Risk factors for coronary artery disease in nursing students

an observational and cross-sectional study conducted with nursing students at a public college in Niterói, RJ. Data collection involved instruments validated for use in Brazil. PROCAM Quick Check score was used to estimate cardiovascular risk.

Results:

of the 110 students, 88 (80%) were female, with a mean age of 22.03±3.63 years. The most relevant cardiovascular risk factors were alcohol consumption 62 (56.4%), family history of coronary artery disease 35 (31.8%), poor eating habits (49.5%) and stress, whose domain “Professional training” received the highest mean, with 11.62 ± 3.42 points.

Conclusions:

the most frequent risk factors in nursing students are stress, inadequate nutrition and risky consumption of alcoholic beverages. These present a low risk for coronary artery disease through PROCAM Quick Check score.

Descriptors:
Coronary Artery Disease; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Students, Nursing; Risk Factors

Variables	N=110
Age (years)	22.03±3.63^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Sex (Female)	88 (80)^† † n(%);
Self-declared color
Mixed-ethniticity	29 (26.4)^† † n(%);
White	68 (61.8)^† † n(%);
Black	13 (11.8)^† † n(%);
Marital status
Single	104 (94.5)^† † n(%);
Married	6 (5.5)^† † n(%);
Undergraduate cycle
Basic (1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd periods)	25 (22.7)^† † n(%);
Transition (4^th, 5^th and 6^th periods)	54 (49.1)^† † n(%);
Professional (7^th, 8^th and 9^th periods)	31 (28.2)^† † n(%);
Personal monthly income
Less than 01 minimum wage	88 (81.5)^† † n(%);
From 01 to 03 minimum wages	17 (15.7)^† † n(%);
Above 03 minimum wages	3 (2.8)^† † n(%);
Family monthly income
From 01 to 03 minimum wages	91 (82.7)^† † n(%);
Above 03 minimum wages	19 (17.2)^† † n(%);
Alcohol consumption	62 (56.4)^† † n(%);
Tobacco use	4 (3.6)^† † n(%);
Family history of HP^‡ ‡ HP - hypertension;	91 (82.7)^† † n(%);
Family history of DM^§ § DM - diabetes mellitus;	71 (64.5)^† † n(%);
Family history of CAD^\|\| \|\| CAD - coronary artery disease.	35 (31.8)^† † n(%);
HP^‡ ‡ HP - hypertension;	1 (0.9)^† † n(%);
DM ^§ § DM - diabetes mellitus;	1 (0.9)^† † n(%);
CAD^\|\| \|\| CAD - coronary artery disease.	0 (0)^† † n(%);
Hours of study
Weekdays	3.05±1.45^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Weekend	4.62±1.00^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Hours of sleep
Less than 3 hours/day	12 (10.9%)
3 - 7 hours/day	88 (80%)
8 hours a day	10 (9.1%)
More than 8 hours a day	0 (0%)
Systolic Blood Pressure	112.79±12.59^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Diastolic Blood Pressure	74.59±10.32^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Anthropometric assessment
Height	1.65±0.74^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Body Mass Index	23.90±5.18^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Waist circumference (cm)	77.80±11.03^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Man	86.14±9.237^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Woman	75.69±10.47^* * Mean and standard deviation;

Variables	N=110
Stress
Practical activities (Dom_1)	10.90±3.82^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Professional communication (Dom_2)	6.0±2.99^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Time management (Dom_3)	11.44±2.51^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Environment (Dom_4)	6.84±3.85^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Professional training (Dom_5)	11.62±3.42^* * Mean and standard deviation;
Theoretical activity (Dom_6)	10.50±2.38^* * Mean and standard deviation;
AUDIT (alcohol consumption)	6 (2-9)^† † median.
Food pattern questionnaire	28.39±5.47^* * Mean and standard deviation;
IPAQ (physical activity)	3 (3-4)^† † median.
PROCAM	3.50 (0.25-10.75)^† † median.

Variables	Level of stress N(%)
Variables	Low	Medium	High	Very high
Carrying out practical activities	30 (27.3)	40 (36.4)	22 (20)	18 (16.4)
Professional communication	40 (36.4)	21 (19.1)	28 (25.5)	21 (19.1)
Time management	35 (31.8)	35 (31.8)	29 (26.4)	11 (10)
Environment	62 (56.4)	18 (16.4)	8 (7.3)	22 (20)
Professional training	32 (53.3)	8 (13.3)	8 (13.3)	12 (20)
Theoretical activity	37 (33.6)	30 (27.3)	32 (29.1)	11 (10)

BMI (kg/m²)	Female (n=83)			Male (n=21)
BMI (kg/m²)	N(%)	Waist Circumference (cm)^* * Median/Anova;	p value^‡ ‡ Kruskal-Wallis test	n(%)	Waist Circumference (cm)^† † Mean and standard deviation;	p value^‡ ‡ Kruskal-Wallis test
Low weight	8 (7.69)	64 (62.25-68)^* * Median/Anova;	0.001^‡ ‡ Kruskal-Wallis test	2 (1.92)	72.50±0.70^† † Mean and standard deviation;	0.003^‡ ‡ Kruskal-Wallis test
Healthy weight	55 (52.88)	72 (68 -77)^* * Median/Anova;		7 (6.73)	80.71±6.96^† † Mean and standard deviation;
Overweight	11 (10.58)	80 (77-86)^* * Median/Anova;		10 (9.62)	91.10±7.14^† † Mean and standard deviation;
Obesity	9 (8.65)	97 (92-103.50)^* * Median/Anova;		2 (1.92)	94.00±2.82^† † Mean and standard deviation;

Variables	Basic cycle^* * n(%);	Transition^* * n(%);	Professional cycle^* * n(%);	p value^† † chi-square test.
Food pattern (n=109)
Bad	15 (13.76)	27 (24.77)	12 (11)
Intermediate	10 (9.17)	27 (24.77)	18 (16.51)
Good	-	-	-
AUDIT (n=62)
Low risk/teetotaler	10 (16.12)	20 (32.25)	11 (17.74)
Risk consumption	4 (6.45)	11 (17.74)	5 (8.06)
Harmful	-	1 (1.61)	-
Dependent	-	-	-
Very high stress (n=95)
Practical activity	1 (0.90)	12 (10.90)	5 (4.54)	0.002
Communication	1 (0.90)	12 (10.90)	8 (7.27)	0.001
Time management	2 (1.81)	6 (5.45)	3 (2.72)	0.697
Environment	1 (0.90)	13 (11.81)	8 (7.27)	0.123
Professional training	-	6 (5.45)	6 (5.45)	0.013
Theoretical activity	2 (1.81)	6 (5.45)	3 (2.72)	0.939
PROCAM (n=104)
PROCAM (0 to 8)	15 (14.42)	34 (32.69)	26 (25)
PROCAM (9 to 16)	5 (4.80)	16 (15.38)	3 (2.88)
PROCAM (17 to 24)	2 (1.92)	-	1 (0.91)
PROCAM (25 to 32)		2 (1.92)	-
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) - BMI (n=104)
Low weight	2 (1.92)	6 (5.77)	2 (1.92)
Healthy weight	15 (14.42)	28 (26.92)	19 (18.27)
Overweight	2 (1.92)	10 (9.62)	9 (8.65)
Obesity	3 (2.88)	8 (7.69)	-
IPAQ (n=109)
Inactive	0(0)	3(2.8)	0(0)
Irregularly active	7(6.4)	8(7.3)	8(7.3)	0.415
Active	14(12.8)	25(23.0)	12(11.0)
Very active	4(3.7)	17(15.6)	11(10.1)

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[1] Corresponding author: Hadassa da Silva Caldeira de Moraes. E-mail: hadassa.moraes@hotmail.com