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Detection molecular of Rangelia vitalii in dogs from Parana State, Southern Brazil

Detecção molecular de Rangelia vitalii em cães do Estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil

Abstract

Rangelia vitalii infects erythrocytes, leukocytes and endothelial cells of dogs. The present study aimed to report the molecular detection confirmed by sequencing of R. vitalii in the state of Paraná, as well as describe the clinical, hematological and biochemical alterations of the infected dogs. Three sick dogs from the metropolitan area of Curitiba, PR, Brazil, underwent a physical exam, and laboratory tests included hematology, biochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gene sequencing. Clinical signs included apathy, anorexia, and hemorrhage. Intra-erythrocytic and extracellular piroplasms were found on peripheral blood smears from all three dogs. Blood samples from these animals were positive for Babesia sp. by PCR targeting 18S rRNA. PCR products from all three dogs were sequenced, and BLAST analysis showed that the PCR-generated sequences were highly homologous with those of R. vitalii previously reported. Hematologic findings included severe anemia, shift of neutrophils to the regenerative left, and thrombocytopenia. Serum urea levels were increased in all three dogs, and direct bilirubin levels were elevated in one dog.

Keywords:
Dog; hemoparasite; nambiuvú; rangeliosis; tick-borne disease

Resumo

Rangelia vitalii infecta eritrócitos, leucócitos e células endoteliais de cães. O presente estudo objetivou relatar a detecção molecular confirmada por sequenciamento de R. vitalii no estado do Paraná e descrever as alterações clínicas, hematológicas e bioquímicas dos cães infectados. Três cães doentes da região metropolitana de Curitiba, PR, Brasil, foram submetidos a exame físico e exames laboratoriais que incluíram hematologia, bioquímica, reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e sequenciamento genético. Os sinais clínicos incluíram apatia, anorexia e hemorragia. Piroplasmas intra-eritrocíticos e extracelulares foram encontrados em esfregaços de sangue periférico dos três cães. As amostras de sangue destes animais foram positivas para Babesia sp. pela PCR baseada no gene 18S rRNA. Os produtos de PCR dos três cães foram sequenciados e a análise de BLAST mostrou que as seqüências geradas por PCR eram altamente homólogas com as de R. vitalii previamente relatadas. Os achados hematológicos incluíram anemia grave, desvio de neutrófilos à esquerda regenerativo e trombocitopenia. Os níveis de uréia no soro aumentaram nos três cães, e os níveis de bilirrubina direta foram elevados em um cão.

Palavras-chave:
Cão; hemoparasita; nambiuvú; rangeliose; doença transmitida por carrapato

Canine rangeliosis is a hemorrhagic and hemolytic disease transmitted by the ixodid tick Amblyomma aureolatum ( SOARES et al., 2018 Soares JF, Costa FB, Girotto-Soares A, Silva AS, França RT, Taniwaki SA, et al. Evaluation of the vector competence of six ixodid tick species for Rangelia vitalii (Apicomplexa, Piroplasmorida), the agent of canine rangeliosis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9(5): 1221-1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.05.004. PMid:29752143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018...
). It is caused by the protozoan parasite R. vitalii belonging to the order Piroplasmida that infects erythrocytes, leukocytes and endothelial cells ( LORETTI & BARROS, 2005 Loretti AP, Barros SS. Hemorrhagic disease in dogs infected with an unclassified intraendothelial piroplasm in southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134(3-4): 193-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.011. PMid:16153781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005...
). In Brazil, R. vitalii has been reported in domestic dogs in southern and southeastern regions ( GOTTLIEB et al., 2016 Gottlieb J, André MR, Soares JF, Gonçalves LR, Oliveira MT, Costa MM, et al. Rangelia vitalii, Babesia spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in dogs in Passo Fundo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(2): 172-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016041. PMid:27334817.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-2961201...
; LEMOS et al., 2017 Lemos TD, Toma HK, Assad RQ, Silva AV, Corrêa RGB, Almosny NRP. Clinical and hematological evaluation of Rangelia vitalii-naturally infected dogs in southeastern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(3): 307-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017040. PMid:28902259.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-2961201...
). Few studies report the biochemical abnormalities observed in the serum of dogs infected with R. vitalii ( COSTA et al., 2012 Costa MM, França RT, Silva AS, Paim CB, Paim F, Amaral CH, et al. Rangelia vitalii: changes in the enzymes ALT, CK and AST during the acute phase of experimental infection in dogs. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2012; 21(3): 243-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000300012. PMid:23070434.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-2961201...
). The present study aimed to report the molecular diagnosis of R. vitalii in dogs naturally infected from the metropolitan area of the city of Curitiba, state of Paraná, south Brazil, and to describe the clinical, hematological and biochemical findings of the infected dogs.

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) (approval no. 035/2015). The clinical records of three male, mixed-breed dogs (dogs 1-3), presented between November 2015 and February 2016 to the Veterinary Hospital from the UFPR, were reviewed. Veterinarians performed the physical examination, and blood samples were collected (3 mL) by venipuncture into EDTA tubes, and into tubes without anticoagulant. A small amount of blood was sampled from the capillary beds of the ear tip for peripheral blood smears.

A Mindray BC 2800 Vet® automatic hematology analyzer was used for total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts and for hemoglobin concentration measurement. The microhematocrit technique was used to obtain the hematocrit. Total plasma protein (PPT) concentration was determined by refractometry. Differential leukocyte count and screening for hemoparasites were performed on Romanovsky-stained blood smears examined by light microscopy. The tubes without anticoagulant were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain serum. Biochemical parameters were determined in serum using commercial kits (Labtest®) in a Mindray BS-200® automated biochemical analyzer. Hematology and biochemistry results were interpreted based on canine reference ranges ( KANEKO et al., 1997 Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 5th ed. New York: Academic Press; 1997. ; MEINKOTH & CLINKENBEARD, 2000 Meinkoth JH, Clinkenbeard KD. Normal hematology of the dog. In: Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC. Schalm’s veterinary hematology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, 2000. p. 1057-1063. ).

Genomic DNA for PCR was extracted from blood samples collected in EDTA tubes via a PureLink™ Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Invitrogen®), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Primers used were BAB143-16 and BAB694-667 previously described ( ALMEIDA et al., 2013 Almeida AP, Souza TD, Marcili A, Labruna MB. Novel Ehrlichia and Hepatozoon agents infecting the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous ) in Southeastern Brazil. J Med Entomol 2013; 50(3): 640-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME12272. PMid:23802461.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME12272 ...
), and a 551-bp fragment of the Babesia sp. 18S rRNA gene was obtained after PCR DNA amplification. PCR products were analyzed on a 1.5% agarose gel stained with GelRed ® and examined under UV transillumination. PCR products were sequenced by Sanger method (ABI PRISM® 310 Genetic Analyser, Applied Biosystems), and the sequences obtained were submitted to BLAST analysis and compared with those in the GenBank to confirm the identity of the detected sequences.

Table 1 presents information on the three sick dogs including signalment, history, and clinical signs. One dog (dog 1) died. The hematological abnormalities in these animals are summarized in Table 2 . The main laboratory abnormalities in all three dogs were severe anemia, shift of neutrophils to the regenerative left, presence of toxic neutrophils, and thrombocytopenia. Neutrophilia was observed in two dogs (dos 1 and 2). Polychromatophilic erythrocytes were not observed. Intraerythrocytic and extracellular forms of the piroplasm were found in the peripheral blood smears of all three patients ( Figure 1 ). Serum biochemistry results are shown in Table 3 .

Table 1
Signalment, history and clinical signs in dogs naturally infected with R. vitalii , from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
Table 2
Hematological findings and PPT levels of dogs naturally infected with R. vitalii, from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
Figure 1
Photomicrograph of peripheral blood smear of dog (dog 2) naturally infected with R. vitalii. Presence of extracellular piroplasms, oil immersion objective, 1000x. Romanovsky stain.
Table 3
Biochemical profile of dogs naturally infected with R. vitalii.

Blood samples from all three dogs were positive for Babesia sp. by PCR ( ALMEIDA et al., 2013 Almeida AP, Souza TD, Marcili A, Labruna MB. Novel Ehrlichia and Hepatozoon agents infecting the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous ) in Southeastern Brazil. J Med Entomol 2013; 50(3): 640-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME12272. PMid:23802461.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME12272 ...
). However, sequence analysis of the PCR products showed that these were R. vitalii . Sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession numbers: MG027583.1, MG027584.1 and MG027585.1). The DNA sequences were compared with those from other piroplasms of dogs deposited in GenBank. Our sequences showed high degree of homology (100% for dogs 1 and 2, and 99% for dog 3) with those of R. vitalii reported in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, south Brazil (KT323930.1), in the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil (KU710789.1), and in Uruguay (KP202861.1) ( Figure 2 ).

Figure 2
Distance tree (Neighbor-Joining method), conducted using MEGA software (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics For Review Only Analysis) version 6.0 ( TAMURA et al., 2013 Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 2013; 30(12): 2725-2729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197. PMid:24132122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197...
). Hepatozoon canis was used as outgroup control.

In this study, intraerythrocytic and extracellular forms of R. vitalii were seen in peripheral blood smears from all three dogs. R. vitalii is morphologically similar to B. vogeli on blood smears, but genetically distinct in molecular phylogeny ( LEMOS et al., 2017 Lemos TD, Toma HK, Assad RQ, Silva AV, Corrêa RGB, Almosny NRP. Clinical and hematological evaluation of Rangelia vitalii-naturally infected dogs in southeastern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(3): 307-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017040. PMid:28902259.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-2961201...
). In the State of Paraná, south Brazil, only one study detected R. vitalii in a dog by molecular diagnosis ( MONGRUEL et al., 2017 Mongruel ACB, Sousa MG, Valente JDM, Barbosa IC, Spanhol VC, Sezyshta A, et al. First report of Rangelia vitalii in a dog from Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Arch Vet Sci 2017; 22(4): 139-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/avs.v22i4.56936.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/avs.v22i4.569...
).

In the present report, the clinical signs observed in all three dogs included apathy, anorexia, dehydration, pale or icteric mucous membranes, and hemorrhages. These findings corroborate previous studies ( LORETTI & BARROS, 2005 Loretti AP, Barros SS. Hemorrhagic disease in dogs infected with an unclassified intraendothelial piroplasm in southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134(3-4): 193-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.011. PMid:16153781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005...
; FIGHERA et al., 2010 Fighera RA, Souza TM, Kommers GG, Irigoyen LF, Barros CSL. Patogênese e achados clínicos, hematológicos e anatomopatológicos da infecção por Rangelia vitalli em 35 cães (1985-2009). Pesq Vet Bras 2010; 30(11): 974-987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010001100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X201...
; GOTTLIEB et al., 2016 Gottlieb J, André MR, Soares JF, Gonçalves LR, Oliveira MT, Costa MM, et al. Rangelia vitalii, Babesia spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in dogs in Passo Fundo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(2): 172-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016041. PMid:27334817.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-2961201...
; FREDO et al., 2017 Fredo G, Leite-Filho RV, Pietzsch CA, Andrade CP, Duda NCB, Nascimento LC, et al. Rangeliosis: histopathological analysis, hematology and molecular detection of canine Rangelia vitalii in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cienc Rural 2017; 47(10): e20161121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20161121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20...
). One dog with jaundice (dog 1) succumbed to rangeliosis. Icterus is a common necropsy finding in dogs with rangeliosis ( FIGHERA et al., 2010 Fighera RA, Souza TM, Kommers GG, Irigoyen LF, Barros CSL. Patogênese e achados clínicos, hematológicos e anatomopatológicos da infecção por Rangelia vitalli em 35 cães (1985-2009). Pesq Vet Bras 2010; 30(11): 974-987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010001100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X201...
).

In canine rangeliosis, coagulation disorders affecting primary hemostasis cause a hemorrhagic disease ( PAIM et al., 2012 Paim CB, Paim FC, Silva AS, França RT, Costa MM, Leal CAM, et al. Trombocytopenia and platelet activity in dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalli. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185(2-4): 131-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.039. PMid:22019200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011...
). Two dogs from our study (dogs 2 and 3) had hematochezia, which is a clinical sign that has been observed by other authors ( FIGHERA et al., 2010 Fighera RA, Souza TM, Kommers GG, Irigoyen LF, Barros CSL. Patogênese e achados clínicos, hematológicos e anatomopatológicos da infecção por Rangelia vitalli em 35 cães (1985-2009). Pesq Vet Bras 2010; 30(11): 974-987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010001100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X201...
; FREDO et al., 2017 Fredo G, Leite-Filho RV, Pietzsch CA, Andrade CP, Duda NCB, Nascimento LC, et al. Rangeliosis: histopathological analysis, hematology and molecular detection of canine Rangelia vitalii in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cienc Rural 2017; 47(10): e20161121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20161121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20...
). Hemorrhagic diathesis is a common and striking clinical presentation of cases of R. vitalii infection in dogs ( LORETTI & BARROS, 2005 Loretti AP, Barros SS. Hemorrhagic disease in dogs infected with an unclassified intraendothelial piroplasm in southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134(3-4): 193-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.011. PMid:16153781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005...
; PAIM et al., 2012 Paim CB, Paim FC, Silva AS, França RT, Costa MM, Leal CAM, et al. Trombocytopenia and platelet activity in dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalli. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185(2-4): 131-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.039. PMid:22019200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011...
). The tips of the ears from one dog (dog 1) were bleeding when he was presented for veterinary care. Severe, bilateral pinnal hemorrhage is a typical clinical feature of canine rangeliosis, and occurs in 14.3% of the cases according to previous studies ( FIGHERA et al., 2010 Fighera RA, Souza TM, Kommers GG, Irigoyen LF, Barros CSL. Patogênese e achados clínicos, hematológicos e anatomopatológicos da infecção por Rangelia vitalli em 35 cães (1985-2009). Pesq Vet Bras 2010; 30(11): 974-987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010001100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X201...
).

Anemia and thrombocytopenia are the most common hematological findings in cases of canine rangeliosis ( FIGHERA et al., 2010 Fighera RA, Souza TM, Kommers GG, Irigoyen LF, Barros CSL. Patogênese e achados clínicos, hematológicos e anatomopatológicos da infecção por Rangelia vitalli em 35 cães (1985-2009). Pesq Vet Bras 2010; 30(11): 974-987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010001100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X201...
; PAIM et al., 2012 Paim CB, Paim FC, Silva AS, França RT, Costa MM, Leal CAM, et al. Trombocytopenia and platelet activity in dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalli. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185(2-4): 131-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.039. PMid:22019200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011...
). The absence of polychromatophilia in our study differs from previous studies where most dogs with rangeliosis presented regenerative anemia ( FIGHERA et al., 2010 Fighera RA, Souza TM, Kommers GG, Irigoyen LF, Barros CSL. Patogênese e achados clínicos, hematológicos e anatomopatológicos da infecção por Rangelia vitalli em 35 cães (1985-2009). Pesq Vet Bras 2010; 30(11): 974-987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010001100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X201...
). In our study, hematologic abnormalities included leukocytosis and neutrophilia in two dogs (dogs 1 and 2) and regenerative left shift in all three dogs. These changes in the leukogram are associated with inflammation as the inflammatory response accelerates the production and release of neutrophils from the bone marrow resulting in neutrophilia with the presence of immature neutrophils in the circulation. Increased neutropoiesis induced by inflammation results in the release of toxic neutrophils into the bloodstream ( SCHULTZE, 2010 Schultze AE. Interpretation of canine leukocyte responses. In: Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ. Schalm’s veterinary hematology. 6th ed. Iowa: Blackwell Publishing; 2010. p. 321-334. ). The findings of regenerative left shift in all three dogs and lymphocytosis in dog 2 are consistent with findings from a recently published study about natural cases of canine rangeliosis ( FREDO et al., 2017 Fredo G, Leite-Filho RV, Pietzsch CA, Andrade CP, Duda NCB, Nascimento LC, et al. Rangeliosis: histopathological analysis, hematology and molecular detection of canine Rangelia vitalii in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cienc Rural 2017; 47(10): e20161121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20161121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20...
). In the present study, all 3 dogs were thrombocytopenic, corroborating previous studies ( LORETTI & BARROS, 2005 Loretti AP, Barros SS. Hemorrhagic disease in dogs infected with an unclassified intraendothelial piroplasm in southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134(3-4): 193-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.011. PMid:16153781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005...
; FIGHERA et al., 2010 Fighera RA, Souza TM, Kommers GG, Irigoyen LF, Barros CSL. Patogênese e achados clínicos, hematológicos e anatomopatológicos da infecção por Rangelia vitalli em 35 cães (1985-2009). Pesq Vet Bras 2010; 30(11): 974-987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010001100012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X201...
; FREDO et al., 2017 Fredo G, Leite-Filho RV, Pietzsch CA, Andrade CP, Duda NCB, Nascimento LC, et al. Rangeliosis: histopathological analysis, hematology and molecular detection of canine Rangelia vitalii in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cienc Rural 2017; 47(10): e20161121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20161121.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20...
).

Hemorrhage and anorexia are the most likely explanations for the hypoproteinemia in three dogs ( TVEDTEN, 2010 Tvedten H. Laboratory and clinical diagnosis of anemia. In: Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ. Schalm’s veterinary hematology. 6th ed. Iowa: Blackwell Publishing; 2010. p. 152-161. ). We suggest that hypoalbuminemia in dogs 1 and 2 occurred due to albumin is a negative acute-phase inflammatory protein ( CERON et al., 2005 Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Martínez-Subiela S. Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives. Vet Clin Pathol 2005; 34(2): 85-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00019.x. PMid:15902658.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2...
). Previous studies evaluating the biochemical parameters of dogs experimentally infected with R. vitalii didn’t find any changes in the creatinine and urea serum levels ( COSTA et al., 2012 Costa MM, França RT, Silva AS, Paim CB, Paim F, Amaral CH, et al. Rangelia vitalii: changes in the enzymes ALT, CK and AST during the acute phase of experimental infection in dogs. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2012; 21(3): 243-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000300012. PMid:23070434.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-2961201...
). In our study, there were also no abnormalities in the creatinine dosages of all three dogs with rangeliosis. However, urea levels were increased in all three dogs, most probably due to anorexia and degradation of endogenous proteins ( KANEKO et al., 1997 Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 5th ed. New York: Academic Press; 1997. ). AST and GGT enzymes, and total and direct bilirubin levels were increased in dog 1. In this report, elevated AST levels indicate hepatic injury. Elevated GGT levels and increased serum direct bilirubin levels are indicators of cholestasis and hepatic jaundice ( STOCKHAM & SCOTT, 2011 Stockham SL, Scott MA. Fundamentos de patologia clínica veterinária. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2011. ).

The present study highlights the importance of the occurrence of the canine rangeliosis in the region and the need to include it as a differential diagnosis for other hemoparasites.

References

  • Almeida AP, Souza TD, Marcili A, Labruna MB. Novel Ehrlichia and Hepatozoon agents infecting the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous ) in Southeastern Brazil. J Med Entomol 2013; 50(3): 640-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME12272. PMid:23802461.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME12272
  • Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Martínez-Subiela S. Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives. Vet Clin Pathol 2005; 34(2): 85-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00019.x. PMid:15902658.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00019.x
  • Costa MM, França RT, Silva AS, Paim CB, Paim F, Amaral CH, et al. Rangelia vitalii: changes in the enzymes ALT, CK and AST during the acute phase of experimental infection in dogs. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2012; 21(3): 243-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000300012. PMid:23070434.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000300012
  • Fighera RA, Souza TM, Kommers GG, Irigoyen LF, Barros CSL. Patogênese e achados clínicos, hematológicos e anatomopatológicos da infecção por Rangelia vitalli em 35 cães (1985-2009). Pesq Vet Bras 2010; 30(11): 974-987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010001100012.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2010001100012
  • Fredo G, Leite-Filho RV, Pietzsch CA, Andrade CP, Duda NCB, Nascimento LC, et al. Rangeliosis: histopathological analysis, hematology and molecular detection of canine Rangelia vitalii in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cienc Rural 2017; 47(10): e20161121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20161121.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20161121
  • Gottlieb J, André MR, Soares JF, Gonçalves LR, Oliveira MT, Costa MM, et al. Rangelia vitalii, Babesia spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in dogs in Passo Fundo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(2): 172-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016041. PMid:27334817.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016041
  • Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 5th ed. New York: Academic Press; 1997.
  • Lemos TD, Toma HK, Assad RQ, Silva AV, Corrêa RGB, Almosny NRP. Clinical and hematological evaluation of Rangelia vitalii-naturally infected dogs in southeastern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(3): 307-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017040. PMid:28902259.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017040
  • Loretti AP, Barros SS. Hemorrhagic disease in dogs infected with an unclassified intraendothelial piroplasm in southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134(3-4): 193-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.011. PMid:16153781.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.011
  • Meinkoth JH, Clinkenbeard KD. Normal hematology of the dog. In: Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC. Schalm’s veterinary hematology 5th ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, 2000. p. 1057-1063.
  • Mongruel ACB, Sousa MG, Valente JDM, Barbosa IC, Spanhol VC, Sezyshta A, et al. First report of Rangelia vitalii in a dog from Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Arch Vet Sci 2017; 22(4): 139-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/avs.v22i4.56936.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/avs.v22i4.56936
  • Paim CB, Paim FC, Silva AS, França RT, Costa MM, Leal CAM, et al. Trombocytopenia and platelet activity in dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalli. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185(2-4): 131-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.039. PMid:22019200.
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    10 Dec 2018
  • Date of issue
    Apr-Jun 2019

History

  • Received
    04 Sept 2018
  • Accepted
    05 Oct 2018
Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br