Flexibilidade nos sistemas de produção

Corrêa, Henrique Luiz

doi:10.1590/S0034-75901993000300003

Resumos

São apresentados alguns dos resultados pertencentes a uma pesquisa de três anos envolvendo empresas brasileiras e inglesas, manufatureiras do ramo metal-mecânico, analisando as relações entre as variáveis incerteza, variabilidade das saídas e flexibilidade em sistemas de produção. Os resultados são um co-produto, relacionados particularmente à flexibilidade dos recursos estruturais de produção (humanos e tecnológicos). Eles representam uma abordagem alternativa àquelas normalmente encontradas na bibliografia. Uma nova forma de analisar os estoques e o seu papel no atingimento de flexibilidade nos sistemas de produção é também desenvolvida com base nesta nova abordagem. Ela pode ajudar na determinação do que alguns têm chamado "JEDI level" - Just Enough Desirable Inventory, ou níveis mínimos desejáveis de estoques, uma idéia que vem se opor à idéia absoluta de "estoque zero" a qualquer custo.

Flexibilidade; sistemas flexíveis; estoques estratégicos

The objective of this paper is to report some of the findings of three years research work carried out within a number of manufacturing engineering companies both in England and in Brazil. All the companies belong to the automotive industry. The objective of the overall research was to analyze the relationships between the variables uncertainty variability of outputs and flexibility in manufacturing systems. The findings which are discussed here are a co-product of the overall research and are related to the flexibility of the structural (human and technological) manufacturing resources. A new way of looking at the stocks and its role in the manufacturing system's flexibility is derived from this alternative approach.

Flexiblity; flexible manufacturing systems; strategic inventory

ARTIGO

Flexibilidade nos sistemas de produção

Henrique Luiz Corrêa

Professor Assistente Doutor do Departamento de Engenharia de Produção da Escola Politécnica da USP

RESUMO

São apresentados alguns dos resultados pertencentes a uma pesquisa de três anos envolvendo empresas brasileiras e inglesas, manufatureiras do ramo metal-mecânico, analisando as relações entre as variáveis incerteza, variabilidade das saídas e flexibilidade em sistemas de produção. Os resultados são um co-produto, relacionados particularmente à flexibilidade dos recursos estruturais de produção (humanos e tecnológicos). Eles representam uma abordagem alternativa àquelas normalmente encontradas na bibliografia. Uma nova forma de analisar os estoques e o seu papel no atingimento de flexibilidade nos sistemas de produção é também desenvolvida com base nesta nova abordagem. Ela pode ajudar na determinação do que alguns têm chamado "JEDI level" - Just Enough Desirable Inventory, ou níveis mínimos desejáveis de estoques, uma idéia que vem se opor à idéia absoluta de "estoque zero" a qualquer custo.

Palavras-chave: Flexibilidade, sistemas flexíveis, estoques estratégicos.

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to report some of the findings of three years research work carried out within a number of manufacturing engineering companies both in England and in Brazil. All the companies belong to the automotive industry. The objective of the overall research was to analyze the relationships between the variables uncertainty variability of outputs and flexibility in manufacturing systems. The findings which are discussed here are a co-product of the overall research and are related to the flexibility of the structural (human and technological) manufacturing resources. A new way of looking at the stocks and its role in the manufacturing system's flexibility is derived from this alternative approach.

Key words: Flexiblity, flexible manufacturing systems, strategic inventory.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Artigo recebido pela Redação da RAE em março/93, aprovado para publicação em abril/93.

1. CORRÊA, H.L. The Links Between Uncertainty, Variability of Outputs and Flexibility in Manufacturing Systems. Tese de Ph.D. University of Warwick, Coventry, 1992.

2. Idem, ibidem.

3. GERWIN, D. An Agenda for Research on the Flexibility of Manufacturing Processes. International Journal oF Operations and Production Management, v.7, n.1, p. 38-49, 1986.

4. EISENHARDT, K.M. Building Theory from Case Study Research. Working Paper. Dept of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Stanford University, out. 1988; PETTIGREW, A. Longitudinal Field Research on Change: Theory and Practice. Trabalho apresentado na "The National Foundation Conference on Longitudinal Research Methods in Organizations". Austin, Texas, 1988; YIN, R. K. Case Study Research - Design and Methods. California: Rev. ed. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, 1988.

5. PETTIGREW, A. Op. cit.

6. HAYES, R.H.; WHEELWRIGHT, S.C. Restoring Our Competitive Edge. New York: Wiley, 1984; HILL, T. Manufacturing Strategy. London: MacMillan, 1985; SLACK, N.D.C. Focus on Flexibility. In: International Handbook of Production and Operations

Management, Editor Wild, R. Cassell. London, 1989.

7. HILL, T. Op. cit.

8. HAYES, R. H. e WHEELWRIGHT, S. C. Op. cit.

9. SLACK, N. D. C. Op. cit.

10. SLACK, N.D.C. Idem, ibidem.

11. Este conceito é devido a Slack. O autor sugere que quatro tipos e duas dimensões de flexibilidade dos sistemas de produção podem ser identificados: flexibilidade de novos produtos (relacionada à habilidade do sistema introduzir diferentes produtos ou modificar produtos já existentes), flexibilidade de mix (relacionada à habilidade de manufaturar uma larga variedade de produtos diferentes dentro de um determinado período), flexibilidade de volume (relacionada à habilidade de alterar o nível agregado de produção de um sistema produtivo) e flexibilidade de entrega (relacionada à habilidade do sistema alterar eficazmente datas prometidas de entrega). Slack também define duas dimensões de flexibilidade: flexibilidade de faixa (o "pacote"de habilidades ou o conjunto de diferentes estados que o sistema consegue assumir) e flexibilidade de resposta (a facilidade, em termos de tempo, custo e esforço organizacional com a qual o sistema é capaz de mudar de estado ou mudar de atividade, dentro do dado "pacote" de habilidades).

12. ZELENOVIC, D. M. Flexibility: A Condition for Effective Production Systems International Journal of Production Research, v.20, n.3, p. 319-37, 1982.

13. STECKE, K. E.; RAMAN, N. Production Flexibilities and Their Impact on Manufacturing Strategy. Working Paper no. 484. Graduate School of Business Administration. University of Michigan. dez. 1986.

14. Para detalhes quanto à relação entre os ciclos de vida de produto e de processo, vide HAYES, R. H.; WHEELWRIGHT, S. C. Restoring our competitive edge. New York: Wiley, cap. 4, 1984.

15. HILL, T. Manufacturing Strategy - Text and Cases. Irwin: Homewood, 1989.

16. HAYES, R. H.; WHEELWRIGHT, S. C. Op. cit.

17. SHINGO, S. A Revolution in Manufacturing: The SMED System. Stanford: Massachussets, 1985.

18.Idem, ibidem.

19. SCHONBERGER, R.J. World Class Manufacturing. New York: The Free Press, 1986.

20. SHINGO, S. Op. cit.

21. Idem, ibidem.

22.HILL,T. Op. cit.

23. SCHONBERGER. R. J. Japanese Manufacturing Techniques. New York: Free Press, 1982.

24. HAYES, R. H. et al. Dynamic Manufacturing. New York: Free Press, 1988.

25. SCHONBERGER, R. J. Building a Chain of Customers. London: Hutchinson Books, 1990.

26. ATKINSON, J. Manpower Strategies for Flexible Organisations. Personal Management. p. 28-31, ago. 1984.

27. Pollert, A. The Flexible Firm: A Model in Search of Reality (or a Policy in Search of Practice?). Warwick Papers in Industrial

Relations. University of Warwick, dez. 1987.

28. ATKINSON, J. Op. cit.

29. Por exemplo: HAYES, R. H. et al. Op. cit.: WOMACK, J. P. et al. The Machine that Changed the World. New York: Rawson Associates, 1990.

30. HAYES, R. H. et al. Op. cit.

31. ADLER, P.A. Managing flexible Automation. Warking Paper. Dept. of industrial Engineering Management. Stanford University, abril, 1987; KOTLER, E. New Skills for New Technologies. In: Internatianal Handbook of Production and Operations Management. Editor Wild, R.. Cassel, p. 542-553, London, 1989; GREY, S.M.; CORLETT, E.N. Creating Effective Operating Teams. In: International Handbook of Production and Operations Management. London: Wild, R. Cassel, 1989, p. 554-566; HAYES, R. H. et al. 1988.

32. WOMACK, J.P. et al. The Machine that Changed the Warld. New York: Rawson Associates, 1990; HAYES et al. 1988.

33. WOMACK, J.P. et al. Op. cit.; KOHLER, E. New Skills for New Technologies In: International Handbook of Production and Operations Management. London: Editor Wild, R. Cassell. p 542-53, 1989.

34. KOHLER, E. New Skills for New Technologies. In: International Handbook of Production and Operations Management. London: Wild, R., Cassel, p. 542-553, 1989.

35. SKINNER, W. Manufacturing in the Corporate Strategy. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

36.HAYES, R. H. et al. Op. cit.

37. Idem, ibidem.

38.HAYES, R. H. et al. Op. cit.; WOMACK, J. P. et al. Op. cit.; SCHONBERGER, R. J. Op. cit.

39. MANDELBAUM, M. Flexibility in Decision Making: an exploration and unification. Tese de PH.D. Department of IE, University of Toronto, Canadá, 1978.

40. Considerado aqui, na falta de uma palavra melhor, como a habilidade de mudar de atividades de forma rápida, suave e não custosa.

41. GERWIN, D. An Agenda for Research on the Flexibility ot Manufacturing Processes. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, v. 7, n. 1, p. 38-49, 1986; SLACK, N. D. C. Op. cit.

42. CORRÊA, H. L. Op. cit.

43. SLACK, N.D.C. Op. cit.

1. CORRĘA, H.L. The Links Between Uncertainty, Variability of Outputs and Flexibility in Manufacturing Systems. Tese de Ph.D. University of Warwick, Coventry, 1992.
3. GERWIN, D. An Agenda for Research on the Flexibility of Manufacturing Processes. International Journal oF Operations and Production Management, v.7, n.1, p. 38-49, 1986.
4. EISENHARDT, K.M. Building Theory from Case Study Research. Working Paper. Dept of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Stanford University, out. 1988;
PETTIGREW, A. Longitudinal Field Research on Change: Theory and Practice. Trabalho apresentado na "The National Foundation Conference on Longitudinal Research Methods in Organizations". Austin, Texas, 1988;
YIN, R. K. Case Study Research - Design and Methods. California: Rev. ed. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, 1988.
6. HAYES, R.H.; WHEELWRIGHT, S.C. Restoring Our Competitive Edge. New York: Wiley, 1984;
HILL, T. Manufacturing Strategy. London: MacMillan, 1985;
Management, Editor Wild, R. Cassell. London, 1989.
12. ZELENOVIC, D. M. Flexibility: A Condition for Effective Production Systems International Journal of Production Research, v.20, n.3, p. 319-37, 1982.
13. STECKE, K. E.; RAMAN, N. Production Flexibilities and Their Impact on Manufacturing Strategy. Working Paper no. 484. Graduate School of Business Administration. University of Michigan. dez. 1986.
14. Para detalhes quanto ŕ relaçăo entre os ciclos de vida de produto e de processo, vide HAYES, R. H.; WHEELWRIGHT, S. C. Restoring our competitive edge. New York: Wiley, cap. 4, 1984.
15. HILL, T. Manufacturing Strategy - Text and Cases. Irwin: Homewood, 1989.
17. SHINGO, S. A Revolution in Manufacturing: The SMED System. Stanford: Massachussets, 1985.
19. SCHONBERGER, R.J. World Class Manufacturing. New York: The Free Press, 1986.
23. SCHONBERGER. R. J. Japanese Manufacturing Techniques. New York: Free Press, 1982.
24. HAYES, R. H. et al. Dynamic Manufacturing. New York: Free Press, 1988.
25. SCHONBERGER, R. J. Building a Chain of Customers. London: Hutchinson Books, 1990.
26. ATKINSON, J. Manpower Strategies for Flexible Organisations. Personal Management. p. 28-31, ago. 1984.
Relations. University of Warwick, dez. 1987.
29. Por exemplo: HAYES, R. H. et al. Op. cit.: WOMACK, J. P. et al. The Machine that Changed the World. New York: Rawson Associates, 1990.
31. ADLER, P.A. Managing flexible Automation. Warking Paper. Dept. of industrial Engineering Management. Stanford University, abril, 1987;
KOTLER, E. New Skills for New Technologies. In: Internatianal Handbook of Production and Operations Management. Editor Wild, R.. Cassel, p. 542-553, London, 1989;
GREY, S.M.; CORLETT, E.N. Creating Effective Operating Teams. In: International Handbook of Production and Operations Management. London: Wild, R. Cassel, 1989, p. 554-566;
32. WOMACK, J.P. et al. The Machine that Changed the Warld. New York: Rawson Associates, 1990;
33. WOMACK, J.P. et al. Op. cit.; KOHLER, E. New Skills for New Technologies In: International Handbook of Production and Operations Management. London: Editor Wild, R. Cassell. p 542-53, 1989.
34. KOHLER, E. New Skills for New Technologies. In: International Handbook of Production and Operations Management. London: Wild, R., Cassel, p. 542-553, 1989.
35. SKINNER, W. Manufacturing in the Corporate Strategy. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978.
39. MANDELBAUM, M. Flexibility in Decision Making: an exploration and unification. Tese de PH.D. Department of IE, University of Toronto, Canadá, 1978.
41. GERWIN, D. An Agenda for Research on the Flexibility ot Manufacturing Processes. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, v. 7, n. 1, p. 38-49, 1986;

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
13 Jun 2013
Data do Fascículo
Jun 1993

Histórico

Aceito
Abr 1993
Recebido
Mar 1993

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. CORRĘA, H.L. The Links Between Uncertainty, Variability of Outputs and Flexibility in Manufacturing Systems. Tese de Ph.D. University of Warwick, Coventry, 1992.

[2] 3. GERWIN, D. An Agenda for Research on the Flexibility of Manufacturing Processes. International Journal oF Operations and Production Management, v.7, n.1, p. 38-49, 1986.

[3] 4. EISENHARDT, K.M. Building Theory from Case Study Research. Working Paper. Dept of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Stanford University, out. 1988;

[4] PETTIGREW, A. Longitudinal Field Research on Change: Theory and Practice. Trabalho apresentado na "The National Foundation Conference on Longitudinal Research Methods in Organizations". Austin, Texas, 1988;

[5] YIN, R. K. Case Study Research - Design and Methods. California: Rev. ed. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, 1988.

[6] 6. HAYES, R.H.; WHEELWRIGHT, S.C. Restoring Our Competitive Edge. New York: Wiley, 1984;

[7] HILL, T. Manufacturing Strategy. London: MacMillan, 1985;

[8] Management, Editor Wild, R. Cassell. London, 1989.

[9] 12. ZELENOVIC, D. M. Flexibility: A Condition for Effective Production Systems International Journal of Production Research, v.20, n.3, p. 319-37, 1982.

[10] 13. STECKE, K. E.; RAMAN, N. Production Flexibilities and Their Impact on Manufacturing Strategy. Working Paper no. 484. Graduate School of Business Administration. University of Michigan. dez. 1986.

[11] 14. Para detalhes quanto ŕ relaçăo entre os ciclos de vida de produto e de processo, vide HAYES, R. H.; WHEELWRIGHT, S. C. Restoring our competitive edge. New York: Wiley, cap. 4, 1984.

[12] 15. HILL, T. Manufacturing Strategy - Text and Cases. Irwin: Homewood, 1989.

[13] 17. SHINGO, S. A Revolution in Manufacturing: The SMED System. Stanford: Massachussets, 1985.

[14] 19. SCHONBERGER, R.J. World Class Manufacturing. New York: The Free Press, 1986.

[15] 23. SCHONBERGER. R. J. Japanese Manufacturing Techniques. New York: Free Press, 1982.

[16] 24. HAYES, R. H. et al. Dynamic Manufacturing. New York: Free Press, 1988.

[17] 25. SCHONBERGER, R. J. Building a Chain of Customers. London: Hutchinson Books, 1990.

[18] 26. ATKINSON, J. Manpower Strategies for Flexible Organisations. Personal Management. p. 28-31, ago. 1984.

[19] Relations. University of Warwick, dez. 1987.

[20] 29. Por exemplo: HAYES, R. H. et al. Op. cit.: WOMACK, J. P. et al. The Machine that Changed the World. New York: Rawson Associates, 1990.

[21] 31. ADLER, P.A. Managing flexible Automation. Warking Paper. Dept. of industrial Engineering Management. Stanford University, abril, 1987;

[22] KOTLER, E. New Skills for New Technologies. In: Internatianal Handbook of Production and Operations Management. Editor Wild, R.. Cassel, p. 542-553, London, 1989;

[23] GREY, S.M.; CORLETT, E.N. Creating Effective Operating Teams. In: International Handbook of Production and Operations Management. London: Wild, R. Cassel, 1989, p. 554-566;

[24] 32. WOMACK, J.P. et al. The Machine that Changed the Warld. New York: Rawson Associates, 1990;

[25] 33. WOMACK, J.P. et al. Op. cit.; KOHLER, E. New Skills for New Technologies In: International Handbook of Production and Operations Management. London: Editor Wild, R. Cassell. p 542-53, 1989.

[26] 34. KOHLER, E. New Skills for New Technologies. In: International Handbook of Production and Operations Management. London: Wild, R., Cassel, p. 542-553, 1989.

[27] 35. SKINNER, W. Manufacturing in the Corporate Strategy. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

[28] 39. MANDELBAUM, M. Flexibility in Decision Making: an exploration and unification. Tese de PH.D. Department of IE, University of Toronto, Canadá, 1978.

[29] 41. GERWIN, D. An Agenda for Research on the Flexibility ot Manufacturing Processes. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, v. 7, n. 1, p. 38-49, 1986;

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Flexibilidade nos sistemas de produção

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