Effects of subcritical water extraction and cultivar geographical location on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Quebranta (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>) grape seeds from the Peruvian pisco industry by-product

BARRIGA-SÁNCHEZ, Maritza; ROSALES-HARTSHORN, María

doi:10.1590/fst.107321

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.107321 copy

Effects of subcritical water extraction and cultivar geographical location on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Quebranta (Vitis vinifera) grape seeds from the Peruvian pisco industry by-product

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the grape cultivar geographical location and extraction technique on the total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AC), oil yield and quality of Quebranta (Vitis vinifera) grape seeds. Seeds were defatted with supercritical CO₂ and the bioactive compounds were extracted with subcritical water and macerations with methanol, ethanol, and acetone. The differences in grape seed oil yield were not significant (p > 0.05). The most abundant fatty acid determined was linoleic (66.37-67.37%). The highest TPC corresponded to the extracts from zones A and B obtained with subcritical water, 167.56 ± 10.40 and 161.83 ± 4.95 mg GAE/g dw, respectively. The highest AC by DPPH was also achieved by the extracts from zones A and B (1,479.90 ± 12.86 and 1,628.15 ± 80.32 µmol TE/g dw, respectively) with subcritical water extraction. The highest AC by FRAP was observed in the subcritical water extracts from zones B and C, 1,429.29 ± 29.75 and 1,389.54 ± 7.46 µmol TE/g dw, respectively. Grape seed is a valuable source of nutritionally oil and bioactive compounds, which can be obtained from by-products of pisco production for potential use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords:
grape seed oil; bagasse; unsaturated fatty acids; supercritical CO₂; subcritical water extraction; antioxidant capacity

Cultivar Areas	A	B	C
Yield (%) (dw)	16.07 ± 1.47^a	17.00 ± 0.75^a	16.17 ± 0.91^a
FATTY ACIDS
Palmitic C16:0	7.02 ± 0.11^a	7.19 ± 0.29^a	7.12 ± 0.24^a
Palmitoleic C16:1	ND	ND	0.11 ± 0.01
Stearic C18:0	4.81 ± 0.10^a	4.89 ± 0.37^{a, b}	4.35 ± 0.26^b
Oleic C18:1 ω9	19.55 ± 0.17^a	20.01 ± 0.31^a	19.66 ± 0.29^a
Vaccenic C18:1 ω7	0.85 ± 0.02^a	0.80 ± 0.03^a	0.77 ± 0.07^a
Linoleic C18:2 ω6	67.19 ± 0.22^{a, b}	66.37 ± 0.55^b	67.37 ± 0.41^a
α-Linolenic C18:3 ω3	0.28 ± 0.01^c	0.29 ± 0.01^b	0.31 ± 0.00^a
Arachidic C20:0	0.17 ± 0.01^a	0.28 ± 0.16^a	0.17 ± 0.03^a
Eicosenoic C20:1	0.14 ± 0.01^a	0.17 ± 0.02^a	0.16 ± 0.03^a
SFA	11.99 ± 0.06^b	12.35 ± 0.23^a	11.64 ± 0.11^c
MUFA	20.54 ± 0.18^a	20.98 ± 0.35^a	20.68 ± 0.33^a
PUFA	67.47 ± 0.22^{a, b}	66.67 ± 0.55^b	67.68 ± 0.41^a

Cultivar area	Extraction method	TPC (mg GAE/g dw)	DPPH (µmol TE/g dw)	FRAP (µmol TE/g dw)
A	a	167.56 ± 10.40^a	1,479.90 ± 12.86^a	845.13 ± 95.32^f
A	b	27.89 ± 2.24^c	179.59 ± 46.36^f	200.39 ± 19.86^h
A	c	32.40 ± 2.15^c	174.74 ± 26.18^f	253.19 ± 10.89^{g, h}
A	d	40.43 ± 3.91^c	409.82 ± 81.30^e	347.07 ± 36.55^g
B	a	161.83 ± 4.95^a	1,628.15 ± 80.32^a	1,429.29 ± 29.75^a
B	b	108.32 ± 7.34^b	331.71 ± 39.45^{e, f}	1,126.52 ± 84.83^{c, d, e}
B	c	107.49 ± 3.98^b	253.18 ± 32.76^{e, f}	1,110.85 ± 24.05^{d, e}
B	d	160.04 ± 11.13^a	842.12 ± 93.05^d	1,219.17 ± 55.46^{c, d}
C	a	147.63 ± 16.18^a	1,167.92 ± 106.17^{b, c}	1,389.54 ± 7.46^{a, b}
C	b	104.52 ± 3.28^b	1,004.98 ± 64.00^{c, d}	1,019.96 ± 44.50^e
C	c	104.62 ± 5.69^b	1,234.26 ± 32.66^b	1,143.05 ± 59.36^{c, d, e}
C	d	152.65 ± 4.97^a	1,149.50 ± 18.90^{b, c}	1,266.06 ± 21.28^{b, c}

Source of variation	Dependent variable	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F-statistic	p-value
MAIN EFFECTS
A: Area	TPCa	32880	2	16440.1	289.87	0.000
	DPPHb	2166259	2	1083130	158.95	0.000
	FRAPc	5142326	2	2571163	1075.72	0.000
B: Extraction methods	TPC	37424	3	12474.8	219.96	0.000
	DPPH	3973538	3	1324513	194.38	0.000
	FRAP	1032946	3	344315	144.05	0.000
INTERACTIONS
AB	TPC	17924	6	2987.3	52.67	0.000
	DPPH	2144481	6	357414	52.45	0.000
	FRAP	173417	6	28903	12.09	0.000
RESIDUAL	TPC	1361	24	56.7
	DPPH	149912	24	6814
	FRAP	57364	24	2390
TOTAL (Adjusted)	TPC	89589	35
TOTAL (Adjusted)	DPPH	8508384	35
	FRAP	6406053	35

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[1] *Corresponding author: maritza.barriga@autonomadeica.edu.pe