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Serological evidence of exposure to Bartonella sp. in dogs with suspected vector-borne diseases, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis

Evidência sorológica de exposição a Bartonella sp. em cães com suspeita de doenças transmitidas por vetores, toxoplasmose e neosporose

Abstract

Bartonellosis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution that infect a broad spectrum of mammalian species. Despite the recent studies carried out in Brazil, information regarding Bartonella in dogs are scarce. Therefore, we performed a retrospective study to investigate the exposure to Bartonella sp. in dogs by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Three hundred and thirty-five archived serum samples from dogs previously tested for vector-borne pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum were screened for the presence of IgG antibodies to Bartonella sp. All dogs originated from the Metropolitan region of Ribeirão Preto, northeast of the State of São Paulo. Twenty-eight samples (8.3%) were positive for Bartonella sp. at the cut-off of 64. Among the 28 seropositive samples for Bartonella sp., 16 (57.1%) were also seropositive for Ehrlichia canis, 12 (42.8%) for Babesia vogeli, five (17.8%) for T. gondii and three (10.7%) for L. infantum and N. caninum. Our results demonstrated that dogs sampled were exposed to Bartonella sp. Since all the animals sampled in the present study were from private owners, our findings demonstrate that these people may also be exposed to Bartonella sp. Further studies designed to assess whether the infection by other arthropod-borne pathogens such as B. vogeli and E. canis are risk factors for Bartonella infection are needed.

Keywords:
Brazil; canine; seroreactivity; zoonoses

Resumo

A bartonelose é uma zoonose transmitida por vetores, com distribuição mundial, que infecta várias espécies de mamíferos. Apesar dos estudos conduzidos no Brasil, informações sobre Bartonella em cães são escassas. Portanto, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo para investigar a exposição a Bartonella sp. em cães cães, utilizando-se o ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFA). Trezentas e trinta e cinco amostras de soro de cães, previamente testadas para patógenos transmitidos pelos vetores, Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum foram avaliadas quanto à presença de anticorpos IgG contra Bartonella sp. Todos os cães eram oriundos da região metropolitana de Ribeirão Preto, Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Vinte e oito amostras (8,3%) foram positivas para Bartonella sp. no ponto de corte de 64. Entre as 28 amostras positivas, 16 (57,1%) também foram positivas para Ehrlichia canis, 12 (42,8%) para Babesia vogeli, cinco (17,8%) para T. gondii e três (10,7%) para L. infantum e N. caninum. Os resultados demonstraram que os cães amostrados foram expostos a Bartonella sp. Como os animais eram de proprietários particulares, nossos achados demonstram que as pessoas também podem ter sido expostas a Bartonella sp. São necessários estudos para avaliar se a infecção por B. canis ou E. canis constitui fator de risco para infecção por Bartonella em cães.

Palavras-chave:
Brasil; canino; soro reatividade; zoonoses

Introduction

Bartonella genus comprises vector-borne Gram-negative intracellular α-proteobacteria with worldwide distribution and recognized as emerging and re-emerging pathogens (Breitschwerdt, 2017Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonellosis, One Health and all creatures great and small. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28(1): 96-e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vde.12413. PMid:28133871.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vde.12413...
). An increasing number of Bartonella species are recognized as zoonotic pathogens (Gutiérrez et al., 2015Gutiérrez R, Krasnov B, Morick D, Gottlieb Y, Khokhlova IS, Harrus S. Bartonella infection in rodents and their flea ectoparasites: an overview. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15(1): 27-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2014.1606. PMid:25629778.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2014.1606...
), including some species that has pets as primary reservoirs or accidental hosts (Chomel et al., 2006Chomel BB, Boulouis H-J, Maruyama S, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12(3): 389-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1203.050931. PMid:16704774.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1203.050931...
).

Domestic cats are the principal reservoirs of Bartonella henselae, the main agent of cat-scratch disease (CSD) (Chomel et al., 2006Chomel BB, Boulouis H-J, Maruyama S, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12(3): 389-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1203.050931. PMid:16704774.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1203.050931...
). Furthermore, several studies have highlighted the role of dogs as potential reservoirs of B. henselae (Alvaréz-Fernández et al., 2018Álvarez-Fernández A, Breitschwerdt EB, Solano-Gallego L. Bartonella infection in cats and dogs including zoonotic aspects. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11(1): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3152-6. PMid:30514361.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-315...
; Mazurek et al., 2019Mazurek L, Winiarczyk S, Skrzypczak M, Adaszek L. Cats as a reservoir of Bartonella henselae for dogs. Ann Agric Environ Med 2019; 26(4): 669-671. http://dx.doi.org/10.26444/aaem/105396. PMid:31885244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.26444/aaem/105396...
). Unlike cat-related Bartonella species, no vector has been identified so far in the natural transmission cycle of Bartonella among dogs. However, based on distinct investigations, ticks and fleas have been proposed as potential vectors for Bartonella transmission among dogs (Cotté et al., 2008Cotté V, Bonnet S, Le Rhun D, Le Naour E, Chauvin A, Boulouis H-J, et al. Transmission of Bartonella henselae by Ixodes ricinus. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14(7): 1074-1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1407.071110. PMid:18598628.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1407.071110...
; Lashnits et al., 2022Lashnits E, Thatcher B, Carruth A, Mestek A, Buch J, Beall M, et al. Bartonella spp. seroepidemiology and associations with clinicopathologic findings in dogs in the United States. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36(1): 116-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16311. PMid:34788481.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16311...
).

Dogs infected with Bartonella spp. can develop endocarditis, peliosis hepatis, granulomatous lymphadenits, weight loss, and epistaxis (Breitschwerdt & Kordick, 2000Breitschwerdt EB, Kordick DL. Bartonella infection in animals: carriership, reservoir potential, pathogenicity, and zoonotic potential for human infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13(3): 428-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.13.3.428. PMid:10885985.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.13.3.428...
; Chomel et al., 2006Chomel BB, Boulouis H-J, Maruyama S, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12(3): 389-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1203.050931. PMid:16704774.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1203.050931...
). Beyond the impact on animal health, infection in domestic animals may result in a substantial reservoir of Bartonella in an urban environment that can serve as a source for human infection (Breitschwerdt & Kordick, 2000Breitschwerdt EB, Kordick DL. Bartonella infection in animals: carriership, reservoir potential, pathogenicity, and zoonotic potential for human infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13(3): 428-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.13.3.428. PMid:10885985.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.13.3.428...
). Therefore, monitoring the exposure of these animals to zoonotic pathogens such as B. henselae is important.

Even with the questionable specificity of immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA), this approach is frequently used for the diagnosis of bartonellosis in humans and animals (La Scola & Raoult, 1996La Scola B, Raoult D. Serological cross-reactions between Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae, and Coxiella burnetii. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34(9): 2270-2274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.34.9.2270-2274.1996. PMid:8862597.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.34.9.2270-...
; Neupane et al., 2018Neupane P, Hegarty BC, Marr HS, Maggi RG, Birkenheuer AJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Evaluation of cell culture-grown Bartonella antigens in immunofluorescent antibody assays for the serological diagnosis of bartonellosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32(6): 1958-1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15301. PMid:30307643.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15301...
).

Despite the recent studies carried out in Brazil, data concerning bartonellosis in dogs from our territory are scarce. Previous works performed in Brazil showed serological prevalence ranging from 2% (4/197) to 24.7% (27/109) (Diniz et al., 2007Diniz PPVP, Maggi RG, Schwartz DS, Cadenas MB, Bradley JM, Hegarty B, et al. Canine bartonellosis: serological and molecular prevalence in Brazil and evidence of co-infection with Bartonella henselae and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. Vet Res 2007; 38(5): 697-710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2007023. PMid:17583666.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2007023...
; Fontalvo et al., 2017Fontalvo MC, Favacho ARM, Araujo AC, Santos NM, Oliveira GMB, Aguiar DM, et al. Bartonella species pathogenic for human infects pets, free-ranging wild mammals and their ectoparasites in the Caatinga biome, Northeastern Brazil: a serological and molecular study. Braz J Infect Dis 2017; 21(3): 290-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.02.002. PMid:28249707.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.02...
). Based on molecular methods, in addition to B. henselae, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (Diniz et al., 2007Diniz PPVP, Maggi RG, Schwartz DS, Cadenas MB, Bradley JM, Hegarty B, et al. Canine bartonellosis: serological and molecular prevalence in Brazil and evidence of co-infection with Bartonella henselae and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. Vet Res 2007; 38(5): 697-710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2007023. PMid:17583666.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2007023...
) and Bartonella clarridgeiae (André et al., 2019André MR, Canola RAM, Braz JB, Perossi IFS, Calchi AC, Ikeda P, et al. Aortic valve endocarditis due to Bartonella clarridgeiae in a dog in Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2019; 28(4): 661-670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019078. PMid:31618303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019...
) have already been reported in dogs from Brazil.

Given the limited number of Bartonella studies in dogs performed in Brazil, the purpose of this study was to investigate the exposure to Bartonella in dogs with suspected canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD), toxoplasmosis and neosporosis.

Material and Methods

Animals

This retrospective study used 335 dog serum samples from dogs with suspected vector-borne diseases, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis submitted to the Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV/UNESP). Available patient information includes only date of collection, site of origin of the animal and, in some cases, gender. Out of 335 dogs, gender was recorded for 294 animals (185 females and 109 males). Information related to dog breed, age, antibiotic treatment, arthropod control and outdoor activity was not available. Dog serum samples were excluded if a sample from the same animal was submitted within the prior four weeks, to exclude samples from convalescent animals. All dogs were sampled in the Metropolitan region of Ribeirão Preto, northeast of the State of São Paulo, and the samples were collected between April 2021 and April 2022. The dog serum samples were selected for convenience. Once sent to the laboratory, the samples were stored at -20 °C. During all serological analysis, the serum samples were subjected to a maximum 4 freeze-thaw cycle.

Serological analysis

The serological detection of IgG antibodies to Ehrlichia canis (by ELISA - immunoabsorbent assay), Leishmania infantum (by IFA), Babesia vogeli (by ELISA), Toxoplasma gondii (by IFA) and Neospora caninum (by IFA) was carried out using the IMUNOTEST assays developed by IMUNODOT® Diagnostics, in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

Detection of IgG antibodies to Bartonella sp. by IFA

In order to check for the presence of IgG antibodies to Bartonella sp. in dog serum samples, IFA was performed using the B. henselae ST9 antigen (Furquim et al., 2021Furquim MEC, do Amaral R, Dias CM, Gonçalves LR, Perles L, Lima CAP, et al. Genetic diversity and Multilocus Sequence TySongAnalysis of Bartonella henselae in domestic cats from Southeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 2021; 222: e106037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106037. PMid:34224716.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica....
). Previously frozen stocks of isolates were grown onto chocolate agar plates. Once colonies were plentiful, the bacterial cultures were passed into a confluent tissue culture flask containing DH82 cells (a canine monocytoid cell line). Bartonella henselae ST9 isolate used for antigen preparation in our study had not been passaged more than 3 times. The flasks were incubated for 4-5 days at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in a water-jacketed CO2 incubator (NuAire, Plymouth, Ma). After this period the supernatant was removed and the flasks were washed with balanced saline solution, calcium and magnesium free (BSS.CMF – pH 7.4) and trypsinized. The content was centrifuged at 3,000 x rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and the cell were resuspended in PBS. Posteriorly, the cellular preparations were diluted to achieve a single layer of evenly-spaced cells. Formaldehyde (2%) was used for bacteria inactivation and to keep the cellular membranes intact. One hundred and twenty microliters of the cell cultures were spotted onto glass slides (12-well – 10 microliters per well). The slides were stored at -20 °C until the use.

Immunofluorescence reactions were performed as previously established (Henn et al., 2007Henn JB, Gabriel MW, Kasten RW, Brown RN, Theis JH, Foley JE, et al. Gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) as a potential reservoir of a Bartonella clarridgeiae-like bacterium and domestic dogs as part of a sentinel system for surveillance of zoonotic arthropod-borne pathogens in northern California. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45(8): 2411-2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02539-06. PMid:17553970.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02539-06...
). Briefly, dog serum samples were diluted (1:64) in PBS (pH 7.2) and 10 µL were added to individual wells of the slide containing the B. henselae antigen. After incubation of the slide in a humid chamber for 30 minutes at 37 °C, three washes were performed with PBS. After drying, the slides were incubated for 30 minutes at 37 °C with the anti-dog IgG conjugate (KPL) (1:32) coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate and diluted with PBS and Evans Blue (10%). Subsequently, three washes were performed with PBS + 0.01% Tween 20. Finally, the slides were mounted with coverslips, with the addition of buffered glycerin, and analyzed using a UV microscope at 40X objective (Olympus, BX-FLA). Serum samples from cats were used as negative and positive controls (Furquim et al., 2021Furquim MEC, do Amaral R, Dias CM, Gonçalves LR, Perles L, Lima CAP, et al. Genetic diversity and Multilocus Sequence TySongAnalysis of Bartonella henselae in domestic cats from Southeastern Brazil. Acta Trop 2021; 222: e106037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106037. PMid:34224716.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica....
).

Statistical analysis

The Pearson’s Chi-squared test was used to evaluate the association between gender and the number of dogs seropositive for Bartonella sp. using the SAS program (Statistical Analysis System version 9.2). The significance level was set at p<0.05

Results and Discussion

Over 12 months, from April 2021 to April 2022, 335 serum samples from dogs were submitted to serological detection IgG antibodies to vector-borne pathogens (E. canis, B. vogeli and L. infantum), T. gondii, N. caninum and after that for Bartonella sp. Out of 335 serum samples, 28 (8.3%) were positive for Bartonella sp. All seroreactive dogs had low antibody titers (64).

Previous studies aiming to detect antibodies against Bartonella spp. in dogs from Brazil reported prevalence ranging from 2% (4/197) to 24.7% (27/109) (Diniz et al., 2007Diniz PPVP, Maggi RG, Schwartz DS, Cadenas MB, Bradley JM, Hegarty B, et al. Canine bartonellosis: serological and molecular prevalence in Brazil and evidence of co-infection with Bartonella henselae and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. Vet Res 2007; 38(5): 697-710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2007023. PMid:17583666.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2007023...
; Fontalvo et al., 2017Fontalvo MC, Favacho ARM, Araujo AC, Santos NM, Oliveira GMB, Aguiar DM, et al. Bartonella species pathogenic for human infects pets, free-ranging wild mammals and their ectoparasites in the Caatinga biome, Northeastern Brazil: a serological and molecular study. Braz J Infect Dis 2017; 21(3): 290-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.02.002. PMid:28249707.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.02...
). Since the sampling procedures in the different studies carried out in Brazil were distinct, as well as the IFA assay and antigens used, any comparison regarding the prevalence among the studies is purely speculative. In a retrospective study performed in the USA that analyzed 15,295 canine serum samples, Lashnits et al. (2018)Lashnits E, Correa M, Hegarty BC, Birkenheuer A, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella seroepidemiology in dogs from North America, 2008-2014. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32(1): 222-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14890. PMid:29197186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14890...
reported that the region was a significant factor for seroreactivity against Bartonella spp. Based on logistic regression, dogs from the New England, Pacific, and West South-Central regions were more likely to be seropositive to Bartonella spp. than dogs from the South Atlantic region. However, the authors did not find seasonal trend in seroreactivity throughout the year (Lashnits et al., 2018Lashnits E, Correa M, Hegarty BC, Birkenheuer A, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella seroepidemiology in dogs from North America, 2008-2014. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32(1): 222-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14890. PMid:29197186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14890...
).

In our study, a higher prevalence of IgG antibodies to Bartonella sp. was observed in females (10.3% - 19/185) than in male dogs (6.4% - 7/109), however this difference was not statistically significant (χ2 = 1.26, p = 0.261). Likewise, no statistically significant difference in Bartonella seroreactivity based upon gender was observed among dogs sampled in the USA and China (Lashnits et al., 2018Lashnits E, Correa M, Hegarty BC, Birkenheuer A, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella seroepidemiology in dogs from North America, 2008-2014. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32(1): 222-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14890. PMid:29197186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14890...
; Song et al., 2020Song XP, Zhang HB, Liu QY, Sun JM, Xu L, Gu SH, et al. Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae and identification of risk factors in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2020; 33(1): 72-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3967/bes2020.011. PMid:32029063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3967/bes2020.011...
). On the other hand, Lashnits et al. (2018)Lashnits E, Correa M, Hegarty BC, Birkenheuer A, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella seroepidemiology in dogs from North America, 2008-2014. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32(1): 222-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14890. PMid:29197186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14890...
demonstrated that male intact dogs had significantly higher seroreactivity than male neutered male dogs. In another study, the same group showed that dogs 1 to 5.5 years old were more likely to be Bartonella seroreactive than dogs <1-year-old (Lashnits et al., 2022Lashnits E, Thatcher B, Carruth A, Mestek A, Buch J, Beall M, et al. Bartonella spp. seroepidemiology and associations with clinicopathologic findings in dogs in the United States. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36(1): 116-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16311. PMid:34788481.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16311...
).

Co-exposure to Bartonella and other pathogens in dogs, mainly vector-borne pathogens, has previously been reported (Breitschwerdt et al., 1998Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty BC, Hancock SI. Sequential evaluation of dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia ewingii, or Bartonella vinsonii. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36(9): 2645-2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.36.9.2645-2651.1998. PMid:9705408.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.36.9.2645-...
; Foley et al., 2007Foley JE, Brown RN, Gabriel MW, Henn J, Drazenovich N, Kasten R, et al. Spatial analysis of the exposure of dogs in rural north-coastal California to vectorborne pathogens. Vet Rec 2007; 161(19): 653-657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.19.653. PMid:17993656.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.19.653...
). These findings are consistent with those of the current study. Herein, out of 28 Bartonella seropositive samples, 16 (57.1%) were also seropositive for E. canis (whose absorbance values ranged from 0.432 to 1,470 [cut-off = 0.357]), 12 (42.8%) for B. vogeli (whose absorbance values ranged from 0.415 to 0.782 [cut-off = 0.330]), five (17.8%) for T. gondii (whose titers ranged from 40 to 640) and three (10.7%) for L. infantum (with titers of 40) and N. caninum (whose titers ranged from 40 to 320). Despite the fact that vector-associated transmission of Bartonella spp. in dogs is merely speculative (Angelakis et al., 2010Angelakis E, Billeter SA, Breitschwerdt EB, Chomel BB, Raoult D. Potential for tick-borne bartonelloses. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16(3): 385-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.081685. PMid:20202411.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.081685...
; Mosbacher et al., 2011Mosbacher ME, Klotz S, Klotz J, Pinnas JL. Bartonella henselae and the potential for arthropod vector-borne transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11(5): 471-477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2010.0106. PMid:20973657.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2010.0106...
), the high level of co-exposure to Bartonella, E. canis and B. vogeli, the last two species known to be transmitted by Rhipcephalus sanguineus (Shaw et al., 2001Shaw SE, Day MJ, Birtles RJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Tick-borne infectious diseases of dogs. Trends Parasitol 2001; 17(2): 74-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4922(00)01856-0. PMid:11228013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4922(00)...
; Bremer et al., 2005Bremer WG, Schaefer JJ, Wagner ER, Ewing AS, Rikihisa Y, Needham GR, et al. Transstadial and intrastadial experimental transmission of Ehrlichia canis by male Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vet Parasitol 2005; 131(1-2): 95-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.04.030. PMid:15941624.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005....
), continues to support ticks as possible vectors for Bartonella among dogs. In this way, given the high likelihood of CVBD co-exposure, screening for Bartonella could be considered in dogs infected with other CVBD.

Our retrospective study had some limitations based on the use of a convenience sampling. Since we only analyzed biological samples that were obtained from dogs that were evaluated at veterinary clinics instead of being collected randomly, the data of co-exposure should be interpreted with caution. Because healthy dogs may be less likely to have examined at veterinary clinics than ill dogs, and thus sick animals may be overrepresented in our study, the co-exposure observed herein may be overestimated.

Other limitation includes the use of only one Bartonella antigen (B. henselae ST9) to evaluate the exposure of dogs to Bartonella. Considering that dogs may be infected by at least 11 Bartonella species (Alvaréz-Fernández et al., 2018Álvarez-Fernández A, Breitschwerdt EB, Solano-Gallego L. Bartonella infection in cats and dogs including zoonotic aspects. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11(1): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3152-6. PMid:30514361.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-315...
), the screening of the dog serum samples with other Bartonella antigens might have improved the number of seropositive dogs, getting closer to the “true” seroprevalence. Therefore, due to the possibility of dog infection with distinct Bartonella species and cross-reactivity between antibodies against B. henselae (the antigen used in this study) and other Bartonella, along with the low antibody titers herein observed, the IFA results provided by our study should be interpreted with caution.

The incidence of vector-borne pathogens has been increasing worldwide as a result of the environmental changes and alterations in demography and human behavior (Savić et al., 2014Savić S, Vidić B, Grgić Z, Potkonjak A, Spasojevic L. Emerging vector-borne diseases: incidence through vectors. Front Public Health 2014; 2: 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00267. PMid:25520951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.002...
). The spreading of these pathogens of veterinary and human importance has become a critical threat in several parts of the world, including in Brazil. In this way, the constant monitoring of host/reservoir animals is a crucial point for the development of control measures that aim to reduce the risk of transmission of these agents among animals and humans, both in rural and urban areas.

Given that dogs serve as reservoirs or harbor zoonotic pathogens (Shaw et al., 2001Shaw SE, Day MJ, Birtles RJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Tick-borne infectious diseases of dogs. Trends Parasitol 2001; 17(2): 74-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4922(00)01856-0. PMid:11228013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4922(00)...
), including Bartonella species (André et al., 2019André MR, Canola RAM, Braz JB, Perossi IFS, Calchi AC, Ikeda P, et al. Aortic valve endocarditis due to Bartonella clarridgeiae in a dog in Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2019; 28(4): 661-670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019078. PMid:31618303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019...
), future surveillance studies focused on determining the incidence of Bartonella infection in dogs are crucial. To determine the actual prevalence of Bartonella in dogs, a combination of serological assays and an insect-based enrichment liquid-medium culturing approach followed by molecular techniques (qPCR and PCR) should be used. This approach was found to be beneficial and may improve the sensitivity of Bartonella species detection in dogs (Pérez et al., 2011Pérez C, Maggi RG, Diniz PPVP, Breitschwerdt EB. Molecular and serological diagnosis of Bartonella infection in 61 dogs from the United States. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25(4): 805-810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0736.x. PMid:21615498.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.20...
).

Conclusion

This retrospective study demonstrated that dogs from the Metropolitan region of Ribeirão Preto, southeaster Brazil, were exposed to Bartonella sp. Due to the fact that dogs sampled in the present study were from private owners, our findings suggest that these people may also be exposed to zoonotic pathogens.

  • How to cite: Gonçalves LR, Merino MMGJ, Freschi CR, Fernandes SJ, André MR, Machado RZ. Serological evidence of exposure to Bartonella sp. in dogs with suspected vector-borne diseases, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. Braz J Vet Parasitol 2022; 31(3): e010422. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612022050

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    19 Sept 2022
  • Date of issue
    2022

History

  • Received
    13 July 2022
  • Accepted
    16 Aug 2022
Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br