Management of citrus leprosis using lime sulphur and their implications to soil and plant properties

Lime sulphur is used worldwide in agriculture to control pests and diseases. Our objective was to determine the effect of lime sulphur applications in an orange orchard on soil chemical properties and foliar nutrients after seven years of use to control B. yothersi. Soil and leaf samples were collected in two consecutive years for determination of soil chemical properties and nutritional analysis, respectively. We also assessed severity of citrus leprosis and productivity of plants. The applications of lime sulphur reduced pH values in CaCl2 and increased levels of S-SO42- in subsurface soil layer. Plants treated with lime sulphur had thehighestleaf concentrations of Ca and S and of the micronutrients B, Cu, Mn e Zn. On the other hand, lime sulphur was able to reduce severity of citrus leprosis and had a positive effect on citrus productivity. The use of lime sulfur must be moderate, as the excessive use of this pesticide can cause imbalances in soil and plants, affecting the quality of food produced and causing negative impacts on the environment.

Index terms
Brevipalpus yothersi; Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV); Citrus sinensis; Calcium polysulfide; Sulphur

Authorship

Daniel Júnior de Andrade

Assistant Professor (PhD) - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP,Brazil. E-mail: danieldwv@yahoo.com.br College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityBrasilJaboticabal, SP, Brasil Assistant Professor (PhD) - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP,Brazil. E-mail: danieldwv@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0054-879X

Fernando César Pattaro

Assistant Professor (PhD) - Ingá University Center – UNINGÁ. Maringá-PR, Brazil. E-mail: fcpattaro@gmail.com Ingá University Center – UNINGÁBrasilMaringá, PR, Brasil Assistant Professor (PhD) - Ingá University Center – UNINGÁ. Maringá-PR, Brazil. E-mail: fcpattaro@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1666-1009

Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz

Assistant Professor (PhD) - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP,Brazil. E-mail: mcp.cruz@unesp.br College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityBrasilJaboticabal, SP, Brasil Assistant Professor (PhD) - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP,Brazil. E-mail: mcp.cruz@unesp.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6000-878X

Matheus Rovere de Morais

PhD - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil. E-mail:matheusdemorais@yahoo.com.br College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityBrasilJaboticabal, SP, Brasil PhD - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil. E-mail:matheusdemorais@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-7583

Cirano Cruz Melville

PhD - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil. E-mail:ciranomelville@outlook.com College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityBrasilJaboticabal, SP, Brasil PhD - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil. E-mail:ciranomelville@outlook.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3794-5935

Carlos Amadeu Leite de Oliveira

Retired Professor - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil.Email: amadeu.oliveira@unesp.br College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityBrasilJaboticabal, SP, Brasil Retired Professor - College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil.Email: amadeu.oliveira@unesp.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5901-1279

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
A) Citrus leprosis severity in plants of experimental groups lime sulphur and control in the crop years 2009 and 2010. B) Orange productivity (kg ha-1) in plants of experimental groups lime sulphur and control in the crop years 2009 and 2010.

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Table 1
Analyses results of soil samples collected in February 2009 (after six years) in the depths of 0-20cm and 20-40 cm.

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Table 2
Analyses results of soil samples collected in February 2010 (after seven years) in the depths of 0-20cm and 20-40 cm.

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Table 3
Foliar macronutrientes for samples collected in February 2009 and 2010, six and seven years after the start of lime suphur applications, respectively.

Thumbnail

Table 4
Results of foliar micronutrientes for samples collected in February 2009 and 2010.

Figure 1 A) Citrus leprosis severity in plants of experimental groups lime sulphur and control in the crop years 2009 and 2010. B) Orange productivity (kg ha-1) in plants of experimental groups lime sulphur and control in the crop years 2009 and 2010.

Table 1 Analyses results of soil samples collected in February 2009 (after six years) in the depths of 0-20cm and 20-40 cm.

Groups	Depth of 0-20 cm
	pH CaCl₂	OM¹	P (resin)	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	H+Al	CEC²	S-SO₄^2-	BS%³
	pH CaCl₂	g dm^-3	mg dm^-3	mmol_c dm^-3					mg dm^-3	BS%³
Lime sulphur	5.1 b	15.1	33.5	1.5	17.0	7.1 b	21.7 a	46.7	6.1 a	53.4
Control	5.4 a	15.1	36.8	1.7	19.3	9.8 a	17.4 b	47.4	4.3 b	61.9
F-test	5.8*	0.4^ns	2.6^ns	2.8^ns	0.7^ns	4.5*	6.4*	0.2^ns	24.3**	3.7^ns
CV(%)⁴	6.9	14.3	16.2	18.3	29.2	28.7	22.6	18.4	19.8	21.6
	Depth of 20-40 cm
Lime sulphur	4.3	11.1	10.9	1.0	5.6	2.8 b	30.1 a	39.6 a	10.3 a	23.9
Control	4.4	10.6	11.9	1.1	5.7	3.8 a	26.6 b	37.2 b	5.6 b	28.3
F-test	2.1^ns	0.7^ns	2.3^ns	1.3^ns	0.00^ns	9.7**	7.9**	4.9*	28.5**	2.8^ns
CV(%)⁴	5.0	15.9	22.4	21.7	29.8	28.7	12.4	7.9	27.6	28.4

^*
Averages followed by the different letter in the column differ significantly by F-test.1OM organic matter.2Cation Exchange Capacity.3 Percentage base saturation. 4 Coefficient of variation. (**) significant at 1%, and (*) 5% of the probability.

Table 2 Analyses results of soil samples collected in February 2010 (after seven years) in the depths of 0-20cm and 20-40 cm.

Groups

Depth of 0-20 cm

pH CaCl₂

OM¹

P (resin)

K⁺

Ca²⁺

Mg²⁺

H+Al

CEC²

S-SO₄^2-

BS%³

g dm^-3

mg dm^-3

mmol_cdm^-3

mgdm^-3

Lime sulphur

4.8 b

16.2

32.4

1.4 b

16.0

5.7 b

24.1 b

46.7

7.3 a

47.6 b

Control

5.2 a

16.2

36.1

1.8 a

18.4

7.4 a

26.1 a

46.3

4.3 b

57.8 a

F-test

10.4**

0.0^ns

2.3^ns

1.1**

1.7^ns

5.7*

12.5**

0.05^ns

24.9 **

6.1*

C.V.(%)⁴

7.1

17.4

19.9

15.3

29.1

9.1

18.6

11.2

27.6

22.1

Groups

Depth of 20-40 cm

Lime sulphur

4.2 b

11.8

10.7

1.0 b

6.7

3.1 b

30.4 a

40.9

17.4 a

26.0 b

Control

4.4 a

11.9

14.5

1.2 a

6.4

4.6 a

26.5 b

39.8

6.5 b

33.0 a

F-test

10.4**

0.1^ns

2.7^ns

9.2**

0.2^ns

13.6**

6.8*

1.0^ns

60.1**

6.2*

C.V.(%)⁴

4.8

12.0

51.7

19.8

26.9

30.5

14.7

8.5

29.7

27.1

^*
Averages followed by the different letter in the column differ significantly by F-test.1OM organic matter.2Cation Exchange Capacity.3 Percentage base saturation. 4 Coefficient of variation. (**) significant at 1%, and (*) 5% of the probability.

Table 3 Foliar macronutrientes for samples collected in February 2009 and 2010, six and seven years after the start of lime suphur applications, respectively.

Groups	Macronutrients (g kg^-1) (2009)
Groups	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S
Lime sulphur	23.6 b	1.3 b	14.1 b	23.1 a	1.6	4.0 a
Control	25.2 a	1.5 a	18.7 a	18.0 b	1.8	2.8 b
F-test	6.2*	10.2**	23.3**	15.0**	1.0^ns	76.10**
C.V.(%)¹	7.2	14,2	15.3	17.1	24.7	11.12
Groups	Macronutrients (g kg^-1) (2010)
Lime sulphur	25.8	1.8	17.6 b	29.7	3.5 b	2.8 a
Control	27.6	1.9	20.0 a	26.1	3.9 a	2.4 b
F-test	3.7^ns	0.8^ns	5.0^*	3.6^ns	7.5*	32.4**
C.V.(%)¹	9.6	18.1	15.6	18.9	11.0	7,8

¹
Averages followed by the different letter in the column differ significantly by F-test.1 Coefficient of variation. (**) significant at 1%, and (*) 5% of the probability.

Table 4 Results of foliar micronutrientes for samples collected in February 2009 and 2010.

Groups	Micronutrientes(g kg^-1) (2009)
Groups	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
Lime sulphur	103.5 a	46.8 a	145.5	47.8 a	81.9 a
Control	82.9 b	29.6 b	136.6	40.0 b	61.4 b
F-test	23.21**	17.7**	0.5^ns	9.3**	11.2**
C.V.(%)¹	12.2	28.3	23.3	15.5	22.7
Groups	Micronutrientes(g kg^-1) (2010)
Lime sulphur	124.1	25.1	135.9	37.7	48.2
Control	120.0	23.3	144.4	37.1	52.0
F-test	0.5^ns	0.2^ns	0.4^ns	0,0^ns	0.2^ns
C.V.(%)¹	13.1	51.8	26.4	34.4	45.6

¹
Averages followed by the different letter in the column differ significantly by F-test.1 Coefficient of variation. (**) significant at 1%, and (*) 5% of the probability.

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Métricas

Management of citrus leprosis using lime sulphur and their implications to soil and plant properties

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[TFN0101] ^*
Averages followed by the different letter in the column differ significantly by F-test.1OM organic matter.2Cation Exchange Capacity.3 Percentage base saturation. 4 Coefficient of variation. (**) significant at 1%, and (*) 5% of the probability.