Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Ingestive behavior of lambs fed with guava agro-industrial waste ( Psidium guajava )

Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com resíduo agroindustrial de goiaba (Psidium guajava)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of guava agro-industrial waste (GAW) on the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês lambs. Forty non-castrated sheep of the Santa Inês breed were used, at an initial weight of 21.33 ± 2.62 kg, and at the age of 120 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and fed with increasing GAW levels (0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0%). The average daily gain (ADG) showed orthogonal contrast (P <0.05), in which the animals that ingested the control diet had lower performances. The animals with GAW added to the diet obtained more significant weight gains reflected by a better feed conversion. Among the variables, idleness, feeding, and total chewing time had a significant effect (P<0.05); animals spent more time idle at the 30.0% inclusion level and less time in the control group. However, the means of the 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5% GAW inclusion levels were statistically similar to the control group and the 30.0% level. There was a significant effect (P<0.05) on feed efficiency, with the lowest values being presented for the control group and the highest values at the 30% inclusion level of GAW. The 30.0% GAW feed for lambs in confinement reduces feed time, and total chewing prolongs idleness and increases feed efficiency without compromising dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber intake, and ADG.

Keywords:
alimentary efficiency; alternative feed; ethology; GAW; idle

RESUMO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes de resíduo agroindustrial de goiabeira (RAG) no comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros não castradas da raça Santa Inês, com peso inicial de 21,33 ± 2,62 kg e idade de 120 dias, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e alimentados com níveis crescentes de GAW (0,0; 7,5, 15,0, 22,5 e 30,0%). O ganho médio diário (GMD) apresentou contraste ortogonal (P <0,05), no qual os animais que ingeriram a dieta controle tiveram desempenho inferior. Os animais com GAW adicionado à dieta obtiveram maiores ganhos de peso refletidos em uma melhor conversão alimentar. Entre as variáveis, ociosidade, alimentação e tempo total de mastigação tiveram efeito significativo (P <0,05); os animais passaram mais tempo ociosos no nível de inclusão de 30,0% e menos tempo no grupo controle. No entanto, as médias dos níveis de inclusão de 7,5, 15,0 e 22,5% no GAW foram estatisticamente semelhantes às do grupo controle e ao nível de 30,0%. Houve efeito significativo (P <0,05) na eficiência alimentar, com os menores valores sendo apresentados para o grupo controle e os maiores valores no nível de inclusão de 30% do GAW. A alimentação de 30,0% GAW para cordeiros em confinamento reduz o tempo de alimentação e mastigação total, prolonga a ociosidade e aumenta a eficiência alimentar sem comprometer o consumo de matéria seca e de fibra em detergente neutron e GMD.

Palavras-chave:
alimentação alternative; eficiência alimentar; etologia; ocioso; RAG

INTRODUCTION

Animal behavior is a way of looking at the entire production system, including the animal's activities in its social and physical environment (Custodio et al., 2017CUSTODIO, SAS; TOMAZ, MPP; SILVA, DAL; GOULART, RO, DIAS, KM, CARVALHO, ER Feeding behavior of beef cattle fed different forages and housed in individual or collective pens. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, v. 5, p. 20-28, 2017.). The most studied parameters to evaluate the ingestive behavior are feeding time, rumination and leisure, feed efficiency and rumination, the number of merciful chews per meal bolus, time spent chewing ruminal cheeses, and several merciful chews per day (Burger et al., 2000BURGER, P. J.; PEREIRA, J.C.; QUEIROZ, A.C.; SILVA, J.F.C., VALADARES FILHO, S.C., CECON, P.R.; CASALI, A.D.P. Ingestive behavior in Holstein calves fed diets with different concentrate levels. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 29, p. 236-242, 2000.). Ingestion behavior estimates are reported as relevant tools in dietary assessments, allowing for adjusting the administration of small ruminant rations to obtain the best productive performance (Barros et al., 2014BARROS, R.P.; BARROS, M.C.C.; ARAÚJO, F.L.; BALGADO, A.R. Methodological aspects of evaluation of animal behaviour: intervals of time in minutes and days. Revista Científica de Produção Animal, v. 16, p. 60-67, 2014.; Nicory et al., 2015NICORY, I.M.C.; CARVALHO, G.G.P.; RIBEIRO, O.L.; SILVA, R.R.; TOSTO, M.S.L.; COSTA-LOPES, L.S.; SOUZA, F.N.C.; NASCIMENTO, C.O. Ingestive behavior lambs fed diets containing castor seed meal. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 47, p. 939-944, 2015.; Sá et al., 2015SÁ, HCM; BORGES, I.; MACEDO JUNIOR, GL; NEIVA, JNM; SOUSA, JTL; PAULA, SM Intake and ingestive behavior of crossbred lambs fed with babassu cake (Orbignya spp.). Bioscience Journal, v. 31, p. 107-113, 2015.; Silva et al., 2016SILVA, TM; OLIVEIRA, RL; NASCIMENTO JÚNIOR, NG; PELLEGRINI, CB; TRAJANO, JS; ROCHA, TC; BEZERRA, LR; BORJA, MS Ingestive Behavior and Physiological parameters of goat fed diets containing peanut cake from biodiesel. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 48, p. 59-66, 2016.). The use of alternative products in sheep feed did not affect the consumption of MS and NDF, nor did they modify the ingestive behavior of these animals.

The search for alternative feeds for ruminants such as agro-industrial by-products may be an alternative method for reducing the expenses associated with using concentrate (Alves et al., 2010ALVES, E.M.; PEDREIRA, M.S.; OLIVEIRA, C.A.S.; AGUIAR, L.V., PEREIRA, M.L.A.; ALMEIDA, P.J.P. Intake behavior of sheep fed mesquite pod meal as a function of urea level. Acta Scientarium Animal Science, v. 32, p. 439-445, 2010.; Azevedo et al., 2013AZEVEDO, R.A.; RUFINO, L.M.A.; SANTOS, A.C.R.; RIBEIRO JÚNIOR, C.S.; RODRIGUEZ, N.M., GERASEEV, L.C. Ingestive behavior of lambs fed with macaúba meal. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v. 65, p. 490-496, 2013.). Accordingly, agro-industrial wastes could be expected to have a favorable economic effect and a reduction of environmental encumbrance. The agro-industrial waste (seeds) from the guava (Psidium guajava) has 87.06% of unsaturated fatty acid and 63.94 g 100g-1 of total dietary fiber (Uchoa-Thomaz et al., 2014UCHÔA-THOMAZ, AMA; SOUSA, EC; CARIOCA, JOB; MORAIS, SM; LIMA, A.; MARTINS, CG; RODRIGUES, LL Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds of guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.). Food Science and Technology, v. 34, p. 485-492, 2014.). The primary determinant for greater inclusion of GAW in feed is tannin, lignin, saponin, and phytic acid, which are anti-nutritional factors found mainly in the guava seeds (Maniyan et al., 2015MANIYAN, A.; JOHN, R.; MATHEW, A. Evaluation of fruits peels for some selected nutritional and anti-nutritional factors. Emergent Life Sciences Research, v. 1, p. 13-19, 2015.). The GAW contains 2 - 4% condensed tannins, which may benefit protein metabolism in ruminants. Excess tannin in animal feed can reduce palatability, feed intake, and dry matter digestibility due to the formation of complexes and the inhibition of enzymes along the digestive tract (Acamovic and Brooker, 2005ACAMOVIC, T.; BROOKER, J. D. Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, v. 64, p. 403-412, 2005.).

Our study hypothesizes that the use of guava agro-industrial residue, due to the presence of tannin in its composition, interferes with the ingestive behavior of ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of guava agro-industrial residue on the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês lambs.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Animal Ethics Committee approved this study of the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Brazil (protocol no. 2305/14). The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Paraíba, Campus at Bananeiras-Paraíba, Brazil (altitude 552 m, latitude 6° 41' 11'', longitude 35° 37' 41''). Air temperature (black globe temperature, BGT) was 24.97 ºC, and relative humidity (RH) was 76.48% in the stalls.

Twenty non-castrated sheep of the Santa Inês breed were used, at an average initial weight of 21.33 ± 2.62 kg and an average age of 120 days. The animals were divided into individual stalls (1.50 m2) with slatted and suspended floors. The animals had free access to feed and water. The experiment lasted 63 days, 15 of which were for adaptation to the feeds, facilities, and management. Daily weight gain (ADG) was calculated using the following equation (Gowane et al., 2015GOWANE, G. R.; PRINCE, L. L. L.; LOPES, F. B.; PASWAN, C.; SHARMA, R. C. Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates of live weight and daily gain traits in Malpura sheep using Bayesian approach. Small Ruminant Research, v.128, p.10-18, 2015.): ADG=FinalliveweightkgInitialweightkg/Daysinfeedlot48days

Tifton 85 hay (Cynodondactylon L.) was substituted for dehydrated and ground GAW at levels of 0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0% of the dry matter (DM) in diets that contained ground corn, soybean meal, and a vitamin and mineral supplement (Table 1).

Table1
Percentage and bromatological composition of experimental diets.

The GAW, which is essentially composed of seeds, was donated by Palmeiron (Belo Jardim - Brazil). The drying was carried out in the sun until an average content of 10% humidity was reached. After dehydration, the GAW was ground for greater homogeneity of the ration and better availability of nutrients.

The diet was provided with a forage: concentrate ratio of 50:50 to provide a gain of 250g/day, as recommended by the NRC (2007)NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy of Science, Washington, 2007.. It was calculated to have about 15.0% CP, and 2.40 kcal/kg concentrated metabolizable energy in the diet. The experimental diet was offered ad libitum at 07:30 and 16:30 as a complete mixture.

The feed was offered, and the leftovers were weighed daily to calculate the voluntary consumption and readjustment of the quantity offered, establishing 10% of leftovers based on the dry matter. The mean of the differences between the total amount of nutrients in the diet offered and the number of nutrients in the leftovers was used to estimate the nutrient intake. Consumption of DM was calculated concerning live weight (LW) and metabolic weight (MW0.75). Water was offered to each sheep daily using 5 L buckets placed next to feeding troughs. Average daily water intake (ADWI) was measured to the nearest 10 mL. Loss of water due to evaporation was assessed by measuring the volume of water lost from an identical bucket placed beyond the reach of sheep (Mdletshe et al., 2017MDLETSHE, ZM; CHIMONYO, M.; MARUFU, MC; NSAHLAI, IV Effects of saline water consumption on physiological responses in Nguni goats. Small Ruminant Research, v. 153, p. 209-211, 2017.).

During the period in the feedlot (48 days), three visual evaluations were performed (for the last three weekends before slaughter, i.e., 31, 38, and 45 days of confinement). The animals were evaluated for 24hour (08:00 to 08:00), with an interval of 5 min (Carvalho et al., 2006CARVALHO, GGP; PIRES, AJV; SILVA, RR; VELOSO, CM; SILVA, HGO Ingestive behaviour of sheep fed with ammoniated or non-ammoniated elephant grass silage and agro-industrial by-products. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 35, p. 1805-1812, 2006.) in a direct fashion. The behavioral variables were: feeding (chewing of starter in mouth), ruminating (chewing regurgitated food, either in standing or in lying position), idleness (Standing without any movement or behavior), drinking (swallow the water), mastication (It is the sum of feeding times and the time of rumination), others (defecation, urination, drinking) activities (Nicory et al., 2015NICORY, I.M.C.; CARVALHO, G.G.P.; RIBEIRO, O.L.; SILVA, R.R.; TOSTO, M.S.L.; COSTA-LOPES, L.S.; SOUZA, F.N.C.; NASCIMENTO, C.O. Ingestive behavior lambs fed diets containing castor seed meal. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 47, p. 939-944, 2015.).

The results referring to the efficiency of the ingestive behavior, obtained by the methodology described by Burger et al. (2000)BURGER, P. J.; PEREIRA, J.C.; QUEIROZ, A.C.; SILVA, J.F.C., VALADARES FILHO, S.C., CECON, P.R.; CASALI, A.D.P. Ingestive behavior in Holstein calves fed diets with different concentrate levels. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 29, p. 236-242, 2000., were obtained by the relations:

(a) FE = DMI/FT; (b) FE = NDFI/FT; (c) RE = DMI/RT; (d) RE = NDFI/RT; (e) TCT=FT+RT, in which: FE = feeding efficiency (g DM/min); DMI = dry matter intake (g DM/min); FT = feeding time (min/day); RE = rumination efficiency (g DM/min); NDFI = Neutral detergent fiber intake (g NDF/min); RT = rumination time (min/day); TCT = total chewing time (min/day).

There was also continuous observation of the number of times the animal defecated, urinated, and sought water, through adopting visual observation of the animals for 24 hours, which trained observers in an alternation system performed, strategically positioned so as not to promote changes in the routine of the animals.

The experimental design was a completely randomized design, with five treatments and eight replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability through the PROC GLM and regression analysis using the SAS® program (2003)STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEMS INSTITUTE - SAS. User's guide: statistics, version 9.2, SAS. Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2003..

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The DM and NDF were not influenced by the treatments (P>0.05). Among the behavioral measures, idle, feeding, and TCT had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the inclusion level of GAW. The animals spent more time idle at the 30.0% inclusion level and less time in the control group. However, the means at the 7.5, 15.0 and 22.5% GAW inclusion levels were statistically similar to the control group and the 30.0% level (Table 2).

Table 2
Ingestive behavior of sheep Santa Inês fed with increasing levels of guava agro-industrial waste. (GAW.)

The average daily gain (ADG) showed orthogonal contrast (P <0.05), in which the animals that ingested the control diet had lower performances. The animals with GAW added to the diet obtained more significant weight gains reflected by a better feed conversion. They were showing that GAW had a positive influence on growth parameters, regardless of the level of inclusion in the diet.

For the ADG, a quadratic equation was observed, with a maximum gain of 339.9 g / day, at the level of 18.55% inclusion of GAW in the diet. The ADG between treatments with GAW was 328 g / day, representing a 22% greater gain than the control treatment, which had a gain of 269.64 g / day. The ADG among the treatments with GAW was higher (31.2%) to the estimated weight gain of 250 g / day. However, this is explained since the CDM of the animals in this experiment was higher than that estimated by the NRC (2007)NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy of Science, Washington, 2007.. Another factor is related to the increase of EE in the diets that contained GAW, which was favored by the grinding process in order to be made available for digestion together with the other nutrients, consequently obtaining the excellent performance of the animals, since the FC among the treatments was 4.15 kg DM/kg A.D.G. Costa et al. (2018)COSTA, R.G., RIBEIRO, N. L., NOBRE, P. T., CARVALHO, F. F., MEDEIROS, A. N., CRUZ, G.R., FREIRE, L.F. Biochemical and hormonal parameters of lambs using guava (Psidium guajava L.) agro-industrial waste in the diet. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 50, p. 217-221, 2018., concluded that the inclusion of GAW by up to 30% decreases the concentration of cholesterol and increases the concentrations of T3 and T4 in the blood, helping the metabolism of animals probably, because GAW is composed of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid and oleic acid, with 77.3 and 9.4%, respectively, which may have contributed to the reduction of cholesterol through the process of ruminal biohydrogenation or due to the tannins present in GAW that can protect unsaturated fatty acid and make it available for absorption in the intestine (Uchôa-Thomaz et al. 2014UCHÔA-THOMAZ, AMA; SOUSA, EC; CARIOCA, JOB; MORAIS, SM; LIMA, A.; MARTINS, CG; RODRIGUES, LL Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds of guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.). Food Science and Technology, v. 34, p. 485-492, 2014.).

The present study results are consistent with the findings by Hassan et al. (2016)HASSAN, T.M.M.; ABDEL-FATTAH, F.A.I.; FARID, A.S,; EMAN R. KAMEL. Effect of feeding guava waste on growth performance, diet digestibility, carcass characteristics, and production profitability of ossimi lambs. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, v. 19, p. 463-475, 2016., who found GAW can be included in lamb diets at the 20% level, with no adverse effect on final live weight, weight gain, and feed conversion rate.

The animals fed a diet with 30.0% inclusion of GAW were less often to the trough than the control group. While the animals at the 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5% levels had statistically similar behavior. The lowest values for the TCT variable were found at levels of 15.0 and 30.0%.

The behavioral measures, idle, feeding, and TCT, presented significant orthogonal contrast (P<0.05) (Table 2), that is, with the inclusion of GAW in the diet, there was a difference in the responses of these measures compared to the control group. The linear increasing regressive behavior was observed for the idle measure with GAW in the animals' diet. The feeding and TCT measures presented a decreasing regressive effect with the inclusion of GAW. The time spent in rumination, idleness, and feeding activities agrees with Alves et al. (2010)ALVES, E.M.; PEDREIRA, M.S.; OLIVEIRA, C.A.S.; AGUIAR, L.V., PEREIRA, M.L.A.; ALMEIDA, P.J.P. Intake behavior of sheep fed mesquite pod meal as a function of urea level. Acta Scientarium Animal Science, v. 32, p. 439-445, 2010., regardless of animal species. Among the behavioral activities, idleness represented the most time.

Cirne et al. (2014)CIRNE, L.G.A.; OLIVEIRA, G.J.C.; JAEGER, S.M.P.L.; BAGALDO, A.R.; LEITE, M.C.P.; ROCHA, N.B.; MACEDO JUNIOR, C.M.; OLIVEIRA, P.A. Ingestive behavior of feedlot lambs feed with exclusive diet of concentrate with different percentages of protein. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v. 66, p. 229-234, 2014., working with restricted concentrated diets, found that rumination time was lower than in our research and that the idle time was 64.26% higher. These authors attributed those results achieved due to particle size that did not have a greater need for rumination and high energy content in the diet. Our results differ from this because of the concentrate ratio and the particle size of the hay being around 2 cm.

The GAW used in this research was ground, which could have the nutrients encapsulated by the guava seed structure more available, primarily the ethereal extract representing 5% of the diet (Table 1). In this research, diets presented similar FDN with a mean value of 478.8 g kg−1 DM. The FDN was consistent with the stability in rumination activity performed by the animals in all treatments, since this parameter is considered a physiological characteristic that contributes to the digestion of dietary fiber and is triggered by, and is rhythmic with, the time of day that the diet is given (Gomes et al., 2012GOMES, S.P.; BORGES, A.L.C.C.; BORGES, I.; MACEDO JÚNIOR, G.L.; SILVA, A.G.M.; PANCOTI, C.G. Effect of the forage particle size and the number of feedings on intake and digestibility in sheep. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 13, p. 137-149, 2012.). However, the diet containing 30.0% GAW was 82.4% of particles smaller than 1.18 mm. (Nobre, 2017 unpublished data). According to Mertens (1997)MERTENS, D. R. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 80, p. 1463-1481, 1997. and Zebelli et al. (2012)ZEBELI, Q.; ASCHENBACH, JR; TAFAJ, M.; BOGUHN, J.; AMETAJ, BN; DROCHNER, W. Invited review: role of physically effective fiber and estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 95, p. 1041-1056, 2012., feed particles smaller than 1.18 mm pass through the rumen without rumination, and this is the minimum size to stimulate chewing activity. The decrease in particle size through milling would have increased the passage rate and, with the greater specific weight the, particles stayed longer in the ventral sac of the rumen, where there is a larger microbial population and possibility of more significant degradation, besides an increase in the surface area for exposure to microbial attack, which increases the digestion rate of potentially digestible plant cells (Gomes et al., 2012GOMES, S.P.; BORGES, A.L.C.C.; BORGES, I.; MACEDO JÚNIOR, G.L.; SILVA, A.G.M.; PANCOTI, C.G. Effect of the forage particle size and the number of feedings on intake and digestibility in sheep. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 13, p. 137-149, 2012.).

There was a significant effect (P<0.05) on feed efficiency, with the lowest values being presented for the control group and the highest values at the 30.0% inclusion level of GAW Feeding efficiency also showed significant orthogonal contrast (P<0.05) that is, as GAW was included in lamb feed, feed efficiency increased. The FEDMI and FENDFI presented a positive linear regressive effect (Table 3).

Table 3
Mean occurrences and SEM of feed efficiency (FE) and rumination efficiency (RE) of dry matter intake (DMI) and neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI) of sheep Santa Inês fed with increasing levels of guava agroindustrial waste (GAW).

The addition of 30.0% of GAW adds 2% of tannin to the diet, and, probably, the amount was not enough to negatively interfere with the performance of the animals. Some authors state that < 50 g of condensed tannins/kg of DM is beneficial for animal performance (McMahon et al., 2000MCMAHON, LR, MCALLISTER, TA, BERG, BP; MAJAK, W.; ACHARYA, SN; POPP, JD. A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, v. 80, p. 469-485, 2000.; Hervás et al., 2003HERVÁS, G.; FRUTOS, P.; RAMOS, G.; GIRÁLDEZ, FJ; MANTECÓN, AR Condensed tannin content of several shrub species from a mountain area in northern Spain and its relationship to various indicators of nutritive value. Animal Feed Science and Tecnology, v. 92, p. 215-226, 2003.; Min et al., 2003MIN, BR; BARRY, TN; ATTWOOD, GT; MCNABB, WC The Effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 106, p. 3-19, 2003.). The inclusion of only 25 g of condensed tannin/kg alfarroba pulp reduced growth rates in lambs (Priolo et al., 2000PRIOLO, A.; WAGHORN, GC; LANZA, M.; BIONDI, L.; PENNISI, P. Polyethylene glycol as a means for reducing the impact of condensed tannins in carob pulp: effects on lamb growth performance and meat quality. Journal of Animal Science, v. 78, p. 810 - 816, 2000.). However, when ingested at low doses (2 - 4% of DM), it can positively affect ruminant digestion (Mcsweeney et al., 2001MCSWEENEY, CS; PALMER, B.; MCNEILL, DM; KRAUSE, DO Microbial interactions with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 91, p. 83-93, 2001.). The nutritional effects and tannins used in the animals' diet may vary according to the chemical structure, molecular weight, amount of tannin ingested, animal species or category involved, and the energy and protein balance of the animals' diet (Frutos et al., 2004FRUTOS, P.; HERVÁS, G.; GIRÁLDEZ, F.J.; MANTECÓN, A.R. Review. Tannins and ruminant nutrition. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 2, p. 191202, 2004.).

It was observed that there was no significant effect (P>0.05) of treatment on punctual defecation activity, however, urinating and drinking activity had a significant effect (P<0.05), showing that animals were more frequently at the drinking fountain and urinated more frequently at the 7.5% level of inclusion (Table 4).

Table 4
Distribution of the punctual activities defection, urination, drinking in several times/sheep/day comparing sheep Santa Inês fed with increasing levels of guava agroindustrial waste (GAW).

Animals that received a 30.0% GAW diet used 51.4% of the time per day in idle time and 10.8% of the time for feeding. However, control animals (0% GAW) spent 19.6% of the time feeding and 42.3% idle. At the 30.0% GAW level, the animals were 2.5 times more efficient than the control group (0% GAW) for FEDMI and 2.4 times more efficient for FENDFI. This higher efficiency can be attributed to the fact that feed was supplied with a mean particle size of 2 cm hay, favoring the chewing activity of the animals. In addition, the GAW was subjected to a grinding process, which resulted in particles of the same size as the standard concentrated feeds, which promoted a lower concentration of cell wall components in the diet.

Diets with a 30.0% GAW level for feedlot lambs reduce the time spent feeding and total chewing and prolonging idleness and increasing feed efficiency without compromising the intake of DM, NDF, and ADG by animals.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Universidade Federal da Paraíba for their technical assistance. CNPq and CAPES supported this study.

REFERENCES

  • ACAMOVIC, T.; BROOKER, J. D. Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, v. 64, p. 403-412, 2005.
  • ALVES, E.M.; PEDREIRA, M.S.; OLIVEIRA, C.A.S.; AGUIAR, L.V., PEREIRA, M.L.A.; ALMEIDA, P.J.P. Intake behavior of sheep fed mesquite pod meal as a function of urea level. Acta Scientarium Animal Science, v. 32, p. 439-445, 2010.
  • ARAÚJO, PB; ANDRADE, RPX; FERREIRA, MA; BATISTA, AMV, CARVALHO, CCD; SOARES, PC Effect of replacement Tifton hay (Cynodon spp) for castor beans hulls (Ricinus communis) based diets of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenilifera Salm-Dick) metabolites on the profile of mineral and energy protein in sheep. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, v. 34, p. 327-335, 2012.
  • AZEVEDO, R.A.; RUFINO, L.M.A.; SANTOS, A.C.R.; RIBEIRO JÚNIOR, C.S.; RODRIGUEZ, N.M., GERASEEV, L.C. Ingestive behavior of lambs fed with macaúba meal. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v. 65, p. 490-496, 2013.
  • BARROS, R.P.; BARROS, M.C.C.; ARAÚJO, F.L.; BALGADO, A.R. Methodological aspects of evaluation of animal behaviour: intervals of time in minutes and days. Revista Científica de Produção Animal, v. 16, p. 60-67, 2014.
  • BURGER, P. J.; PEREIRA, J.C.; QUEIROZ, A.C.; SILVA, J.F.C., VALADARES FILHO, S.C., CECON, P.R.; CASALI, A.D.P. Ingestive behavior in Holstein calves fed diets with different concentrate levels. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 29, p. 236-242, 2000.
  • CARVALHO, GGP; PIRES, AJV; SILVA, RR; VELOSO, CM; SILVA, HGO Ingestive behaviour of sheep fed with ammoniated or non-ammoniated elephant grass silage and agro-industrial by-products. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 35, p. 1805-1812, 2006.
  • CHANG, Y. P.; TAN, M. T.; LOK, W. L.; PAKIANATHAN, S.; SUPRAMANIAM, Y. Making use of Guava Seed (Psidium guajava L): The Effects of Pre-treatments on Its Chemical Composition. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, v. 69, p. 43-49, 2014.
  • CHARLTON, G. L.; RUTTER, S. M. The behaviour of housed dairy cattle with and without pasture access: A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, v. 192, p. 2-9, 2017.
  • CIRNE, L.G.A.; OLIVEIRA, G.J.C.; JAEGER, S.M.P.L.; BAGALDO, A.R.; LEITE, M.C.P.; ROCHA, N.B.; MACEDO JUNIOR, C.M.; OLIVEIRA, P.A. Ingestive behavior of feedlot lambs feed with exclusive diet of concentrate with different percentages of protein. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v. 66, p. 229-234, 2014.
  • COSTA, R.G., RIBEIRO, N. L., NOBRE, P. T., CARVALHO, F. F., MEDEIROS, A. N., CRUZ, G.R., FREIRE, L.F. Biochemical and hormonal parameters of lambs using guava (Psidium guajava L.) agro-industrial waste in the diet. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 50, p. 217-221, 2018.
  • CUSTODIO, SAS; TOMAZ, MPP; SILVA, DAL; GOULART, RO, DIAS, KM, CARVALHO, ER Feeding behavior of beef cattle fed different forages and housed in individual or collective pens. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, v. 5, p. 20-28, 2017.
  • DAMASCENO, J.C.; BACCARI JÚNIOR, F.; TARGA, L. A. Behavior responses of holstein dairy cows with constant or limited access to shade. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 34, p. 709-715, 1999.
  • FRUTOS, P.; HERVÁS, G.; GIRÁLDEZ, F.J.; MANTECÓN, A.R. Review. Tannins and ruminant nutrition. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 2, p. 191202, 2004.
  • GOMES, S.P.; BORGES, A.L.C.C.; BORGES, I.; MACEDO JÚNIOR, G.L.; SILVA, A.G.M.; PANCOTI, C.G. Effect of the forage particle size and the number of feedings on intake and digestibility in sheep. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 13, p. 137-149, 2012.
  • GOWANE, G. R.; PRINCE, L. L. L.; LOPES, F. B.; PASWAN, C.; SHARMA, R. C. Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates of live weight and daily gain traits in Malpura sheep using Bayesian approach. Small Ruminant Research, v.128, p.10-18, 2015.
  • HASSAN, T.M.M.; ABDEL-FATTAH, F.A.I.; FARID, A.S,; EMAN R. KAMEL. Effect of feeding guava waste on growth performance, diet digestibility, carcass characteristics, and production profitability of ossimi lambs. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, v. 19, p. 463-475, 2016.
  • HERVÁS, G.; FRUTOS, P.; RAMOS, G.; GIRÁLDEZ, FJ; MANTECÓN, AR Condensed tannin content of several shrub species from a mountain area in northern Spain and its relationship to various indicators of nutritive value. Animal Feed Science and Tecnology, v. 92, p. 215-226, 2003.
  • MANIYAN, A.; JOHN, R.; MATHEW, A. Evaluation of fruits peels for some selected nutritional and anti-nutritional factors. Emergent Life Sciences Research, v. 1, p. 13-19, 2015.
  • MCMAHON, LR, MCALLISTER, TA, BERG, BP; MAJAK, W.; ACHARYA, SN; POPP, JD. A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, v. 80, p. 469-485, 2000.
  • MCSWEENEY, CS; PALMER, B.; MCNEILL, DM; KRAUSE, DO Microbial interactions with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 91, p. 83-93, 2001.
  • MDLETSHE, ZM; CHIMONYO, M.; MARUFU, MC; NSAHLAI, IV Effects of saline water consumption on physiological responses in Nguni goats. Small Ruminant Research, v. 153, p. 209-211, 2017.
  • MERTENS, D. R. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 80, p. 1463-1481, 1997.
  • MIN, BR; BARRY, TN; ATTWOOD, GT; MCNABB, WC The Effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 106, p. 3-19, 2003.
  • NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy of Science, Washington, 2007.
  • NICORY, I.M.C.; CARVALHO, G.G.P.; RIBEIRO, O.L.; SILVA, R.R.; TOSTO, M.S.L.; COSTA-LOPES, L.S.; SOUZA, F.N.C.; NASCIMENTO, C.O. Ingestive behavior lambs fed diets containing castor seed meal. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 47, p. 939-944, 2015.
  • PRIOLO, A.; WAGHORN, GC; LANZA, M.; BIONDI, L.; PENNISI, P. Polyethylene glycol as a means for reducing the impact of condensed tannins in carob pulp: effects on lamb growth performance and meat quality. Journal of Animal Science, v. 78, p. 810 - 816, 2000.
  • SÁ, HCM; BORGES, I.; MACEDO JUNIOR, GL; NEIVA, JNM; SOUSA, JTL; PAULA, SM Intake and ingestive behavior of crossbred lambs fed with babassu cake (Orbignya spp.). Bioscience Journal, v. 31, p. 107-113, 2015.
  • STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEMS INSTITUTE - SAS. User's guide: statistics, version 9.2, SAS. Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2003.
  • SILVA, TM; OLIVEIRA, RL; NASCIMENTO JÚNIOR, NG; PELLEGRINI, CB; TRAJANO, JS; ROCHA, TC; BEZERRA, LR; BORJA, MS Ingestive Behavior and Physiological parameters of goat fed diets containing peanut cake from biodiesel. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 48, p. 59-66, 2016.
  • UCHÔA-THOMAZ, AMA; SOUSA, EC; CARIOCA, JOB; MORAIS, SM; LIMA, A.; MARTINS, CG; RODRIGUES, LL Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds of guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.). Food Science and Technology, v. 34, p. 485-492, 2014.
  • ZEBELI, Q.; ASCHENBACH, JR; TAFAJ, M.; BOGUHN, J.; AMETAJ, BN; DROCHNER, W. Invited review: role of physically effective fiber and estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 95, p. 1041-1056, 2012.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    20 Aug 2021
  • Date of issue
    2021

History

  • Received
    18 Jan 2021
  • Accepted
    14 June 2021
UFBA - Universidade Federal da Bahia Avenida Milton Santos, 500 - Ondina , CEP 40170-110 Salvador-BA Brasil, Tel. 55 71 32836725, Fax. 55 71 32836718 - Salvador - BA - Brazil
E-mail: rbspa@ufba.br