EDUCATIONAL POLICIES OF THE PT GOVERNMENTS AND THE IMPACT ON THE PROFILE OF UNDERGRADUATES IN PSYCHOLOGY

MACEDO, JOÃO PAULO; REIS, SARA TELES

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ARTIGO • Educ. rev. 37 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-4698234389 copy

EDUCATIONAL POLICIES OF THE PT GOVERNMENTS AND THE IMPACT ON THE PROFILE OF UNDERGRADUATES IN PSYCHOLOGY

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

The objective of this article was to analyze the impact of educational policies for higher education during the Workers' Party/PT governments (2003-2016), regarding the profile of Psychology undergraduate students in Brazil. This is a documental study, based on microdata from the Census of Higher Education and the National Examination of Student Performance, referring to the 2015 cycle, released in the public domain by the Ministry of Education. Students from public and private Higher Education Institutions were selected to compose the final sample of 18,788 students. The analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 21, based on the chi-square test (χ2) of independence and 0.05 significance level (p<0.05). It was observed the access of a new profile of students coming from families with lower income; with mothers and fathers with less education; coming from public schools; being the first in the family to attend an undergraduate course. In this logic, it is possible to understand the importance of Prouni, Fies and Reuni both in terms of widening access and in terms of a certain de-elitization of the profile of Psychology students in Brazil. It is noteworthy that such a change has been brought about by the boosting of policies to expand access to higher education, especially those aimed at the private sector (Fies and Prouni).

Keywords:
Reuni; Prouni; Fies; non-elitization; training in Psychology

ETNIA
	SELF-FINANCED		INTEGRAL PROUNI		PARCIAL PROUNI		FIE		PARTIAL PROUNI AND FIES		REUNI		NO REUNI
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
White	5.754	30.6	843	4.5	284	1.5	2.786	14.8	297	1.6	686	3.7	871	4.6
Black	424	2.6	229	1.2	61	0.3	387	2.1	74	0.4	126	0.7	134	0.7
Brown/Mulatto	1939	10.3	602	3.2	188	1.0	1635	8.7	199	1.1	448	2.4	429	2.3
Yellow (of oriental origin)	136	0.7	11	0.1	6	0	75	0.4	7	0	16	0.1	16	0.1
Indigenous (or of indigenous origin)	55	0.3	9	0	3	0	35	0.2	3	0	11a	0.1	9	0
TOTAL	8.308	44.2	1.694	9.0	542	2.9	4.918	26.2	580	3.1	1.287	6.9	1.459	7.8
χ2 547. 195
Sig. 0.001*

CIVIL STATUS
	SELF-FINANCED		INTEGRAL PROUNI		PARCIAL PROUNI		FIES		PARTIAL PROUNI AND FIES		REUNI		NO REUNI
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Single	5.702	30.3	1.285	6.8	427	2.3	3.396	18.1	403	2.1	1.107	5.9	1320	7.0
Married	2.004	10.7	280	1.5	88	0.5	1.074	5.7	133	0.7	130	0.7	94	0.5
Separate/ Divorced	349	1.9	55	0.3	10	0.1	247	1.3	21	0.1	11	0.1	12	0.1
Widower	42	0.2	8	0	1	0	11	0.1	0	0	2	0	1	0
Another	211	1.1	66	0.4	16	0.1	190	1.0	23	0.1	37	0.2	32	0.2
TOTAL	8.308	44.2	1.694	9.0	542	2.9	4.918	26.2	580	3.1	1.287	6.9	1.459	7.8
χ2 554.363
Sig. 0.001*

FAMILY INCOME
	SELF-FINANCED		INTEGRAL PROUNI		PARCIAL PROUNI		FIES		PARTIAL PROUNI AND FIES		REUNI		NO REUNI
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Up to 1.5 SM	427	2.3	375	2.0	66	0.4	834	4.4	114	0.6	170a	0.9	142	0.8
From 1.5 to 3 SM	1247	6.6	750	4.0	203	1.1	1.668	8.9	225	1.2	289	1.5	266	1.4
From 3 to 4.5 SM	1437	7.6	388	2.1	146	0.8	1.164	6.2	138	0.7	241	1.3	228	1.2
From 4.5 to 6 MW	1.269	6.8	122	0.6	71	0.4	605	3.2	65	0.3	178	0.9	194	1.0
From 6 to 10 SM	1.866	9.9	57	0.3	52	0.3	492	2.6	36	0.2	223	1.2	320	1.7
From 10 to 30 SM	1.673	8.9	2	0.0	4	0.0	149	0.8	2	0.0	163	0.9	249	1.3
Above 30 SM	389	2.1	0	0.0	0	0.0	6	0.0	0	0.0	23	0.1	60	0.3
TOTAL	8.308	44.2	1.694	9.0	542	2.9	4.918	26.2	580	3.1	1.287	6.9	1.459	7.8
χ2 3743. 171
Sig. 0.001*

FATHER'S SCHOOLING
	SELF-FINANCED		INTEGRAL PROUNI		PARCIAL PROUNI		FIES		PARTIAL PROUNI AND FIES		REUNI		NO REUNI
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
No	372	2.0	114	0.6	25	0.1	308	1.6	41	0.2	59	0.3	38	0.2
Elementary School 1st to 5th grade	1.734	9.2	608	3.2	192	1.0	1.548	8.2	223	1.2	248	1.3	178	0.9
Elementary School 6th to 9th grade	1.054	5.6	329	1.8	101	0.5	798	4.2	112	0.6	161	0.9	162	0.9
High School	2.612	13.9	503	2.7	169	0.9	1.566	8.3	159	0.8	439	2.3	468	2.5
Higher Education - Undergraduate	1.730	9.2	117	0.6	43	0.2	548	2.9	36	0.2	240	1.3	410	2.2
Post-graduation	806	4.3	23	0.1	12	0.1	150	0.8	9	0	140	0.7	203	1.1
TOTAL	8.308	44.2	1.694	9.0	542	2.9	4.918	26.2	580	3.1	1.287	6.9	1.459	7.8
χ2 1429. 578
Sig. 0.001*
MOTHER'S EDUCATION
	AUTOFINANDOS		INTEGRAL PROUNI		PROUNI PARCIAL		FIES		PARTIAL PROUNI AND FIES		REUNI		NO MEETING
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
No	330	1.8	79	0.4	26	0.1	220	1.2	27	0.1	41	0.2	15	0.1
Elementary School 1st to 5th grade	1.524	8.1	500	2.7	150	0.8	1.287	6.9	166	0.9	163	0.9	136	0.7
Elementary School 6th to 9th grade	1.011	5.4	340	1.8	82	0.4	751	4.0	106	0.6	117	0.6	129	0.7
High School	2.630	14.0	559	3.0	185	1.0	1.613	8.6	187	1.0	453	2.4	479	2.5
Higher Education - Undergraduate	1.743	9.3	140	0.7	60	0.3	654	3.5	64	0.3	280	1.5	404	2.2
Post-graduation	1.070	5.7	76	0.4	39	0.2	393	2.1	30	0.2	233	1.2	296	1.6
TOTAL	8.308	44.2	1.694	9.0	542	2.9	4.918	26.2	580	3.1	1.287	6.9	1.459	7.8
χ2 1118. 762
Sig. 0.001*

TYPE OF SCHOOL YOU WENT TO
	SELF-FINANCED		INTEGRAL PROUNI		PARCIAL PROUNI		FIES		PARTIAL PROUNI AND FIES		REUNI		NO REUNI
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
All in public school	3.443	18.3	1.556	8.3	498	2.7	3.251	17.3	521	2.8	536	2.9	552	2.9
All in private or private school	3.717	19.8	75	0.4	14	0.1	1087	5.8	27	0.1	631	3.4	811	4.3
All abroad	14	0.1	0	0.0	0	0.0	2	0.0	0	0.0	2	0.0	0	0.0
Mostly in public school	547	2.9	39	0.2	23	0.1	350	1.9	16	0.1	42	0.2	42	0.2
Mostly in private or private school	538	2.9	24	0.1	7	0.0	223	1.2	16	0.1	74	0.4	46	0.2
Partly in Brazil. partly abroad	49	0.3	0	0.0	0	0.0	5	0.0	0	0.0	2	0.0	8	0.0
TOTAL	8.308	44.2	1.694	9.0	542	2.9	4.918	26.2	580	3.1	1.287	6.9	1.459	7.8
χ2 2974.154
Sig. 0.001*

SIZE OF MUNICIPALITY
	SELF-FINANCED		INTEGRAL PROUNI		PROUNI PARCIAL		FIES		PARTIAL PROUNI AND FIES		REUNI		NO MEETING
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Small	159	0.8	69	0.4	17	0.1	187	1.0	18	0.1	68	0.4	16	0.1
Medium Small	520	2.8	158	0.8	33	0.2	485	2.6	39	0.2	254	1.4	20	0.1
Medium	1.699	9	380	2.0	133	0.7	1.300	6.9	129	0.7	349	1.9	161	0.9
Medium Large	1.134	6	233	1.2	61	0.3	665	3.5	74	0.4	219	1.2	124	0.7
Large	4.796	25.5	854	4.5	298	1.6	2.281	12.1	320	1.7	347	2.1	1.138	6.1
TOTAL	8.308	44.2	1.694	9.0	542	2.9	4.918	26.2	580	3.1	1.287	6.9	1.459	7.8
χ2 1007. 836
Sig. 0.001*

INGRESS THROUGH AFFIRMATIVE ACTION OR SOCIAL INCLUSION POLICIES
	SELF-FINANCED		INTEGRAL PROUNI		PROUNI PARCIAL		FIES		PARTIAL PROUNI AND FIES		REUNI		NO MEETING
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
No	8.062	42.9	452	2.4	264	1.4	4.399	23.4	313	1.7	1.023	5.4	1.092	5.8
Yes by racial/ethnic criteria	13	0.1	78	0.4	14	0.1	9	0.0	16	0.1	37	0.2	56	0.3
Yes by income criterion	58	0.3	268	1.4	63	0.3	229	1.2	44	0.2	8	0.0	19	0.1
Yes for having studied in public or private school with a scholarship	21	0.1	349	1.9	103	0.5	118	0.6	112	0.6	177	0.9	212	1.1
Yes per system combining two or more of the previous criteria	14	0.1	514	2.7	82	0.4	47	0.3	82	0.4	31	0.2	72	0.4
Yes for different systems than before	140	0.7	33	0.2	16	0.1	116	0.6	13	0.1	11	0.1	8	0.0
TOTAL	8.308	44.2	1.694	9.0	542	2.9	4.918	26.2	580	3.1	1.287	6.9	1.459	7.8
χ2 7672.209
Sig. 0.001*

TYPE OF ACADEMIC SCHOLARSHIP YOU RECEIVE
	SELF-FINANCED		INTEGRAL PROUNI		PROUNI PARCIAL		FIES		PARTIAL PROUNI AND FIES		REUNI		NO MEETING
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
No	7.279	38.7	1365	7.3	486	2.6	4258	22.7	504	2.7	464	2.5	481	2.6
Scientific Initiation Scholarship	387	2.1	137	0.7	22	0.1	156	0.8	22	0.1	285	1.5	385	2.0
Extension Scholarship	116	0.6	49	0.3	11	0.1	81	0.4	18	0.1	200	1.1	314	1.7
Monitor or Tutor Scholarship	201	1.1	57	0.3	10	0.1	113	0.6	13	0.1	115	0.6	117	0.6
Pet Bag	53	0.3	22	0.1	0	0.0	26	0.1	2	0.0	134	0.7	84	0.4
Other Type of Scholarship	272	1.4	64	0.3	13	0.1	284	1.5	21	0.1	89	0.5	78	0.7
TOTAL	8.308	44.2	1.694	9.0	542	2.9	4.918	26.2	580	3.1	1.287	6.9	1.459	7.8
χ2 4967. 535
Sig. 0.001*

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[TFN11] .05, showing significance.