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Animal Genetics • Genet. Mol. Biol. 45 (2) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2021-0125   copy

Karyotype variability in six Amazonian species of the family Curimatidae (Characiformes) revealed by repetitive sequence mapping

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Fishes of the Curimatidae family represent one of the most important freshwater ichthyofauna groups of Central and South America, with 117 recognized species distributed in eight genera. In this study, six species - Curimata inornata, Curimatella dorsalis, and Psectrogaster falcata collected from the Lower Araguaia River, Pará, Brazil; Curimata vittata, Curimatella meyeri, and Psectrogaster rutiloides collected from the Catalão Lake, Amazonas, Brazil - were cytogenetically analyzed, investigate the occurrence and distribution of repetitive DNA classes in the karyotypes. All species had 2n=54 metacentric/submetacentric chromosomes. Despite the conservative diploid number, we observed variations in the karyotypic structure among species. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) 18S and 5S were found in single or multiple sites, with the first report of synteny in Curimatella dorsalis, and the occurrence of several interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs) in species of the genera Curimatella and Psectrogaster. Interspecific karyotypic diversity both concerning structure and location/position of the nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) and ribosomal DNA, suggesting the occurrence of several non-Robertsonian rearrangements driving the evolution of this family.

Keywords:
Cytogenetics; rDNA; ITS; chromosomal rearrangements

The Curimatidae family currently encompasses 117 fish species, alocated in eight genera: Curimata, Curimatella, Curimatopsis, Cyphocharax, Potamorhina, Psectrogaster, Pseudocurimata, and Steindachnerina (Fricke et al., 2021Fricke R, Eschmeyer WN and Van der Laan R (2021) Eschmeyer’s catalog of fishes: Genera, Species, References, Fricke R, Eschmeyer WN and Van der Laan R (2021) Eschmeyer’s catalog of fishes: Genera, Species, References, http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp (accessed 8 March 2021).
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ). The species are widely distributed throughout Central and South America River basins, inhabiting different aquatic environments. Ecologically, these fishes have an important role as food resources for larger predatory fish and act in recycling organic material due to detritivores’ eating habits, being easily distinguished from the other taxa of the Characiformes order by their complete absence of teeth (Vari, 1989Vari RP (1989) A phylogenetic study of the Neotropical Characiform family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithson Contrib Zool 471:1-71., 2003Vari RP (2003) Family Curimatidae. In: Reis RE, Kullander SO and Ferraris CJ (eds) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Editora da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, pp 51-64.).

Cytogenetically, this family shows 2n=54 with biarmed chromosomes as the most frequent in the analyzed species (Table 1). However, despite this apparent conservative karyotype and chromosome morphology, variations in diploid number have been reported in at least six species, in addition to the occurrence of B chromosomes, as well as interspecific variation in the location/position of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) (Venere and Galetti, 1989Venere PC and Galetti PM Jr (1989) Chromosome evolution and phylogenetic relationships of some Neotropical Characiformes of the family Curimatidae. Rev Bras Genet 12:17-25.; Feldberg et al., 1992Feldberg E, Porto JIR and Bertollo LAC (1992) Karyotype evolution in Curimatidae (Teleostei, Characiformes) of the Amazon region. I. Studies on the genera Curimata, Psectrogaster, Steindachnerina and Curimatella. Rev Bras Genet 15:369-383.; Navarrete and Júlio-Júnior, 1997Navarrete MC and Júlio-Júnior HF (1997) Cytogenetic analysis of four curimatids from the Paraguay basin, Brazil (Pisces: Characiformes: Curimatidae). Cytologia 62:241-247.; Brassesco et al., 2004Brassesco MS, Pastori MC, Roncati HA and Fenocchio AS (2004) Comparative cytogenetic studies of Curimatidae (Pisces, Characiformes) from the middle Paraná River (Argentina). Genet Mol Res 3:293-301.; Venere et al., 2008Venere PC, Souza IL, Silva LKS, Dos Anjos MB, De Oliveira RR and Galetti PM Jr (2008) Recent chromosome diversification in the evolutionary radiation of the freshwater fish family Curimatidae (Characiformes). J Fish Biol 72:1976-1989.) (Table 1).

The chromosomal mapping of repetitive sequences, such as 5S and 18S ribosomal DNAs (rDNA) and telomeric DNA (TTAGGG)n, has proven to be an excellent tool for the chromosomal characterization in different groups of Neotropical fishes (Cioffi and Bertollo, 2012Cioffi MB and Bertollo LAC (2012) Chromosomal distribution and evolution of repetitive DNAs in fish. In: Garrido-Ramos MA (eds). Repetitive DNA. Karger, Basel, vol. 7, pp 197-221.; Viana et al., 2017Viana PF, Ezaz T, Marajó L, Ferreira M, Zuanon J, Cioffi MB, Bertollo LAC, Gross MC and Feldberg E (2017) Genomic organization of repetitive DNAs and dfferentiation of an XX/XY sex chromosome system in the Amazonian Puffer Fish, Colomesus asellus (Tetraodontiformes). Cytogenet Genome Res 153:96-104.; Ferreira et al., 2020Ferreira M, De Jesus IS, Viana PF, Garcia C, Matoso DA, Cioffi MB, Bertollo LAC and Feldberg E (2020) Chromosomal Evolution in Aspredinidae (Teleostei, Siluriformes): Insights on Intra- and Interspecific Relationships with Related Groups. Cytogenet Genome Res 160:539-553.), providing a set of relevant information that can contribute to cytotaxonomy, elucidate geographic distribution patterns and evidence sex chromosomes. In Curimatidae, even with scarce data on mapping these sequences, evident interspecific differences were already observed (De Rosa et al., 2006De Rosa LVS, Foresti F, Wasko AP, Oliveira C and Martins C (2006) Nucleotide sequence, genomic organization and chromosome localization of 5S rDNA in two species of Curimatidae (Teleostei, Characiformes). Genet Mol Biol 29:251-256., 2007De Rosa LVS, Foresti F, Martins C, Oliveira C, Sobrinho PE and Wasko AP (2007) Cytogenetic analyses of two Curimatidae species (Pisces; Characiformes) from the Paranapanema and Tietê rivers. Braz J Biol 67:333-338.; Teribele et al., 2008Teribele R, Gravena W, Carvalho K, Giuliano-Caetano L and Dias AL (2008) Karyotypic analysis in two species of fishes of the family Curimatidae: Ag-NO3, CMA3 and FISH with 18S probe. Caryologia 61:211-215.; Oliveira, 2010Oliveira RM (2010) Citogenética clássica e molecular de três espécies de curimatídeos, com ênfase no cromossomo B de Cyphocharax nagelii (Characiformes, Curimatidae). D. Sc. Thesis, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 137 p.; Pinheiro et al., 2016Pinheiro VS, Carvalho ND, Carmo EJ, Schneider CH, Feldberg E and Gross MC (2016) Karyoevolution in Potamorhina (Cope, 1878) (Ostariophysi, Curimatidae): Using repetitive DNA for the elucidation of genome organization. Zebrafish 13:118-31.; Sampaio et al., 2016Sampaio TR, Pires LB, Venturelli NB, Usso MC, Rosa R and Dias AL (2016) Evolutionary trends in the family Curimatidae (Characiformes): Inferences from chromosome banding. Comp Cytogenet 10:77-95.) (Table 1).

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Table 1 -
Overview of cytogenetic data of fish species from the Curimatidae family. 2n= diploid number; FN= fundamental number; Ag-NOR= nucleolar organizer region; m= metacentric; sm= submacentric; st= subtelocentric; a= acrocentric; B= supernumerary chromosome; p= short arm; q= long arm; t= terminal; i= interstitial; pc= pericentromeric; c= centromeric; ITS= interstitial telomeric sequence; -= nonexistent data.

The present study aims to investigate the chromosomal composition and structure of the karyotypes of six Amazonian Curimatidae species. The results were compared with the data available in the literature to infer the hypothetical chromosomal rearrangements involved in the chromosomal evolution process.

A total of 52 individuals from six species of the Curimatidae family were cytogenetically analyzed (Table 2). The fishes were collected under authorization from the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio, SISBIO - 28095-1). All procedures followed the guidelines of the Ethics Committee for Experimental Use of Animals of the National Institute of Amazonian Research (004/2018-CEUA/INPA), and the specimens were deposited in the INPA Ichthyology Collection (INPA-ICT 059622 - INPA-ICT 059627).

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Table 2-
Cytogenetic data of fish species from Curimatidae family analyzed in this study. M= male; F= female; ?= Unknown sex; 2n= diploid number; FN= fundamental number; Ag-NOR= nucleolar organizer regions; rDNA= ribosomal DNA; m= metacentric; sm= submacentric; p= short arm; q= long arm; t= terminal; i= interstitial.

For molecular cytogenetic analyses, genomic DNA was extracted from muscle, according to Sambrook et al. (1989Sambrook J, Fritsch EF and Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2nd edition. Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Springs Harbor, 1546 pp.). Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) 18S, 5S, and telomeric probes were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using the following primers: 18Sf (5’-CCGCTTTGGTGACTCTTGAT-3’) and 18Sr (5’-CCGAGGACCTCACTAAACCA-3’) (Gross et al., 2010Gross MC, Schneider CH, Valente GT, Martins C and Feldberg E (2010) Variability of 18S rDNA locus among Symphysodon fishes: chromosomal rearrangements. J Fish Biol 76:1117-1127.), 5Sf (5’ -TAC GCC CGA TCT CGT CCG ATC) and 5Sr (5 ‘-CAGGCT GGT ATG GCC GTA AGC- 3’) (Martins and Galetti Jr., 1999Martins C and Galetti PM Jr (1999) Chromosomal localization of 5S rDNA genes in Leporinus fish (Anostomidae, Characiformes). Chromosome Res 7:363-367.), (TTAGGG) 5 and (CCCTAA) 5 (Ijdo et al., 1991Ijdo JW, Wells RA, Baldini A and Reeders ST (1991) Improved telomere detection using a telomere repeat probe (TTAGGG)n generated by PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 19:4780.). Probes were labeled using nick-translation with biotin-14-dATP (Biotin Nick Translation Mix; Invitrogen) for 5S rDNA and digoxigenin-11-dUTP (Dig-Nick Translation Mix; Roche) for 18S rDNA and telomere, following the recommendations of the manufacturer.

FISH followed Pinkel et al. (1986Pinkel D, Straume T and Gray JW (1986) Cytogenetic analysis using quantitative, high sensitivity, fluorescence hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:2934-2938.), with modifications. The slides with chromosome preparations were denatured in 70% formamide/2x SSC at 70 °C, pH 7, and dehydrated in 100% ethanol. Then, 20 μL of hybridization mix (100 ng of each probe, 100% formamide, 20x SSC buffer, and 10% dextran sulfate) were placed on each slide, being hybridized at 37 °C for 24 h in a humid chamber, containing distilled water. Chromosomes were counterstained with DAPI (1.2 μg mL) in an antifade solution (Vector, Burlingame, CA, EUA).

At least 30 metaphase spreads of each individual were analyzed to confirm the diploid number and karyotype structure. The chromosomes were classified as metacentric (m) and submetacentric (sm) (Levan et al., 1964Levan A, Fredga K and Sandberg AA (1964) Nomeclature for centromeric position of chromosomes. Heredity 52:201-220.).

The six species analyzed presented 2n=54 and FN=108 (Fundamental number) (Figure 1, Table 2), it is highlighted that the karyotype of Psectrogaster falcata is presented here for the first time. CH was observed in pericentromeric blocks in all chromosomes of the six species, except in pairs 5 and 18 of P. falcata. Furthermore, additional blocks located in the terminal portions of several chromosomes of the six species were also observed. C. meyeri showed interstitial blocks in the long arms of pair 5; and pairs 2, 19, and 21 in P. rutiloides (Figure 1).

Figure 1.
Karyotypes of the species of the Curimatidae family analyzed in conventional Giemsa stain (left), C banding (right) and nucleolar organizer regions (NOR, box). Scale bar=10μm.

Five species presented NOR in only one chromosome pair in the terminal portion of the short arms: C. inornata, P. falcata, and P. rutiloides (pairs 20, 13, and 16, respectively), and in the end of the long arms in C. dorsalis and C. meyeri (pairs 2 and 9, respectively). C. vittata exhibited NORs in two chromosome pairs (multiple NORs) in the terminal portion of the long arms (pairs 20 and 21). The six species showed the NORs colocalized with heterochromatic blocks (Figure 1, box Ag-NOR).

The rDNA mapping corroborates the NORs in all the species studied, including an additional site observed in the end of the short arm of pair 7 in C. meyeri, which is also colocalized to the constitutive heterochromatin (Figure 2, 18S). The 5S rDNA sequences mapping revealed a species-specific pair with interstitial signals: pair 9 in C. inornata, pair 25 in C. vittata, pair 2 in C. dorsalis, pair 26 in C. meyeri, and pair 24 in P. falcata. P. rutiloides presented 5S sites in two pairs: pair 5 in the terminal portion of the short arm and interstitial in pair 22. C. dorsalis showed synteny of 5S and 18S (Figure 2). Telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n were located in the terminal region of all chromosomes of the six species. Additionally, interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs) were observed in several chromosomes of Curimatella and Psectrogaster species, with some conspicuous blocks (Figure 2).

Figure 2.
Karyotypes of the species of the Curimatidae family analyzed with molecular chromosomal markers. Double FISH with 18S (red) and 5S (green) rDNA probes (left), and probes with telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n (red) (right). Scale bar = 10μm.

Chromosomal evolution of the family Curimatidae was defined as being highly conservative chromosome morphology and diploid number: 2n=54 m-sm, FN=108 for the majority of the species (Table 1). These traits, considered plesiomorphic for the family, were also evidenced in the species analyzed here in. According to Oliveira et al. (1988Oliveira C, Almeida-Toledo LF, Foresti F, Britski HA and Toledo-Filho SA (1988) Chromosome formulae of Neotropical freshwater fishes. Rev Bras Genet 11:577-624.) and De Oliveira et al. (2009De Oliveira RR, Feldberg E, Dos Anjos MB and Zuanon J (2009) Mechanisms of chromosomal evolution and its possible relation to natural history characteristics in Ancistrus catfishes (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). J Fish Biol 75:2209-2225.), this conservative chromosomal structure may be related to the ecological characteristics of these fishes, that is, high vagility and large shoal formation, allowing high rates of gene flow and genetic diversity (Landínez-García and Marquez, 2018Landínez-García RM and Marquez EJ (2018) Microsatellite loci development and population genetics in Neotropical fish Curimata mivartii (Characiformes: Curimatidae). PeerJ 6:e5959.). However, this apparent conservation is revealed when other cytogenetic markers, such as repetitive DNA sequences (e.g., ribosomal and telomeric) are applied.

Curimatids, in general, have a large amount of HC, and in Psectrogaster species for example, pericentromeric and terminal blocks were observed in several chromosome pairs (Figure 1). Beyond that, large heterochromatic blocks are often coincident or adjacent to the NORs, with interspecific and interpopulation differences, both in the number of loci (single or multiple NORs) and in the chromosomal location/position in the karyotype (Table 1), as seen in the present study as well as in previous studies (Feldberg et al., 1992Feldberg E, Porto JIR and Bertollo LAC (1992) Karyotype evolution in Curimatidae (Teleostei, Characiformes) of the Amazon region. I. Studies on the genera Curimata, Psectrogaster, Steindachnerina and Curimatella. Rev Bras Genet 15:369-383.; Navarrete and Júlio-Júnior, 1997Navarrete MC and Júlio-Júnior HF (1997) Cytogenetic analysis of four curimatids from the Paraguay basin, Brazil (Pisces: Characiformes: Curimatidae). Cytologia 62:241-247.; Brassesco et al., 2004Brassesco MS, Pastori MC, Roncati HA and Fenocchio AS (2004) Comparative cytogenetic studies of Curimatidae (Pisces, Characiformes) from the middle Paraná River (Argentina). Genet Mol Res 3:293-301.; Venere et al., 2008Venere PC, Souza IL, Silva LKS, Dos Anjos MB, De Oliveira RR and Galetti PM Jr (2008) Recent chromosome diversification in the evolutionary radiation of the freshwater fish family Curimatidae (Characiformes). J Fish Biol 72:1976-1989.). These differences may be related to the repetitive and highly transcribed structure of rDNA, where the number of copies might vary owing to rearrangements of the chromosomal microstructure, such as duplications, translocations and/or inversions (Symonová et al., 2013Symonová R, Majtánová Z, Sember A, Staaks GB, Bohlen J, Freyhof J, Rábová M and Ráb P (2013) Genome differentiation in a species pair of coregonine fishes: An extremely rapid speciation driven by stress-activated retrotransposons mediating extensive ribosomal DNA multiplications. BMC Evol Biol 13:42.; Goffová and Fajkus, 2021Goffová I and Fajkus J (2021) The rDNA loci - intersections of replication, transcription, and repair pathways. Int J Mol Sci 22:1302.).

The mapping of the 18S rDNA sequence confirmed Ag-NOR in all species with an additional site in C. meyeri, similar situation also reported by Sampaio et al. (2016Sampaio TR, Pires LB, Venturelli NB, Usso MC, Rosa R and Dias AL (2016) Evolutionary trends in the family Curimatidae (Characiformes): Inferences from chromosome banding. Comp Cytogenet 10:77-95.) in Steindachnerina biornata. This additional site might be related to the lack of transcriptional activity, which depends on cell activity (Rosa et al., 2012Da Rosa R, Rubert M, Martins-Santos IC and Giuliano-Caetano L (2012) Evolutionary trends in Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Agassiz 1829) (Characiformes, Erythrinidae). Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 22:467-475.), or simply associated with the presence of pseudogenic rDNA variants (Gong et al., 2021Gong L, Shi W, Yang M and Luo H (2021) Variations in the conserved 18S and 5.8S reveal the putative pseudogenes in 18S-ITS1-5.8S rDNA of Cynoglossus melampetalus (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 534:233-239.).

The 5S rDNA localization in interstitial region, ranging from two to four chromosomes, is a pattern found in most curimatids corroborated in the present study. However, markings in terminal chromosomal regions have also been reported in this family (Pinheiro et al., 2016Pinheiro VS, Carvalho ND, Carmo EJ, Schneider CH, Feldberg E and Gross MC (2016) Karyoevolution in Potamorhina (Cope, 1878) (Ostariophysi, Curimatidae): Using repetitive DNA for the elucidation of genome organization. Zebrafish 13:118-31.; present study), again evidencing the occurrence of non-Robertsonian rearrangements in chromosome microstructure of these species.

The location of 18S and 5S rDNA in different chromosome pairs is a trait found in all curimatid species (Table 1). Interestingly, Curimatella dorsalis seems to be the first case to show synteny between these rDNAs in curimatids, which may have arisen independently during non-Robertsonian rearrangements (Symonová et al., 2013Symonová R, Majtánová Z, Sember A, Staaks GB, Bohlen J, Freyhof J, Rábová M and Ráb P (2013) Genome differentiation in a species pair of coregonine fishes: An extremely rapid speciation driven by stress-activated retrotransposons mediating extensive ribosomal DNA multiplications. BMC Evol Biol 13:42.), demonstrating the dynamic nature of the 18S and 5S rDNA sites, prone to recombination events. Synteny between 18S and 5S rDNA is an atypical situation, including for the superfamily Anostomoidea (Anostomidae, Chilodontidae, Prochilodontidae and Curimatidae), which has been reported only in lineages derived of the Anostomidae (De Barros et al., 2017De Barros LC, Galetti Jr PM and Feldberg E (2017) Mapping 45S and 5S ribosomal genes in chromosomes of Anostomidae fish species (Ostariophysi, Characiformes) from different Amazonian water types. Hydrobiologia 789:77-89.; Dulz et al., 2019Dulz TA, Lorscheider CA, Nascimento VD, Noleto RB, Moreira-Filho O, Nogaroto V and Vicari MR (2019) Comparative cytogenetics among Leporinus friderici and Leporellus vittatus populations (Characiformes, Anostomidae): focus on repetitive DNA elements. Comp Cytogenet 13:1-16.), Prochilodontidae (Vicari et al., 2006Vicari MR, Almeida MCD, Bertollo LAC, Moreira-Filho O and Artoni RF (2006) Cytogenetic analysis and chromosomal characteristics of the polymorphic 18S rDNA in the fish Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae). Genet Mol Biol 29:621-625.; Terencio et al., 2012Terencio ML, Schneider CH, Gross MC, Vicari MR and Feldberg E (2012) Stable karyotypes: A general role for the fish of the family Prochilondontidae? Hydrobiologia 686:147-156.; Voltolin et al., 2013Voltolin TA, Penitente M, Mendonça BB, Senhorini JA, Foresti F and Porto-Foresti F (2013) Karyotypic conservatism in five species of Prochilodus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) disclosed by cytogenetic markers. Genet Mol Biol 36:347-352.) and Curimatidae families (present study).

Chromosome mapping of telomeric sequences revealed a high degree of chromosome structure variation in Curimatella and Psectrogaster species, presenting ITSs in several chromosome pairs. ITS has been observed in several vertebrate species and is classified into short ITS (s-ITS) and heterochromatic ITS (Het-ITS) (Bolzán, 2017Bolzán AD (2017) Interstitial telomeric sequences in vertebrate chromosomes: Origin, function, instability and evolution. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 773:51-65.). In the case of the curimatids here analyzed, we classify the ITSs as Het-ITSs, since the signals are colocalized with heterochromatic blocks.

Many authors relate the presence of Het-ITSs to ancestral chromosomal fusion events and are generally associated with a reduction in diploid number (Meyne et al., 1990Meyne J, Baker RJ, Hobart HH, Hsu TC, Ryder OA, Ward OG, Wiley JE, Wurster-Hill DH, Yates TL and Moyzis RK (1990) Distribution of non-telomeric sites of the (TTAGGG)n telomeric sequence in vertebrate chromosomes. Chromosoma 99:3-10.; Rosa et al., 2012Rosa KO, Ziemniczak K, De Barros AV, Nogaroto V, Almeida MC, Cestari MM, Artoni RF and Vicari MR (2012) Numeric and structural chromosome polymorphism in Rineloricaria lima (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): Fusion points carrying 5S rDNA or telomere sequence vestiges. Rev Fish Biol Fish 22:739-749.; Schneider et al., 2013Schneider CH, Gross MC, Terencio ML, Artoni RF, Vicari MR, Martins C and Feldberg E (2013) Chromosomal evolution of Neotropical cichlids: The role of repetitive DNA sequences in the organization and structure of karyotype. Rev Fish Biol Fish 23:201-214.; Sember et al., 2015Sember A, Bohlen J, Šlechtová V, Altmanová M, Symonová R and Ráb P (2015) Karyotype differentiation in 19 species of river loach fishes (Nemacheilidae, Teleostei): Extensive variability associated with rDNA and heterochromatin distribution and its phylogenetic and ecological interpretation. BMC Evol Biol 15:251.). Similarly, there are reports of Het-ITSs in species that present the conserved karyotype (Metcalfe et al., 2004Metcalfe CJ, Eldridge MDB and Johnston PG (2004) Mapping the distribution of the telomeric sequence (T2AG3) n in the 2n= 14 ancestral marsupial complement and in the macropodines (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Chromosome Res 12:405-414.; Di-Nizo et al., 2020Di-Nizo CB, Ferguson-Smith MA and Silva MJDJ (2020) Extensive genomic reshuffling involved in the karyotype evolution of genus Cerradomys (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini). Genet Mol Biol 43:e20200149.), as observed in the present study, considering that 2n=54 is the ancestral diploid number for the whole superfamily Anostomoidea.

Thus, the appearance of these Het-ITSs may be related to other mechanisms, such as (1) occurrence of pericentric inversions or translocations with the insertion of s-ITSs, followed by amplification of these regions and subsequent heterochromatinization; (2) transpositions, mediated by transposable elements, which are internally reinserted into the chromosomes and undergo an amplification process; and, (3) telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n would constitute the main repetitive motif of centromeric DNA, as observed in amphibians and marsupials (Meyne et al., 1990Meyne J, Baker RJ, Hobart HH, Hsu TC, Ryder OA, Ward OG, Wiley JE, Wurster-Hill DH, Yates TL and Moyzis RK (1990) Distribution of non-telomeric sites of the (TTAGGG)n telomeric sequence in vertebrate chromosomes. Chromosoma 99:3-10.; Paço et al., 2012Paço A, Chaves R, Vieira-da-Silva A and Adega F (2012) The involvement of repetitive sequences in the remodelling of karyotypes: the Phodopus genomes (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Micron 46:27-34.; Bolzán, 2017Bolzán AD (2017) Interstitial telomeric sequences in vertebrate chromosomes: Origin, function, instability and evolution. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 773:51-65.; Clemente et al., 2020Clemente L, Mazzoleni S, Bellavia EP, Augstenová B, Auer M, Praschag P, Protiva T, Velenský P, Wagner P, Fritz U et al. (2020) Interstitial telomeric repeats are rare in turtles. Genes 11:657.).

Regardless of the mechanism that gave rise to Het-ITSs in the curimatids here analyzed, these sequences are an important component of the karyotype diversification. As observed in another genus of Curimatidae, in Potamorhina ITSs are involved in multiple chromosomal fissions in the ancestor of the species P. latior (2n=56, 18 pairs with ITS), P. altamazonica (2n=102), and P. squamoralevis (2n=102) (Pinheiro et al., 2016Pinheiro VS, Carvalho ND, Carmo EJ, Schneider CH, Feldberg E and Gross MC (2016) Karyoevolution in Potamorhina (Cope, 1878) (Ostariophysi, Curimatidae): Using repetitive DNA for the elucidation of genome organization. Zebrafish 13:118-31.), as suggested in molecular phylogeny of Dorini et al. (2020Dorini BF, Ribeiro-Silva LR, Foresti F, Oliveira C and Melo BF (2020) Molecular phylogenetics provides a novel hypothesis of chromosome evolution in Neotropical fishes of the genus Potamorhina (Teleostei, Curimatidae). J Zool Syst Evol Res 58:1067-1075.). Thus, the Het-ITSs present in Curimatella and Psectrogaster can signal the presence of “hot spots” for the occurrence of recombination, which according to Bolzán (2017Bolzán AD (2017) Interstitial telomeric sequences in vertebrate chromosomes: Origin, function, instability and evolution. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 773:51-65.), can lead to new karyotypes and even new species.

Thus, despite the conservative diploid number for most species of the Curimatidae (2n=54), our data highlights a high level of variation in repetitive DNA sequences among species, suggesting that additional integrative analyzes, involving the mapping of other repetitive sequences classes as well as investigation in other species/populations of curimatids, will produce a more complete picture of the chromosomal evolution of this family.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. Jansen Zuanon for the identification of the fishes. This study was supported by INPA and the Graduate Program in Genetics, Conservation, and Evolutionary Biology. Receiving support from two projects: “The Center for studies of the adaptations of the aquatic biota of Amazonia - ADAPTA (INCT/CNPq/FAPEAM 573976/2008-2)” and “Dynamics and Rex-type transposable elements in Amazonian fish during environmental change - Nº. 002/2018 - FAPEAM/UNIVERSAL AMAZONAS”. Bench fees of the scientific productivity grant of Eliana Feldberg, CNPq - Process Nº 302421/2014-9. FAPEAM/SEDECTI/Governo do Estado do Amazonas - Edital PAPAC 005/2019. This paper was translated for proper English language by qualified professionals from the AGS tradução team.

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Edited by

Associate Editor: Maria José de Jesus Silva

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    27 June 2022
  • Date of issue
    2022

History

  • Received
    27 Apr 2021
  • Accepted
    17 May 2022
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