Interacciones sexuales entre individuos del mismo sexo: una visión evolucionista

Cezar, Leonardo; Pisaneschi, Felipe; Valentova, Jaroslava Varella; Delval, Irene

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Artigo • Psicol. USP 33 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6564e210068 copiar

Interacciones sexuales entre individuos del mismo sexo: una visión evolucionista

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

Desde una perspectiva evolutiva, las interacciones sexuales entre individuos del mismo sexo han sido consideradas por mucho tiempo como una enorme paradoja. Esto es debido a que han persistido generación tras generación a pesar de, supuestamente, no ofrecer beneficios reproductivos directos, reduciendo, aparentemente, la aptitud individual. Sin embargo, son comunes en muchas especies de animales. En este artículo repasaremos algunas de las hipótesis funcionales que intentan resolver este rompecabezas evolutivo. Algunas de estas hipótesis consideran que estas interacciones son adaptativas, lo que trae benefícios a los individuos. Otras hipótesis las consideran neutras, derivadas de características realmente ventajosas. Mientras que otras consideran estas interacciones como no adaptativas y potencialmente perjudiciales para los individuos. Por último, expondremos una hipótesis revolucionaria que, de manera inédita, cuestiona si las interacciones sexuales que involucran exclusivamente a individuos de diferentes sexos son realmente el estado basal del comportamiento sexual.

Palabras clave:
comportamiento sexual indiscriminado; homosexualidad; sexualidad; filogenia; paradoja Darwiniana

Hipóteses	Espécie	Sexo	Referência
Adaptativas
Prática dos jovens	Macaca fuscata	M F	Gunst et al. (2013Gunst, N., Leca, J.-B., & Vasey, P. L. (2013). Development of sexual and socio-sexual behaviours in free-ranging juvenile male Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata. Behaviour, 150(11), 1225-1254. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003088 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/... )
		M	Leca et al. (2014Leca, J.-B., Gunst, N., & Vasey, P. L. (2014). Male homosexual behavior in a free-ranging all-male group of Japanese macaques at Minoo, Japan. Archives of Sexual Behavior , 43(5), 853-861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0310-6 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... )
	Tursiops sp.	M F	Mann (2006Mann, J. (2006). Establishing trust: Socio-sexual behaviour and the development of male-male bonds among Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins. In V. Sommer & P. L. Vasey (Eds.), Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective (pp. 107-130). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.)
	Delphinapterus leucas	M F	Lilley et al. (2020Lilley, M. K., Ham, J. R., & Hill, H. M. (2020). The development of socio-sexual behavior in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) under human care. Behavioural Processes, 171, artigo e104025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2019.104025 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
	Pan paniscus	F	Manson et al. (1997Manson, J. H., Perry, S., & Parish, A. R. (1997). Nonconceptive sexual behavior in bonobos and capuchins. International Journal of Primatology, 18(5), 767-786.)
	Cebus capucinus imitator	M F	Manson et al. (1997Manson, J. H., Perry, S., & Parish, A. R. (1997). Nonconceptive sexual behavior in bonobos and capuchins. International Journal of Primatology, 18(5), 767-786.)
Diminuição do conflito intrassexual	Hydromyza livens	M	Preston-Mafham (2006Preston‐Mafham, K. (2006). Post‐mounting courtship and the neutralizing of male competitors through “homosexual” mountings in the fly Hydromyza livens F. (Diptera: Scatophagidae). Journal of Natural History, 40(1-2), 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500533658 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/... )
	Gnatocerus cornutus	M	Lane et al. (2016Lane, S. M., Haughan, A. E., Evans, D., Tregenza, T., & House, C. M. (2016). Same-sex sexual behaviour as a dominance display. Animal Behaviour , 114, 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.01.005 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Estreitamento de laços	Tursiops sp.	M	Mann (2006Mann, J. (2006). Establishing trust: Socio-sexual behaviour and the development of male-male bonds among Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins. In V. Sommer & P. L. Vasey (Eds.), Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective (pp. 107-130). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.)
	Bison bison	M	Vervaecke & Roden (2006Vervaecke, H., & Roden, C. (2006). Going with the herd: Same-sex interaction and competition in American bison. In V. Sommer & P. L. Vasey (Eds.), Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective (pp. 131-153). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press .)
Seleção de parentesco	Homo sapiens	M F	Wilson (1975Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.)
		M	VanderLaan & Vasey (2012Vanderlaan, D. P., & Vasey, P. L. (2012). Relationship status and elevated avuncularity in Samoan fa’afafine. Personal Relationships, 19(2), 326-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01364.x https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/... )
Neutras
Reforço hedonista	Homo sapiens	M F	Menezes & Brito (2007Menezes, A. B. C., & Brito, R. C. S. (2007). Reflexão sobre a homossexualidade como subproduto da evolução do prazer. Psicologia em Estudo, 12(1), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-73722007000100016 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/... )
	Macaca fuscata	F	Vasey & Duckworth (2006Vasey, P. L. (2006). The pursuit of pleasure: Homosexual behaviour, sexual reward and evolutionary history in Japanese macaques. In V. Sommer & P. L. Vasey (Eds.), Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective (pp. 191-219). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press .)
Efeitos pleiotrópicos	Homo sapiens	M F	J. M. Bailey et al. (1994Bailey, J. M., Gaulin, S., Agyei, Y., & Gladue, B. A. (1994). Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionarily relevant aspects of human mating psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(6), 1081-1093. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.6.1081 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/... )
		M F	VanderLaan & Vasey (2008VanderLaan, D. P., & Vasey, P. L. (2008). Mate retention behavior of men and women in heterosexual and homosexual relationships. Archives of Sexual Behavior , 37(4), 572-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9139-y https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... )
		M F	Zietsch et al., (2008Zietsch, B. P., Morley, K. I., Shekar, S. N., Verweij, K. J. H., Keller, M. C., Macgregor, S.,. . . Martin, N. G. (2008). Genetic factors predisposing to homosexuality may increase mating success in heterosexuals. Evolution and Human Behavior , 29(6), 424-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.002 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
Antagonismo sexual	Homo sapiens	M	Camperio-Ciani et al. (2004Camperio-Ciani, A., Corna, F., & Capiluppi, C. (2004). Evidence for maternally inherited factors favouring male homosexuality and promoting female fecundity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 271(1554), 2217-2221. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2872 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/... )
		M	Rahman et. al. (2008Rahman, Q., Collins, A., Morrison, M., Orrells, J. C., Cadinouche, K., Greenfield, S.,. . . Begum, S. (2008). Maternal inheritance and familial fecundity factors in male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior , 37(6), 962-969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9191-2 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... )
		M	Iemmola & Camperio-Ciani (2009Iemmola, F., & Camperio-Ciani, A. (2009). New evidence of genetic factors influencing sexual orientation in men: Female fecundity increase in the maternal line. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(3), 393-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9381-6 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... )
Hierarquia ou cooperação	Homo sapiens	M F	Werner (2006)
Não-adaptativas ^a
Erro na identificação	Drosophila melanogaster	M	Zhang & Odenwald (1995Zhang, S. D., & Odenwald, W. F. (1995). Misexpression of the white (w) gene triggers male-male courtship in Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92(12), 5525-5529. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.12.5525 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/... )
		M	Macchiano et al. (2018Macchiano, A., Razik, I., & Sagot, M. (2018). Same-sex courtship behaviors in male-biased populations: Evidence for the mistaken identity hypothesis. Acta Ethologica, 21(3), 147-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10211-018-0293-8 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... )
	Teleogryllus oceanicus	M	N. W. Bailey & French (2012Bailey, N. W., & French, N. (2012). Same-sex sexual behaviour and mistaken identity in male field crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus. Animal Behaviour, 84(4), 1031-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.001 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
	Várias espécies de invertebrados	M	Scharf & Martin (2013Scharf, I., & Martin, O. Y. (2013). Same-sex sexual behavior in insects and arachnids: Prevalence, causes, and consequences. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 67(11), 1719-1730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-013-1610-x https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/... )
Efeito prisão	Poecilia reticulata	M	Field & Waite (2004Field, K. L., & Waite, T. A. (2004). Absence of female conspecifics induces homosexual behaviour in male guppies. Animal Behaviour , 68(6), 1381-1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.12.022 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/... )
	Ischnura elegans	M	Van Gossum et al. (2005Van Gossum, H., De Bruyn, L., & Stoks, R. (2005). Reversible switches between male-male and male-female mating behaviour by male damselflies. Biology Letters, 1(3), 268-270. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0315 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/... )
	Carpodacus mexicanus	M	McGraw & Hill (1999McGraw, K. J., & Hill, G. E. (1999). Induced homosexual behaviour in male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus): The “Prisoner Effect”. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 11(2), 197-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1999.9522837 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/... )

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