Cash transfer and female labor supply: evidence from Brazil’s rural area

Lima, Fulvia Fernanda; Duarte, Gisléia Benini

doi:10.1590/1806-9479.2021.217424

Fulvia Fernanda Lima

Pró-reitora de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Programa de Pós-graduação em Administração e Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife (PE), Brasil. E-mail: fulvia_fernanda@hotmail.com; gisleiaduarte@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-9495

Gisléia Benini Duarte

Pró-reitora de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Programa de Pós-graduação em Administração e Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife (PE), Brasil. E-mail: fulvia_fernanda@hotmail.com; gisleiaduarte@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6686-6099

Tables (7)
Formulas (2)

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Table 1
– Description of the variables

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Table 2
- Descriptive Statistics of Non-Beneficiaries and Beneficiaries of BFP in Rural Brazil

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Table 3
– Balancing the PSM

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Table 4
– Average Treatment Effect on Worked Hours

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Table 5
– Average Treatment Effect on hours worked by region of Brazil

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Table 6
– Oster Robustness Analysis

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Variables Coefficients Standard Error Children 0 – 7 years old 0.03 N S (0.039) Children 0 – 15 years old 0.068*** (0.021) Age (householder) − 0.003 N S (0.002) White (color/race) − 0.024 N S (0.072) Black (color/race) − 0.060 N S (0.097) Yellow (color/race) − 0.157 N S (0.483) Indigenous (color/race) − 0.00 N S (0.001) Years of study -0.048*** (0.008) Single − 0.104 N S 0.081) Formal employment -0.465* (0.260) Building Activity (work) 0.037 N S (0.657) Commerce Activity (work) − 0.159 N S (0.203) Service Activity (work) -0.391*** (0.082) South − 0.099 N S (0.162) Midwest -0.869*** (0.278) Northeast 0.384*** (0.064) Southeast -0.222* (0.121) Constant − 0.243 N S (0.155) Observations 2.494 Source: Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra por Domicílio (2014), *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. NS is Not Significant

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(1)

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(2)

Characteristics	Variables	Description
Sociodemographic	White	Indicator - color /race white
	Black	Indicator - color /race black
	Pardo (base)	Indicator - color /race pardo
	Indigenous	Indicator - color /race indigenous
	Yellow	Indicator - color /race yellow
	Age (householder)	Indicator - age
	Education (householder)	Indicator – years of study (education)
	Children 0 – 7 years old	Indicator – number of children 0 – 7 years old
	Children 0 – 15 years old	Indicator - number of children 0 – 15 years old
	Single mother	Indicator – woman’s marital status
Geographic	Northeast	Dummy Northeast region of Brazil
	Southeast	Dummy Southeast region of Brazil
	Midwest	Dummy Midwest region of Brazil
	South	Dummy South region of Brazil
	North	Dummy North region of Brazil
Occupational	Formal employment	Indicator - Formal employment
	Building activity	Indicator - Building Activity
	Commerce activity	Indicator – Commerce Activity
	Service activity	Indicator – Service Activity
	Agricultural activity (base)	Indicator – Agricultural Activity

Sociodemographic Characteristics	Unpaired			Paired
	Treated	Control	Difference	Treated	Control	Difference
	Average	Average		Average	Average
Children 0 – 15 years old	1.96	1.59	0.37*	1.96	1.94	${0.02}^{N S}$
Age (householder)	36.6	35.92	${0.69}^{N S}$	36.61	36.49	${0.12}^{N S}$
Color or race (white)	0.18	0.21	-0.03*	0.18	0.19	$- {0.01}^{N S}$
Color or race (pardo)	0.66	0.65	${0.01}^{N S}$	0.65	0.65	${0.00}^{N S}$
Color or race (yellow)	0.00	0.00	${0.00}^{N S}$	0.00	0.00	${0.00}^{N S}$
Color or race (indigenous)	0.05	0.03	${0.02}^{N S}$	0.05	0.03	${0.02}^{N S}$
Color or race (black)	0.08	0.09	$- {0.01}^{N S}$	0.08	0.09	$- {0.01}^{N S}$
Years of study	4.43	5.72	-1.29*	4.43	4.55	- ${0.12}^{N S}$
Single mother	0.50	0.416	0.085*	0.501	0.518	$- {0.01}^{N S}$
Occupational
Formal employment	0.006	0.023	$- {0.017}^{*}$	0.006	0.004	${0.002}^{N S}$
Building activity	0.001	0.001	${0.00}^{N S}$	0.001	0.001	${0.00}^{N S}$
Commerce activity	0.019	0.021	$- {0.002}^{N S}$	0.019	0.017	${0.002}^{N S}$
Service activity	0.43	0.57	-0.14*	0.43	0.437	$- {0.007}^{N S}$
Geographic
South	0.02	0.05	-0.03*	0.02	0.03	$- {0.006}^{N S}$
Midwest	0.04	0.04	${0.00}^{N S}$	0.04	0.02	${0.02}^{N S}$
Northeast	0.68	0.51	0.16*	0.68	0.70	$- {0.02}^{N S}$
North	0.23	0.29	-0.06*	0.20	0.20	${0.02}^{N S}$
Southeast	0.04	0.11	-0.06*	0.046	0.04	${0.00}^{N S}$
Observations	1649	7699		1649

Sample	Ps R²	LR X²	p>chi2	Bias Mean	Bias Median
Unpaired	0.069	207.68	0.00	21.1	14.6
Paired	0.002	4.43	0.99	7.4	6.8

	Obs.	N. Treated	N. Control	ATT	SE
OLS	2494	-	-	${0.98}^{N S}$	0.620
NN	1258	730	528	${1.16}^{N S}$	1.205
Kernel	2506	731	1775	${1.64}^{N S}$	0.902
IPW	2494	-	-	${0.89}^{N S}$	0.670

	Northeast
	Obs.	ATT
Nearest neighbor	862	$- {0.144}^{N S}$
Kernel	1411	${1.93}^{N S}$
IPW	1411	${1.98}^{N S}$
	Southeast
	Obs.	ATT
Nearest neighbor	59	${1.19}^{N S}$
Kernel	211	${1.15}^{N S}$
IPW	211	${8.64}^{N S}$
	South
	Obs.	ATT
Nearest neighbor	43	${10.60}^{N S}$
Kernel	106	${4.24}^{N S}$
IPW	106	${8.62}^{N S}$
	North
	Obs.	ATT
Nearest neighbor	311	${2.38}^{N S}$
Kernel	704	${1.90}^{N S}$
IPW	704	4.37*
	Midwest
	Obs.	ATT
Nearest neighbor	40	${7.55}^{N S}$
Kernel	67	${2.64}^{N S}$
IPW	67	${9.96}^{N S}$

Parameter	$R_{m a x}$
Parameter	0.7	0.8	0.9
δ to β=0	4.78960	2.83862	2.01702
Identification (α=1)	[1.133282; 0.85224]	[1.13282; 0.85224]	[1.13282; 0.85224]

[1] Source: Based on data from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2014)Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE (2014). Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra por Domicílio – PNAD. Retrieved in 2015, August 5, from: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/rendimento-despesa-e-consumo/9127-pesquisa-nacional-por-amostra-de-domicilios.html.
https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/soc... .

Brasil

Brasil

Cash transfer and female labor supply: evidence from Brazil’s rural area

Transferência de renda e oferta de trabalho feminino: evidências da área rural do Brasil

Abstract