Use of elicitors and fungicides for the postharvest management of <i>Monilinia fructicola</i> in peach

The aim of this research was to study the effect of two factors: elicitors and fungicide doses. The experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018. The treatments were applied in four randomized complete blocks with six peach trees as the experimental unit. The effectiveness of treatments was evaluated after harvest so that fruits were inoculated with Monilinia fructicola and lesion diameter measurements were performed to evaluate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and determine the rate of increase. The content of total phenols and the activity of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, catalase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes were evaluated. The results showed that applications of potassium phosphite combined with full fungicide doses reduced AUDPC of Monilinia fructicola by 47% compared with the control (no elicitor, no fungicide). The content of phenols and the enzymatic activity increased with the application of elicitors. Pre-harvest application of elicitors is a viable option for the postharvest management of Monilinia fructicola.

Index terms
brown rot; elicitors; potassium phosphite; enzymatic activity

Authorship

Isabel Nativitas-Lima

Doctora, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: nativitas.isabel@colpos.mx Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus MontecilloMéxicoTexcoco, México Doctora, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: nativitas.isabel@colpos.mx

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-0219

Guillermo Calderón-Zavala

Doctor, Profesor-Investigador, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: cazagu@colpos.mx Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus MontecilloMéxicoTexcoco, México Doctor, Profesor-Investigador, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: cazagu@colpos.mx

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9649-2200

Santos Gerardo Leyva-Mir

Doctor, Profesor-Investigador, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: lsantos@correo.chapingo.mx Universidad Autónoma ChapingoMexicoTexcoco, Mexico Doctor, Profesor-Investigador, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: lsantos@correo.chapingo.mx

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7333-4317

María Teresa Beryl Colinas-León

Doctora, Profesora-Investigadora, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: lozcol@gmail.com Universidad Autónoma ChapingoMexicoTexcoco, Mexico Doctora, Profesora-Investigadora, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: lozcol@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2617-5928

José Isabel Cortés-Flores

Doctor, Profesor-Investigador, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: jicortes@colpos.mx Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus MontecilloMéxicoTexcoco, México Doctor, Profesor-Investigador, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: jicortes@colpos.mx

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-5069

Crescenciano Saucedo-Veloz

Doctor, Profesor-Investigador, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: sauveloz@colpos.mx Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus MontecilloMéxicoTexcoco, México Doctor, Profesor-Investigador, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México. E-mail: sauveloz@colpos.mx

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9409-1772

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (6)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1
Postharvest effect of interactions between acibenzolar-S-Methyl (?), potassium silicate (?), potassium phosphite (¦), no inducer (?) and fungicide doses on (A) area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and (B) final severity of Monilinia fructicola in 'Atlax' peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 32).

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Postharvest effect of interactions between acibenzolar-S-Methyl (?), potassium silicate (?), potassium phosphite (¦), no inducer (?) and fungicide doses on (A) area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and (B) final severity of Monilinia fructicola in 'Atlax' peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 32).

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Postharvest effect of interactions between (A) acibenzolar-S-Methyl (?), potassium silicate (?), potassium phosphite (¦), no inducer (?) and fungicide doses on the growth rate (mm per hour) of Monilinia fructicola in 'Atlax' peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico. (B) Growth rate in the two years of evaluation. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 32). Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p <0.05).

Thumbnail

Figure 4
Effect of the interaction between acibenzolar-S-Methyl (?), potassium silicate (?), potassium phosphite (¦), no inducer (?) and years of evaluation on the content of total phenols (mg g-1 f.w.) in the postharvest of 'Atlax' peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 16).

Thumbnail

Figure 5
Effect of the interaction between elicitors and fungicide doses on the activity of polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes in the years 2017 (A, C and E) and 2018 (B, D and F) in ‘Atlax’ peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 16). Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p <0.05).

Thumbnail

Figure 6
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) content in ‘Atlax’ peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, México during the two evaluation cycles. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 32). Different letters indicate significant differences between years (p <0.05).

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Table 1
Description of treatments applied in the field in ‘Atlax’ peach trees in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico in 2017 and 2018.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Analysis of variance of Monilinia fructicola epidemiological parameters, total phenols and enzymatic activity in postharvest peach fruits in response to elicitors, fungicide dose and years of evaluation of 'Atlax' peach in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico.

Figure 1 Postharvest effect of interactions between acibenzolar-S-Methyl (?), potassium silicate (?), potassium phosphite (¦), no inducer (?) and fungicide doses on (A) area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and (B) final severity of Monilinia fructicola in 'Atlax' peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 32).

Figure 2 Postharvest effect of interactions between acibenzolar-S-Methyl (?), potassium silicate (?), potassium phosphite (¦), no inducer (?) and fungicide doses on (A) area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and (B) final severity of Monilinia fructicola in 'Atlax' peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 32).

Figure 3 Postharvest effect of interactions between (A) acibenzolar-S-Methyl (?), potassium silicate (?), potassium phosphite (¦), no inducer (?) and fungicide doses on the growth rate (mm per hour) of Monilinia fructicola in 'Atlax' peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico. (B) Growth rate in the two years of evaluation. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 32). Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p <0.05).

Figure 4 Effect of the interaction between acibenzolar-S-Methyl (?), potassium silicate (?), potassium phosphite (¦), no inducer (?) and years of evaluation on the content of total phenols (mg g-1 f.w.) in the postharvest of 'Atlax' peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 16).

Figure 5 Effect of the interaction between elicitors and fungicide doses on the activity of polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes in the years 2017 (A, C and E) and 2018 (B, D and F) in ‘Atlax’ peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 16). Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (p <0.05).

Figure 6 Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) content in ‘Atlax’ peach fruits in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, México during the two evaluation cycles. Each point represents mean values and vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (n = 32). Different letters indicate significant differences between years (p <0.05).

Table 1 Description of treatments applied in the field in ‘Atlax’ peach trees in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico in 2017 and 2018.

Treatment	Elicitor	Fungicide
1	Potassium silicate	No fungicide
2	Potassium silicate	Reduced dose (75% of the recommended dose)
3	Potassium silicate	Full dose (100% of the commercial dose)
4	Acibenzolar-S-Methyl	No fungicide
5	Acibenzolar-S-Methyl	Reduced dose (75% of the commercially recommended dose)
6	Acibenzolar-S-Methyl	**** dose (100% of commercial dose)
7	Potassium phosphite	No fungicide
8	Potassium phosphite	Reduced dose (75% of commercially recommended dose)
9	Potassium phosphite	Full dose (100% of the commercial dose)
10	No elicitor	(control)
11	** elicitor	Reduced (75% of the commercially recommended dose)
12	No elicitor	Full (100% of the commercial dose)

^*
Treatments were applied in the early hours of the day, with previously calibrated Jacto® 20 L manual sprinkler. All mixtures had Inex-A® adherent.

Table 2 Analysis of variance of Monilinia fructicola epidemiological parameters, total phenols and enzymatic activity in postharvest peach fruits in response to elicitors, fungicide dose and years of evaluation of 'Atlax' peach in Tepeyahualco, Puebla, Mexico.

****** of variation	df	AUDPC	Final severity	Rate of increase	Total phenols	Polyphenoloxidase	Peroxidase	Catalase	PAL
Elicitor	3	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	ns
Fungicide dose	2	**	**	**	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Elicitor x Fungicide dose	6	**	**	**	ns	**	**	**	ns
Year	1	**	**	**	**	**	**	ns	*
Elicitor x year	3	**	**	ns	**	**	**	ns	ns
Fungicide dose x year	2	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Elicitor x Fungicide dose x year	6	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	*	*	ns

^{*, **}
significant differences with P = 0.05 and P = 0.01, respectively; ns = not significant with P = 0.05; df = degrees of freedom. AUDPC = area under the disease progression curve. PAL = phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.

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Use of elicitors and fungicides for the postharvest management of <i>Monilinia fructicola</i> in peach

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Mensagem

[TFN0101] ^*
Treatments were applied in the early hours of the day, with previously calibrated Jacto® 20 L manual sprinkler. All mixtures had Inex-A® adherent.