^f	13.05 ± 0.16^ef	13.2 ± 0.06^def	13.3 ± 0.072^de	13.4 ± 0.10^de	13.3 ± 0.16^def	13.8 ± 0.13^cde	13.9 ± 0.12^cde	13.8 ± 0.06^cde	14.0 ± 0.35^bcd	14.9 ± 0.57^ab	15.7 ± 0.13^a	14.6 ± 0.53^bc
	ΔE	nd	1.30 ± 0.51^egh	0.90 ± 0.13^gh	1.02 ± 0.16^fg	1.16 ± 0.16^efg	1.21 ± 0.44^efg	1.62 ± 0.07^def	1.50 ± 0.12^def	2.12 ± 0.11^bcd	1.88 ± 0.40^cde	2.93 ± 0.12^ab	3.68 ± 0.26^a	2.50 ± 0.37^bc
C050	L*	65.333 ± 0.51^a	66.1 ± 0.41^a	65.5 ± 0.43^a	65.5 ± 0.28^a	65.5 ± 0.34^a	66.7 ± 0.39^a	65.3 ± 1.05^a	66.6 ± 0.42^a	67.0 ± 0.87^a	66.2 ± 0.47^a	65.4 ± 0.20^a	67.0 ± 0.14^a	66.3 ± 1.10^a
	a*	4.20 ± 0.04^ab	3.92 ± 0.12^bc	3.95 ± 0.08^abc	3.93 ± 0.05^abc	3.92 ± 0.05^bc	4.25 ± 0.05^a	3.68 ± 0.17^c	4.11 ± 0.14^ab	3.31 ± 0.16^d	3.12 ± 0.03^de	3.29 ± 0.06^d	2.82 ± 0.01^d	3.05 ± 0.23^de
	b*	12.6 ± 0.19^g	12.5 ± 0.11^g	12.9 ± 0.04^fg	13.1 ± 0.01^f	13.2 ± 0.04^ef	13.5 ± 0.07^e	13.6 ± 0.17^de	14.4 ± 0.15^c	13.6 ± 0.15^de	14.0 ± 0.16^d	15.1 ± 0.11^b	15.8 ± 0.11^a	15.7 ± 0.29^a
	ΔE	nd	0.86 ± 0.31^def	0.57 ± 0.03^f	0.63 ± 0.08^ef	0.78 ± 0.11^ef	1.67 ± 0.35^cd	1.44 ± 0.18^cde	2.25 ± 0.34^bc	2.23 ± 0.61^bc	2.00 ± 0.30^bc	2.71 ± 0.12^b	3.87 ± 0.15^a	3.56 ± 0.38^a
C075	L*	57.2 ± 0.17^d	58.5 ± 0.24^e	58.4 ± 0.20^e	58.4 ± 0.30^e	58.4 ± 0.80^e	59.5 ± 0.24^abc	58.4 ± 0.63^e	59.3 ± 0.13^bc	60.8 ± 0.52^a	60.3 ± 0.09^ab	59.1 ± 0.40^bc	59.4 ± 0.48^bc	59.3 ± 0.41^bc
	a*	12.8 ± 0.09^a	10.8 ± 0.30^b	10.2 ± 0.12^c	10.0 ± 0.08^cd	9.9 ± 0.28^cd	10.0 ± 0.12^cd	9.5 ± 0.16^de	9.7 ± 0.24^cd	8.3 ± 0.33^gh	8.1 ± 0.20^h	8.3 ± 0.19^fgh	8.9 ± 0.22^ef	8.8 ± 0.20^fgh
	b*	8.2 ± 0.10^g	9.5 ± 0.08^f	9.6 ± 0.07^ef	9.7 ± 0.04	9.7 ± 0.15^ef	9.9 ± 0.07^e	10.3 ± 0.16^d	10.8 ± 0.06^c	10.3 ± 0.06^d	10.7 ± 0.04^c	11.9 ± 0.10^a	11.3 ± 0.27^b	11.3 ± 0.08^b
	ΔE	nd	1.34 ± 0.27^fg	1.36 ± 0.15^fg	1.47 ± 0.23^f	1.69 ± 0.48^ef	2.51 ± 0.20^de	2.10 ± 0.40^def	2.88 ± 0.06^cd	4.52 ± 0.38^a	4.30 ± 0.08^ab	4.10 ± 0.34^ab	3.53 ± 0.4^bc	3.52 ± 0.39^bc
C100	L*	54.9 ± 0.70^g	56.1 ± 0.23^ef	55.8 ± 0.67^fg	56.1 ± 0.26^ef	56.4 ± 0.38^def	57.2 ± 0.10^cde	56.4 ± 0.25^def	57.4 ± 0.23^bcd	58.6 ± 0.30^a	58.4 ± 0.23^ab	56.9 ± 0.34^cde	58.6 ± 0.42^a	58.0 ± 0.41^abc
	a*	12.8 ± 0.09^a	12.4 ± 0.12^ab	12.0 ± 0.08^b	12. 0 ± 0.08^b	12.0 ± 0.24^b	12.3 ± 0.03^ab	11.8 ± 0.23^b	11.8 ± 0.35^b	10.5 ± 0.30^c	10.2 ± 0.09^cd	10.4 ± 0.13^c	9.9 ± 0.30^cd	9.7 ± 0.42^d
	b*	8.2 ± 0.10^f	8.4 ± 0.06^ef	8.4 ± 0.1^ef	8.50 ± 0.05^ef	8.6 ± 0.12^ef	8.6 ± 0.07^ef	9.1 ± 0.11^cd	9.4 ± 0.05^c	8.8 ± 0.34^de	9.5 ± 0.09^c	10.5 ± 0.22^b	11.4 ± 0.13^a	11.4 ± 0.04^a
	ΔE	nd	1.29 ± 0.19^ef	1.24 ± 0.49^ef	1.48 ± 0.26^e	1.81 ± 0.37^de	2.36 ± 0.11^c	2.03 ± 0.23^de	2.92 ± 0.30^c	4.46 ± 0.22^b	4.57 ± 0.24^b	3.86 ± 0.28^b	5.67 ± 0.48^a	5.63 ± 0.a^b

Sample		Storage time (week)
Sample		0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
S000	L*	68.4 ± 0.16^a	68.6 ± 0.94^a	67.4 ± 0.22^a	67.9 ± 0.75^a	67.0 ± 1.63^a	67.4 ± 1.98^a	67.8 ± 1.06^a	66.8 ± 1.64^a	68.1 ± 1.57^a	67.1 ± 0.97^a	66.7 ± 0.67^a	66.8 ± 1.07^a	66.2 ± 1.37^a
	a*	-2.61 ± 0.11^f	-2.44 ± 0.22^g	-2.06 ± 0.05^f	-1.76 ± 0.02^ef	-1.46 ± 0.02^de	-1.24 ± 0.11^cd	-1.04 ± 0.05^abc	-1.21 ± 0.26^bcd	-1.05 ± 0.09^abc	-1.03 ± 0.10^abc	-0.85 ± 0.08^a	-0.92 ± 0.07^ab	-1.09 ± 0.04^abc
	b*	17. 3 ± 0.06^d	17.7 ± 0.06^dc	17.9 ± 0.58^de	18.5 ± 0.49^bcd	19.1 ± 0.55^ab	18.1 ± 0.45^cde	19.2 ± 0.22^ab	19.1 ± 0.53^a	18.1 ± 0.25^cde	18.4 ± 0.14^cde	19.7 ± 0.28^a	19.6 ± 0.40^ab	18.2 ± 0.29^bcd
	ΔE	nd	0.92 ± 0.20^ef	1.36 ± 0.20^de	1.72 ± 0.37	2.89 ± 0.35^ab	2.45 ± 0.58^abcd	2.67 ± 0.08^abc	3.11 ± 0.51^ab	2.21 ± 0.27^bcd	2.44 ± 0.33^abcd	3.47 ± 0.32^a	3.38 ± 0.19^a	2.93 ± 0.85^ab
S025	L*	63.5 ± 0.35^ab	64.3 ± 0.11^a	62.3 ± 0.68^bc	61.9 ± 0.46^bcd	61.5 ± 0.69^cde	61.1 ± 0.76^def	60.5 ± 0.75^defg	61.1 ± 1.46^cdef	62.0 ± 0.81^defg	59.9 ± 0.62^ef	59.0 ± 0.42^f	59.9 ± 0.24^def	60.4 ± 0.35^cdef
	a*	2.47 ± 0.33^g	2.49 ± 0.04^g	2.62 ± 0.16^g	2.96 ± 0.08^fg	3.29 ± 0.12^e	3.84 ± 0.32^de	4.10 ± 0.26^bcd	4.82 ± 0.29^a	4.69 ± 0.13^ab	4.73 ± 0.14^a	4.55 ± 0.10^abc	4.04 ± 0.11^cd	4.43 ± 0.19^abcd
	b*	14.3 ± 0.07^ef	14.5 ± 0.07^cdef	14.6 ± 0.21^cdef	14.8 ± 0.07^cde	15.0 ± 0.11^bc	14.5 ± 0.19^cdef	14.7 ± 0.30^cde	15.0 ± 0.16^bc	14.1 ± 0.37^f	14.4 ± 0.12^cdef	15.0 ± 0.15^c	15.7 ± 0.10^a	15.4 ± 0.19^ab
	ΔE	nd	1.05 ± 0.12^e	1.13 ± 0.57^e	1.60 ± 0.36	2.14 ± 0.62^de	2.64 ± 0.80^cde	3.27 ± 0.79^bcd	3.39 ± 1.09^bcd	2.66 ± 0.46^cde	4.14 ± 0.59^ab	4.81 ± 0.44^a	3.99 ± 0.23^ab	3.74 ± 0.16^abc
S050	L*	60.1 ± 0.34^b	60.9 ± 0.92^a	59.0 ± 1.06^a	58.6 ± 0.72^a	58.1 ± 0.41^a	58.1 ± 2.14^a	57.8 ± 2.00^a	58.6 ± 1.41^a	59.5 ± 2.28^a	58.9 ± 1.66^a	58.7 ± 2.01^a	59.7 ± 2.63^a	60.0 ± 1.46^a
	a*	5.61 ± 0.41^efg	5.20 ± 0.18^ef	6.52 ± 0.23^cde	7.27 ± 0.14^bcd	8.03 ± 0.26^abc	9.12 ± 0.18^a	8.56 ± 0.55^ab	9.02 ± 0.22^ab	7.19 ± 0.79^bcd	6.31 ± 0.71^defg	6.57 ± 0.17^cdef	4.76 ± 1.20^g	5.65 ± 0.62^efg
	b*	12.1 ± 0.37^e	12.5 ± 0.14^de	13.0 ± 0.28^de	12.7 ± 0.24^de	12.4 ± 0.42^de	12.4 ± 0.35^de	12.7 ± 0.63^de	13.6 ± 0.22^bcd	12.6 ± 0.77^de	13.1 ± 0.52^cde	15.0 ± 0.46^ab	15.5 ± 0.84^a	14.5 ± 0.22^abc
	ΔE	nd	1.10 ± 0.73e	1.84 ± 0.47^ef	2.37 ± 0.41^cde	3.15 ± 0.33^abcd	4.36 ± 0.63^a	4.14 ± 0.63^ab	4.15 ± 0.49^ab	2.69 ± 0.36^bcde	2.16 ± 0.72^cde	3.66 ± 0.69^abc	4.23 ± 0.72^ab	2.68 ± 0.27^bcde
S075	L*	56.6 ± 0.38^ab	58.1 ± 0.45^a	56.3 ± 0.20^bc	56.1 ± 0.12^bc	56.0 ± 0.12^bcd	55.7 ± 0.28^bcd	54.4 ± 1.13^d	55.5 ± 0.88^bcd	57.0 ± 0.590^ab	56.2 ± 0.09^bc	54.9 ± 0.80^cd	55.7 ± 0.27^bcd	55.5 ± 0.35^bcd
	a*	8.95 ± 0.24^de	8.61 ± 0.13^e	8.52 ± 0.18^e	8.83 ± 0.07^de	9.13 ± 0.13^de	9.90 ± 0.21^cd	10.3 ± 0.44^bc	11.4 ± 0.47^ab	11.3 ± 0.38^ab	11.5 ± 0.45^a	12.2 ± 0.26^a	11.3 ± 0.41^ab	11.4 ± 0.82^ab
	b*	11.0 ± 0.13^e	11.1 ± 0.11^de	11.5 ± 0.09^bc	11.4 ± 0.07^bcd	11.4 ± 0.05^bcd	11.1 ± 0.06^de	11.3 ± 0.16^bcde	11.2 ± 0.19^cde	10.4 ± 0.13^f	10.4 ± 0.06^f	11.5 ± 0.17^bc	11.9 ± 0.16^a	11.6 ± 0.08^ab
	ΔE	nd	1.48 ± 0.46^bcd	0.75 ± 0.02^d	0.68 ± 0.11^d	0.82 ± 0.13^d	1.37 ± 0.09^bc	2.71 ± 0.62^ab	2.71 ± 0.71^ab	2.48 ± 0.28^abc	2.65 ± 0.45^abc	3.70 ± 0.57^a	2.67 ± 0.47^babc	2.83 ± 0.75^a
S100	L*	54.2 ± 0.58^bc	55.7 ± 0.92^a	54.6 ± 0.08^ab	54.0 ± 0.08^ab	53.5 ± 0.25^bc	53.7 ± 0.27^bc	51.7 ± 0.72^cd	51.8 ± 0.05^cd	52.0 ± 0.40^cd	51.8 ± 0.90^cd	50.4 ± 1.26^d	51.5 ± 1.03^d	51.2 ± 0.56^d
	a*	10.8 ± 0.37^bcde	10.5 ± 0.12^cde	10.08 ± 0.04^e	10.2 ± 0.12^de	10.3 ± 0.25^cde	11.1 ± 0.10^abcde	11.5 ± 0.27^abcde	12.2 ± 0.12^abcd	11.8 ± 1.65^abcde	12.3 ± 1.00^abc	12.7 ± 1.32^ab	13.0 ± 0.53^a	12.8 ± 0.50^ab
	b*	10.0 ± 0.15^ab	10.1 ± 0.05^ab	10.5 ± 0.07^a	10.4 ± 0.06^a	10.3 ± 0.14^ab	10.3 ± 0.17^ab	10.3 ± 0.09^ab	10.1 ± 0.08^ab	9.20 ± 0.48^c	9.20 ± 0.16^c	9.60 ± 0.29^bc	10.2 ± 0.38^ab	10.5 ± 0.52^a
	ΔE	nd	1.56 ± 0.90^bcde	0.90 ± 0.09^cde	0.74 ± 0.09^de	0.94 ± 0.22^cde	0.69 ± 0.19^de	2.62 ± 0.63^abcde	2.75 ± 0.05^abcd	2.96 ± 0.56^abc	3.05 ± 1.13^abc	4.28 ± 1.66^a	3.56 ± 1.00^ab	3.68 ± 0.20^ab

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[1] *Corresponding author: abaycar@siirt.edu.tr