Copper Accumulation and Distribution in Two Arboreal Species of the Atlantic Forest

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of copper (Cu) in the pioneer tree Schinus terebinthifolius R. (aroeira) and non-pioneer tree Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga) submitted to different concentrations of copper. The plants received 40 mL of Hoagland & Arnon (1950) n. 1 nutrient solution modified with 0.00032, 0.0032, 0.032 and 0.32 mM Cu²⁺ applied to the soil. We analyzed biomass, biometry and Cu contents in plants and the concentration of Cu in soil. Cu concentration in the soil contaminated with 0.32 mM Cu²⁺ was higher than other treatments. Neither species showed characteristics of plant phytotoxicity. However, the two species did exhibit different physiological responses to Cu; S. terebinthifolius accumulated the metal only in roots, while E. uniflora accumulated Cu in roots and leaves. The highest Cu concentration in soil was observed in the treatment with 0.32 mM Cu²⁺. Outstanding to foliar accumulation, E. uniflora could be used for biomonitoring.

Keywords:
heavy metal; contamination; mineral nutrition; phytotoxicity

1. INTRODUCTION

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for plants, occurring naturally in soil; however, high concentrations of Cu can affect all components of the environment (Chaves et al., 2010). Soil contamination in areas adjacent to mining operations, as well as extensive use of fungicides in agriculture, liquid manure (mainly from pigs), sewage sludge, atmospheric deposition, and particles from car brakes has created Cu toxicity problems in some regions (Panagos et al., 2018). Soils in urban areas may also contain high and toxic concentrations of Cu from anthropogenic activities, such as traffic and industrial emissions (Vince et al., 2014).

Precipitation reactions, adsorption on mineral particle surfaces and complexation by humic substances are the main forms of Cu retention in soil (Khan & Scullion, 2000). Cu distribution in soils is influenced by pH, soil texture, organic components, microbial activity and soil temperature, all factors that influence the availability, mobility and solubility of Cu in soil and plants (Rodrigues et al., 2012; Argyraki et al., 2018). The availability of Cu in soils depends on many physicochemical processes, such as dissolution, complexation, relocation, precipitation and absorption by microbiota (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias, 2011). The Quality Reference Value (QRV) is the concentration of a determined substance in the soil that defines a soil as clean (Carvalho et al., 2018). CETESB (São Paulo State Environmental Sanitary Technology Company, Brazil) established 35 mg kg^-1 as the QRV value for Cu in soil for São Paulo State (CETESB, 2014); which, sets the limit for potential modification in the natural quality of the soil.

Cu is an essential nutrient for plants that plays key roles in photosynthesis, respiration, carbon and nitrogen metabolism and protection against oxidative stress (Dal Corso et al., 2014). The element is usually retained in roots and is poorly transported over the aboveground part of the plants (Ivanova et al., 2010). Available Cu contents in soil above 60 mg kg^-1 for São Paulo State, Brazil (CETESB, 2014) and 140 mg Kg^-1 for European Community (CEC, 1986) and, 20 mg kg^-1 in whole plant shoots are considered critical, affecting root elongation, changes in membrane permeability, inhibition of electron transport in photosynthesis, immobilization of the element on cell walls and vacuoles, and chlorosis (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias, 2011).

Urban forests impact metropolitan water, heat, carbon and pollution cycles (Livesley et al., 2016). Fontes do Ipiranga State Park (PEFI) is an urban forest within the Atlantic Forest biome that is surrounded by an urban environment (Petri et al., 2018). PEFI is influenced by the pollution produced within the urban area due to traffic emissions, industrial emissions, and sewage, among other pollutants, with different degrees of eutrophication (Schoenlein-Crusius et al., 2009). The present study aimed to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of Cu in leaves, stems and roots of Schinus terebinthifolius R. (native from PEFI and a pioneer species) and Eugenia uniflora L. (introduced to PEFI and a non-pioneer species) submitted to different concentrations of Cu applied to the soil.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at São Paulo, SP. Plants of the pioneer species S. terebinthifolius (7.91 g fresh leaf mass, 5.45 g fresh stem mass, 3.58 g fresh root mass, 2.29 g dry leaf mass, 2.21 g dry stem mass and 0.99 g dry root mass) and non-pioneer E. uniflora (6.26 g fresh leaf mass, 4.10 g fresh stem mass, 5.75 g fresh root mass, 2.86 g dry leaf mass, 2.09 g dry stem mass and 2.35 g dry root mass) approximately six months of age in each case were obtained from a commercial nursery. The plants were transplanted to 1.7 L pots with dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol (LVA) soil (EMBRAPA, 2013) as substrate (Table 1).

Table 1
Soil analysis of the dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol used in the experiment collected at 0 - 20 cm depthin PEFI.

pH	O.M.	Presin	Al3+	H+Al	K	Ca	Mg	SB	C.E.C.	V%	S	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
CaCl2	g dm-3	mg dm-3	_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ mmolc dm-3 _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _								__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mg dm-3 _ __ _ _ _ _ _
3.8	15	2	23	106	0.2	4	1	5	111	5	106	0.48	0.5	44	0.2	0.6

The treatments consisted of 40 mL HA n. 1 solution (Hoagland & Arnon, 1950), modified with concentrations of 0.00032 (HA standard concentration for Cu), 0.0032, 0.032 (CETESB recommendation for underground water = 0.0315 mM Cu; CETESB, 2014) and 0.32 mM Cu²⁺, using CuSO₄.5H₂O as a Cu source and applied twice a week. Salt solutions were ionically balanced, maintaining macronutrients concentrations constant in all treatments (Table 2). The pH of the solutions was adjusted to 5.8. The plants received irrigation by sprinklers on days alternating with the application of the nutrient solution.

Table 2
Ionic balance of different nutrient solutions formulated from Hoagland & Arnon's solution n.1 (1950) modified with 0.00032, 0.0032, 0.032 or 0.32 mM Cu²⁺, and macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, S and Mg).

Ion source	Treatments (mM Cu2+)
	0.00032	0.0032	0.032	0.32
NH4+- (NH4)2SO4	1.99936	1.99359	1.93588	1.35880
NO3-- Ca(NO3)2	3.00000	2.99711	2.96826	2.67972
NH4+ and NO3- - NH4NO3	5.00064	5.00930	5.09586	5.96148
[NH4+] + [NO3-]	10	10	10	10
PO4- - KH2PO4	2.00000	2.00000	2.00000	2.00000
[PO4-]	2	2	2	2
K+ - KH2PO4	2.00000	2.00000	2.00000	2.00000
K+ - KCl	10.00000	10.00000	10.00000	10.00000
[K+]	12	12	12	12
Ca2+- CaCl2.2H2O	2.00000	2.00289	2.03174	2.32028
Ca2+- Ca(NO3)2	3.00000	2.99711	2.96826	2.67972
[Ca2+]	5	5	5	5
Mg2+ - MgSO4.7H2O	0.00032	0.00321	0.03206	0.32060
Mg2+ - MgCl2.6H2O	0.99968	0.99679	0.96794	0.67940
[Mg2+]	1	1	1	1
SO42- - MgSO4.7H2O	0.00032	0.00321	0.03206	0.32060
SO42- - (NH4)2SO4	1.99936	1.99359	1.93588	1.35880
SO42- - CuSO4.5H2O	0.00032	0.00321	0.03206	0.32060
[SO42-]	2	2	2	2
Cl2+ - KCl	10.00000	10.00000	10.00000	10.00000
Cl2+ - CaCl2.2H2O	2.00000	2.00289	2.03174	2.32028
Cl2+ - MgCl2.6H2O	0.99968	0.99679	0.96794	0.67940
[Cl2+]	13	13	13	13
Cu2+- CuSO4.5H2O	0.00032	0.00321	0.03206	0.32060
[Cu2+]	0.00032	0.0032	0.032	0.32

After 10 months of experimentation, the biometric measurements included plant height and stem diameter at soil level. The plants were sectioned into roots, stems and leaves and weighed for fresh biomass, followed by drying in an oven with forced ventilation at 60 °C until reaching constant weight for dry biomass. The dried leaves, stems and roots were ground to a homogeneous powder and sent to the Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition in Plants at UNESP, Botucatu, SP. The dried material was wet-digested in a nitric-perchloric acid (4:1 v/v) solution and total concentration of Cu was determined (Malavolta et al., 1997) by atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin Elmer 2380, Norwalk, USA) with inductive plasma. The Cu soil available content was extracted by 0.1 mol L^-1 DTPA solution (Büll & Bertani, 2001) and the extract was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer 2380, Norwalk, USA) with inductive plasma. The Translocation Index (Ti) was determined by dividing the Cu concentration in stems and shoots (mg kg^–1 dry mass) by the Cu contents in roots (mg kg^–1 dry mass), as recommended by Vendruscolo et al. (2018).

The experimental design included a randomized block with 4 blocks containing 5 plants per plot, totaling 80 plants. Data were analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means compared by the Tukey`s test (p ≤ 0.05) using the SISVAR 5.3 statistical software.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Cu content in soil ranged from 2.5 to 13.4 mg Cu dm^-3 in soil cultivated with S. terebinthifolius and 2.9 to 13.5 Cu mg dm^-3 in soil cultivated with E. uniflora (Figure 1). Cu accumulation in soil occurred only in the 0.32 mM Cu²⁺ treatment with 13.4 mg Cu dm^-3 in soil cultivated with S. terebinthifolius and 13.5 Cu mg dm^-3 in soil cultivated with E. uniflora. Those values are lower than the CETESB concentration of intervention defined as the retention of a certain substance in the soil above that is a potential risk to human health, either direct or indirect, arises (CETESB, 2014) which is 760 mg Cu kg^-1 for Cu in soil; while for the U.S. and Europe, these values range from 50 to 140 Cu mg kg^-1. Cu used for the control of fungal diseases in viticulture is still very common, and Cu accumulation in soils has been observed at levels as 435-690 mg Cu kg^-1 in the wine regions of Europe (Ruyters et al., 2013) and varied between 1,355 ± 45 and 1,381 ± 31 mg kg^-1 for LU (Lithic Udorthent) and HD (Humic Dystrudept) agricultural soils in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (Nachtigall et al., 2007).

Figure 1
Cu soil-available contents (mg dm^-3) in soil cultivated with S. terebinthifolius and E. uniflora treated with 0.00032, 0.0032, 0.032 or 0.32 mM Cu²⁺.

The variables height and diameter of the stem, and fresh and dry mass of leaves, stems, roots and total did not show any significant differences among the treatments for S. terebinthifolius or E. uniflora (Table 3). Tree species respond differently to soils contaminated with heavy metals. For example, species, such as Myroxylon peruiferum (cabreuva), Platypodium gonoacantha (jacaranda-branco), Piptadenia gonoachanta (pau-jacaré) and Anadenanthera peregrine (angico-vermelho), have a marked reduction in relative height improvement in soils contaminated by heavy metals (Soares et al., 2001). Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucaliptytus maculata showed a decreased growth in soil concentrations higher than 0.032 mM Cu²⁺, and E. urophylla under these conditions showed aqueous spots on the leaves, later evolving to necrosis (Soares et al., 2000).

Table 3
Height, stem diameter (SD), fresh leaf mass (FLM), fresh stem mass (FSM), fresh root mass (FRM), total fresh mass (TFM), dry leaf mass (DLM), dry mass of the stem (DMS), dry mass of the roots (DMR), and total dry mass (TDM) of S. terebinthifolius and E. uniflora submitted to treatments 0.00032, 0.0032, 0.032 or 0.32 mM Cu²⁺.

	[Cu2+] mM	Height (m)	SD (mm)	FLM (g)	FSM (g)	FRM (g)	TFM (g)	DML (g)	DSM (g)	DMR (g)	TDM (g)
S. terebinthifolius	0.00032	1.08 a	9.07 a	23.71 a	37.27 a	15.24 a	37.27 a	6.56 a	13.77 a	4.91 a	25.24 a
	0.0032	1.08 a	8.90 a	26.37 a	35.44 a	15.17 a	35.44 a	7.70 a	13.39 a	5.06 a	26.14 a
	0.032	1.16 a	9.29 a	24.20 a	36.02 a	14.17 a	36.02 a	6.80 a	13.32 a	4.80 a	24.92 a
	0.32	1.15 a	8.62 a	24.37 a	35.35 a	13.03 a	35.35 a	6.80 a	12.87 a	4.34 a	24.01 a
E. uniflora	0.00032	0.61 A	6.62 A	16.36 A	15.03 A	10.48 A	15.03 A	7.14 A	7.67 A	6.30 A	21.11 A
	0.0032	0.64 A	6.81 A	18.04 A	15.33 A	14.00 A	15.33 A	6.92 A	8.14 A	7.96 A	23.03 A
	0.032	0.62 A	6.26 A	17.74 A	14.75 A	9.79 A	14.75 A	6.75 A	7.20 A	5.69 A	19.65 A
	0.32	0.60 A	6.45 A	16.59 A	16.41 A	10.88 A	16.41 A	6.44 A	8.13 A	6.58 A	21.16 A

• Averages followed by the same lowercase letters within a column showed that there was no significant difference between the treatments in Schinus terebinthifolius (p ≤ 0.05) and averages followed by the same uppercase letters within a column showed that there were no significant differences between the treatments in Eugenia uniflora (p ≤ 0.05).

Cu contents in S. terebinthifolius and E. uniflora plants (Figure 2) augmented with increasing Cu concentration in the treatments. The Cu contents in S. terebinthifolius ranged from 7 to 9 mg kg^-1 in the leaves, from 7 to 8 mg kg^-1 in the stems and from 19 to 60 mg kg^-1 in the roots. For E. uniflora, Cu contents ranged from 20 to 31 mg kg^-1 in the leaves, from 9 to 10 mg kg^-1 in the stems, and from 10 to 37 mg kg^-1 in the roots. Cu, as a plant micronutrient, is rapidly taken up by roots; however, this phenomenon depends on the level of metals in the soil and the physiology of each species (Dal Corso et al., 2014). Cu contents between 20 and 100 mg kg^-1 in leaves are considered toxic for several species (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias, 2011). S. terebinthifolius and E. uniflora showed no visible symptoms of phytotoxicity on leaves or root system as wilting and chlorosis of younger leaves, darkening of roots, and absence of secondary roots (Soares et al., 2000).

Figure 2
Cu contents (mg kg^-1) in leaves, stems and roots of S. terebinthifolius and E. uniflora submitted to the treatments 0.00032, 0.0032, 0.032 or 0.32 mM Cu²⁺.

The species presented different responses to Cu translocation (Table 4), varying according to the increase of Cu concentration applied to the soil. S. terebinthifolius showed high Cu accumulation in roots, thus avoiding its translocation to shoots (11% to 21%), while E. uniflora accumulated Cu in roots, stem and leaves (36% to 55%). The restricted translocation of heavy metals to shoots is important for plant survival since Cu can affect biochemical pathways, altering a plant’s physiological functions and damaging photosynthesis (Pätsikkä et al., 2002). Such restriction can be accomplished by apoplastic barriers as the casparian strip making selective plasma membrane transporters able to regulate elemental influx into the root symplast, efflux into the xylem and consequently shoot translocation (Ricachenevsky et al., 2018). In a sense, S. terebintifolius was less influenced by Cu concentrations because it could limit the translocation of Cu from roots to shoot, i.e., most likely retaining Cu in the roots. Plants that accumulate heavy metals in the roots, thereby limiting the translocation to the shoot system, can be considered tolerant (Verkleij & Prast, 1989). These tolerance factors are essential if plants are to recover from areas contaminated with toxic elements owing to their ability to accumulate heavy metals in roots (Gomes et al., 2011). Accumulation of Cu in leaves is exceptionally rare globally and known principally from plants that grow in the Copperbelt of Central Africa, i.e., the Democratic Republic of Congo (Lange et al., 2017).

Table 4
Translocation index (%) in S. terebinthifolius and E. uniflora submitted to treatments 0.00032, 0.0032, 0.032 or 0.32 mM Cu²⁺.

[Cu2+] (mM)	Translocation Index
	S. terebinthifolius	E. uniflora
0.00032	0.74	2.90
0.0032	0.65	3.50
0.032	0.35	2.56
0.32	0.28	0.94

Studies that focus on the effects of heavy metals of anthropogenic origin on plants, such as those that grow in the PEFI, can bring insight into the ecology of urban forests. Our results showed that S. terebinthifolius and E. uniflora had no phytotoxic symptoms in roots or leaves, even at the highest treatment of 0.32 mM Cu²⁺. The levels of Cu found in both species do not allow us to categorize these species as hyperaccumulators, a category which requires the accumulation of Cu in plants to be 1,000 μg g^-1 (Reeves et al., 2017). However, since can translocate and storage Cu in leaves E. uniflora could be used for biomonitoring of Cu-containing areas, while S. terebinthifolius could be used for forest restoration in sites with soils contaminated with Cu based on its capacity to retain Cu in the roots, thereby avoiding phytotoxic effects.

4. CONCLUSION

Neither S. terebinthifolius nor E. uniflora showed symptoms of phytotoxicity by Cu at the highest dose tested (0.32 mM Cu²⁺). However, these two species did present very different responses to Cu accumulation. Specifically, S. terebinthifolius accumulated Cu only in roots, while E. uniflora accumulated it in roots and leaves, indicating less tolerance to translocation of this micronutrient. Because of its foliar accumulation, E. uniflora could be used for biomonitoring.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank PIBIC/CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for awarding the fellowship to ARZ and WSF and CNPq for the productivity grant to MD (proc. 309507/2017-0).

• FINANCIAL SUPPORT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Grant/Award Number: 309507/2017-0).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Jan 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  03 Apr 2019
• Accepted
  03 Nov 2019