Floristic inventory of Melastomataceae of the Iguaçu National Park, Paraná, Brazil

Abstract

Melastomataceae is one of the richest families in Brazil, with 1,436 species, 158 occurring in the state of Paraná. Many of the species are pioneers and zoochoric, essential for regeneration and floristic composition of the Atlantic Forest, which is the phytogeographic domain covering the Iguaçu National Park (ParNa Iguaçu). We present the floristic inventory of Melastomataceae of ParNa Iguaçu. Three areas in the park were sampled from May 2019 to March 2020, where two are covered with Seasonal Semideciduous Forest (SSF), and the other in a transition between SSF and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF). Seventeen species of Melastomataceae in four genera were recorded: Miconia (14 spp.), Acisanthera, Chaetogastra, and Pleroma (with only one species each). Seven species occur in the two vegetation types in ParNa Iguaçu, while six occur only in MOF and four only in SSF. Of the 17 species, six are endemic to Brazil, four of which occur only in the south and southeast regions of the country. This study registers nine new records for the ParNa Iguaçu. Furthermore, the Miconia leaeichleri was collected for the first time in the western region of Paraná, which suggests the necessity for more collection efforts in the western region of the state.

Key words:
Atlantic Forest; diversity; floristic survey; Miconia

Resumo

Melastomataceae é uma das famílias com maior riqueza de espécies no Brasil, formada por 1.436 espécies, com 158 ocorrendo no estado do Paraná. Muitas espécies são pioneiras e zoocóricas, sendo essenciais na regeneração e composição florística na Mata Atlântica, que é a cobertura do domínio fitogeográfico do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (ParNa Iguaçu). Nõs apresentamos o inventário florístico de Melastomataceae do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu. Foram amostradas três áreas do Parque no período de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, onde duas são cobertas por Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) e a outra em transição entre FES e Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM). Dezessete espécies de Melastomataceae distribuídas em quatro gêneros foram registrados: Miconia (com 14 spp.), Acisanthera, Chaetogastra e Pleroma (com apenas uma espécie cada). Sete espécies ocorrem nos dois tipos de vegetação do ParNa Iguaçu, enquanto seis ocorrem apenas em FOM e quatro apenas em FES. Das 17 espécies encontradas, seis são endêmicas do Brasil e quatro ocorrem somente nas regiões sul e sudeste do país. Este estudo registra nove novos registros para o ParNa Iguaçu. Além disso, Miconia leaeichleri foi coletada pela primeira vez na região oeste dos estado do Paraná, o que sugere a necessidade de um maior esforço de coleta na região oeste do estado.

Palavras-chave:
Mata Atlântica; diversidade; levantamento florístico; Miconia.

Introduction

Melastomataceae is one of the largest families of Myrtales, with 5,860 species worldwide (Michelangeli et al. 2020; Ulloa et al. 2022). It can be recognized by the opposite, exstipulate, acrodromous leaves and dichlamideous flowers with free petals, stamens usually twice as the petals, with poricidal or seldom rimose anthers (Judd et al. 2009). It is monophyletic (Maurin et al. 2021), but recent phylogenetic studies, based on molecular and morphological evidence, have proposed a new circumscriptions for the tribes (Penneys et al. 2010, 2020; Michelangeli et al. 2011; Bacci et al. 2019; Bochorny et al. 2019) and genera, such as the polyphyletic Tibouchina, which was recently broken down into other genera (Michelangeli et al. 2013; Guimarães et al. 2019) and Miconia and Microlicia, with recent broader circumscriptions that include other former genera (Michelangeli et al. 2016, 2019; Versiane et al. 2021). In these cases, Pleroma came to be treated as a genus, resulting in several nomenclatural changes (Guimarães et al. 2019), while Clidemia, Leandra, and Ossaea are now included in a broader Miconia (Michelangeli et al. 2016, 2019).

In Brazil, Melastomataceae is one of the top 10 families of Angiosperms (BFG III 2021). It is represented in the country by 69 genera, 1,436 species, from which 929 (64.69%) are endemic to the country (Goldenberg et al. 2020a). Miconia, Leandra, Microlicia and Pleroma are the genera with the highest species richness and/or a high degree of endemism (Goldenberg et al. 2020a). Out of the 69 genera present in Brazil, 22 occur in the state of Paraná, distributed in 158 native species (Goldenberg et al. 2020a). Although several genera have already been studied for Paraná (Goldenberg 2004; Goldenberg et al. 2005; Camargo & Goldenberg 2007; Camargo et al. 2009; Meyer et al. 2010; Meyer & Goldenberg 2012; Goldenberg et al. 2015, 2016), the study of local floras are still important (see Maia & Goldenberg 2014). Taxonomic studies are of great relevance for obtaining knowledge about a biological group (Silva et al. 2017), especially in National and State Parks, such as the Iguaçu National Park (ParNa Iguaçu).

Some floristic surveys (Cervi & Borgo 2007; Rodolfo et al. 2008; Lautert et al. 2015; and Trochez et al. 2017) or floras for ParNa Iguaçu (Hammes et al. 2021; Rauber et al. 2021a, b; Hentz Junior et al. 2022; Conceição et al. 2023; Vieira et al. 2023) have already been published or submitted to scientific journals, however, for Melastomataceae, specific studies have not been carried out yet. This family includes many pioneer, zoochoric species, they are essential for regeneration and floristic composition in the Atlantic Forest (Tabarelli & Mantovani 1999). This study has as objective to elaborate the floristic inventory of Melastomataceae from the ParNa Iguaçu, presenting an identification key to the species, their phenology, preliminary conservation status evaluation and their distribution in the different areas and vegetation types in the Park.

Material and Methods

Survey area

The Iguaçu National Park (ParNa Iguaçu) is a conservation unit with 185,262 hectares, 420 km perimeter and is located at the coordinates 25º05’ to 25º41’ South and 53º40’ to 54º38’ West (ICMBio 2018). According to Köppen’s classification, the region’s climate is humid subtropical (Cfa), with no dry season and with a hot summer (Alvares et al. 2013), with a 20.1-22 °C annual average temperature and 1,600-2,000 mm annual precipitation (Nitsche et al. 2019).

The ParNa Iguaçu comprises one of the remnants of the largest area of Submontane and Montane Seasonal Semideciduous Forest (SSF) of central and southern Brazil. There is an area with Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) in the northern region of the park, at elevations above 700 m (ICMBio 2018). The Park can be divided into three large areas (Hammes et al. 2021): area 1 (“Céu Azul” administrative headquarters) to the north, with a transition between SSF and MOF; area 2 (“Capanema” administrative headquarters) to the south, composed exclusively of SSF; and area 3 (“Foz do Iguaçu” administrative headquarters), located in the southwest region of the park, also represented solely by SSF (Fig. 1).

Data collection and analysis

The collections have been gathered by other researchers since August 2007 and were intensified through the walking method (Filgueiras et al. 1994), between May 2019 and March 2020. These collections were made in different trails of ParNa Iguaçu in 17 expeditions. Reproductive branches of Melastomataceae were collected and photographed in the field with a CANON DC 8.1V camera.

The specimens were collected according to herborization techniques (Bridson & Forman 2004), the exsiccates were deposited in the UNOP herbarium with duplicates sent to EVB, FLOR, HCF, HUEM, MBM, RB, UFMT, and UPCB herbaria. In addition to these samples, images from the herbaria ASE, DVPR, EVB, HCF, HUCP, HUCS, HVC, IPA, IRAI, MBM, NY, RB, SHPR, UNOP, UPCB, and US herbaria (acronyms according to Thiers, continuously updated) were examined through SpeciesLink (<https://specieslink.net>) and Jabot (<http://jabot.jbrj.gov.br>).

The species identification was carried out with the assist of taxonomic references (Martins 2009; Goldenberg 2004; Goldenberg et al. 2005; Camargo & Goldenberg 2007; Camargo et al. 2009; Meyer et al. 2010; Meyer & Goldenberg 2012; Goldenberg et al. 2020a).

The identification key was based on vegetative and reproductive morphological characters observed in the examined materials. The species were presented in alphabetical order and the spelling of scientific names and authors were verified in Goldenberg et al. (2020a), but differently from what is presented in flora, the genera Leandra and Ossaea were considered synonym under Miconia, following the circumscription proposed by Michelangeli et al. (2016, 2019). The genera Chaetogastra and Pleroma were considered distinct from Tibouchina, following the circumscription proposed by Guimarães et al. (2019).

Based on the collected, examined materials, and data from labels, the information about phenology, elevation and area of occurrence in ParNa Iguaçu of each species was described. Species distribution data and the phytogeographic domains in which the species inhabit were obtained from Flora do Brasil 2020 platform (Goldenberg et al. 2020a). The species conservation status was verified at the National Center for the Conservation of Flora website (CNCFlora 2023), and for the species not yet assessed, a preliminary assessment was carried out. For this, it was downloaded the distribution data from records of each species for Brazil on SpeciesLink and Jabot, prioritazing specimens with original geographic coordinates. The data were analyzed through GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011), following the IUCN Red List Criteria Application Guidelines for Regional and National Levels (IUCN 2021). These records were identified with support by specialist and selected, with the removal of points considered suspicious or invalid, such as coordinates located in the ocean or in places where the species does not occur. Finally, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and conservation status were inferred into consideration only the number of collections of each of the species.

Figure 1
Map of the Iguaçu National Park with the trails that were sampled - Area 1: Céu Azul (A = Fazenda Rio Butu; B = Nascentes do Jumelo; C = Araucárias; D = Cachoeira Rio Azul; E = Manoel Gomes; F = Jacutinga). Area 2: Capanema (G = Margens do Rio Iguaçu do lado brasileiro; H = Cachoeira Rio Silva-Jardim; I = Ilha do Sol). Area 3: Foz do Iguaçu (J = Poço Preto; K = Represa São João; L = Antiga Usina; M = Escola Parque; N = Macuco Safari; O = Bananeiras; P = Cataratas; Q = Hidrante) (Hammes et al. 2021).

Results and Discussion

Seventeen native species were found in the ParNa Iguaçu, distributed in four genera: Acisanthera (Fig. 2a-d), Chaetogastra (Fig. 2e-f), Miconia (Figs. 2g-n, 3a-n, 4a-g), and Pleroma (Figs. 3o-p, 4h). Miconia was the richest genus with 14 species while the other three present one species each. This study presents nine new records of Melastomaceae for ParNa Iguaçu: C. herbacea, M. alterninervia, M. cinerascens, M. latecrenata, M. leamarginata, M. leaeichleri, M. microstachya, M. sublanata, and M. theaezans, representing an increase of 53% of Melastomataceae for the area and the first collection of M. leaeichleri in the west region of Paraná. Among the Melastomataceae from ParNa Iguaçu, six species are endemic to Brazil (M. amygdaloides, Miconia latecrenata, Miconia leaeichleri, Miconia microstachya, Miconia xanthocoma and Pleroma fothergillii) and six species occur only in the south and southeast regions of the country (M. alterninervia, M. australis, M. leaeichleri, M. microstachya, M. xanthocoma and P. fothergillii) (Goldenberg et al. 2020a).

In the ParNa Iguaçu Management Plan (ICMBio 2018) and the floristic and phytosociological surveys by Gris et al. (2014), Gris & Temponi (2017), and Souza et al. (2017), there were no records for species of Melastomataceae, mostly because this family usually has herbaceous and shrubby species, and these studies focus on trees. However, Souza et al. (2019) reported the names Miconia pusilliflora (DC.) Naudin, and M. hymenonervia (Raddi) Cogn. in SSF areas of the park, but both are today treated as synonyms (Goldenberg et al. 2020c) and despite that, we were unable to find vouchers in herbaria for these registers. In a general checklist of phanerogams for the ParNa Iguaçu, Trochez et al. (2017) pointed out nine names for Melastomataceae, namely, A. variabilis, M. amygdaloides, M. australis, M. collatata, M. discolor, M. pusilliflora, M. xanthocoma, M. xanthostachya, and P. fothergillii, totaling nine species already reported for the study area.

As for the distribution of these 17 species in the vegetation types in the ParNa Iguaçu, seven occur both in SSF and MOF, but six species were found only in MOF (Tab. 1), this being the first record of A. variabilis, M. latecrenata, M. leaeichleri, M. sublanata and M. theaezans for this vegetation type. Furthermore, it was observed that four species occur only in SSF, from which three (M. amygdaloides, M. leamarginata, and P. fothergillii) were found only in the area 3 (Tab. 1). These species were previously only recorded in Ombrophilous Forest areas and were recorded for the first time for SSF, contributing with updates to the Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Maia & Goldenberg (2014) pointed in their study with Melastomataceae, in the Parque Estadual do Guartelá, a higher number of species (36 spp.) in relation to the ParNa Iguaçu (17 spp.). This difference probably reflects on the higher diversity of the family in grassland formations present in Guartelá (“Grassy-Woody Steppe, “Humid Grassland” and “Rupestrian Field”), in addition to areas of Cerrado and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (Veloso et al. 1991 and Carmo et al. 2012), while in the ParNa Iguaçu there is a predominance of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and a transition area with Mixed Ombrophilous Forest.

The results of the preliminary assessment of the conservation status, based only on the extent of occurrences criterion (EOO), indicate that all the 17 species of Melastomataceae non evaluated by CNCFlora (2023) are of Least Concern - LC, due to the EEO higher than 20,000 km², but despite this conservation status, some species have a more restricted distribution locally, in a specific area or vegetation formation of the ParNa Iguaçu.

Thus, these results demonstrate the importance of collections directed to a specific taxonomic group and expanding knowledge about the flora of the region, which will be useful for studies in other areas, improvement of management plans, as well as pointing out priority areas for the conservation of these species within the Conservation Unit.

Table 1
Distribution of Melastomataceae species in the areas of the Iguaçu National Park. (* = endemic species to Brazil, according to Goldenberg et al. 2020a).

Species of Melastomataceae	Céu Azul		Capanema FES	Foz do Iguaçu FES
	FOM	FES
Acisanthera variabilis (Naudin) Triana	X
Chaetogastra herbacea (DC.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang.	X	X	X	X
Miconia alterninervia (Cogn.) R.Goldenb.	X	X
Miconia amygdaloides (DC.) R.Goldenb.*				X
Miconia australis (Cham.) R.Goldenb.	X		X	X
Miconia cinerascens Miq.	X	X	X
Miconia collatata Wurdack			X	X
Miconia discolor DC.	X	X		X
Miconia latecrenata (DC.) Naudin *	X
Miconia leaeichleri R.Goldenb. *	X
Miconia leamarginata R.Goldenb.				X
Miconia microstachya (Naudin) R.Goldenb. *	X
Miconia pusilliflora (DC.) Naudin	X		X	X
Miconia sublanata (Cogn.) R.Goldenb.	X
Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn.	X
Miconia xanthocoma (Naudin) R.Goldenb. *	X		X	X
Pleroma fothergillii (Schrank et Mat. ex DC.) Triana *				X
Total species	13	4	6	9

Identification key for the Melastomataceae from the Iguaçu National Park

1. Branches quadrangular; corolla pink or purple; fruit capsular 2

1’. Branches cylindrical; corolla white; fruits bacaceous 4

2. Petals pink; connectives 0.7-3 mm long 1. Acisanthera variabilis

2’. Petals purple, connectives 1.7 mm long 3

3. Anthers purple; calyx lobes more with more than 4 mm long, deciduous in the fruits 17. Pleroma fothergillii

3’. Anthers yellow; calyx lobes up to 2 mm long, persistent in the fruits 2. Chaetogastra herbacea

4. Petals with rounded or retuse apex 5

4’. Petals with acute, acuminate to rarely apiculate apex 10

5. Adult leaves with the abaxial surface densely covered with trichomes; panicles glomerulate 6

5’. Adult leaves with glabrous abaxial surface, sometimes with trichomes only on the veins, panicles never glomerulate 7

6. Acrodromous veins more than 1.8 cm distant from the base (suprabasal); inflorescences with secondary branches with 1(-2) glomerules or branchings 8. Miconia discolor

6’. Acrodromous veins starting from the base (basal), or less than 1.8 cm distant from the base (suprabasal); inflorescences with secondary branches in sequences of 3 to more glomerules branchings 6. Miconia cinerascens

7. Inflorescences terminal and lateral; fruits with 10-20 seeds 9. Miconia latecrenata

7’. Inflorescences exclusively terminal; fruits with 2-6 seeds 8

8. Central vein joined to the inner pair by a membrane on the abaxial face; anthers dehiscent through a longitudinal opening 13. Miconia pusilliflora

8’. Central vein not joined to the inner pair by a membrane on the abaxial face; anthers dehiscent through 1-4 apical pores 9

9. Branches reddish at the apex; leaf margins serrate-ciliate; anthers dehiscent through 4 pores 15. Miconia theaezans

9’. Branches not reddish at the apex, leaf margins repand-denticulate and eciliate; anthers dehiscent through 1-2 pores 7. Miconia collatata

10. Inflorescences lateral 11

10’. Inflorescences terminal or psedolateral 12

11. Mature branches glabrescent; leaf blade glabrous on both sides or with trichomes concentrated near the margin, forming bands on the adaxial surface of the leaf 11. Miconia leamarginata

11’. Mature branches not glabrescent; leaf blade densely covered with simple trichomes on both surfaces 4. Miconia amygdaloides

12. Bracts and bracteoles involucral; anthers white 10. Miconia leaeichleri

12’. Bracts and bracteoles reduced and not involucral; anthers yellow, pinkish or purplish 13

13. Young branches with only unbranched trichomes, 1-3,5 mm long 14

13’. Young branches with stellate or dendritic trichomes, apart from unbranched ones, the letter less than 1 mm 15

14. Anther 4.5-5 mm long; ovary 4-5 locular 16. Miconia xanthocoma

14’. Anthers 2.5-3.8 mm long; ovary 3-locular 5. Miconia australis

15. Branches with dendritic trichomes; anthers pinkish 14. Miconia sublanata

15’. Branches with stellate trichomes; anthers yellow 16

16. Leaf blade abaxial surface with only unbranched tortuous trichomes 12. Miconia microstachya

16’. Leaf blade abaxial surface with the unbranched straight trichomes 3. Miconia alterninervia

1. Acisanthera variabilis (Naudin) Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28(1): 34. 1871.Fig. 2a-d

Examined material: Area 1, 25°03’07.9”S, 53°37’59.2”W, 3.V.2013, fl., M.L. Toderke et al. 66 (EVB, HCF, MBM, UPCB, UNOP); trilha do Rio Butu, Lagoa Azul, 25°05’22.4”S, 53°40’09.1”W, 2.VI.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7831 (HCF, HUCP); 25°05’23.1”S, 53°40’09.9”W, 22.II.2018, fl., E.L. Siqueira et al. 2441 (HCF).

Acisanthera variabilis occurs in Amazonas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Paraná, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Santa Catarina (Guimarães et al. 2020). In the ParNa Iguaçu, it was registered only in area 1, mostly in MOF and was collected with flowers in February, May and June. Acisanthera variabilis is a highly polymorphic species regarding morphological features of the leaves and stamens (Meyer & Goldenberg 2012; Kriebel & Almeda 2013), but it can be easily differentiated in the ParNa Iguaçu by the herbaceous habit, pink corolla, and capsular fruits (Fig. 2a).

Figure 2
a-d. Acisanthera variabilis - a. habit; b. quadrangular stem; c. hypanthium; d. anthers. e-f. Chaetogastra herbacea - e. inflorescence; f. anthers. g-h. Miconia alterninervia - g. cylindrical branches and leaf blade with 7 + 2 suprabasal veins; h. abaxial surface of the blade with straight simple trichomes. i. Miconia amygdaloides - branch with lateral inflorescence. j-m. Myconia australis - j. branch with opposite crossed leaves and terminal inflorescence; k. hypanthium; l. hypanthium with stellate trichomes; m. trilocular ovary. n. Miconia cinerascens - inflorescence with secondary branches with sequences of 3 or more glomeruli or branch points. (a-d. Toderke et al. 66; e-f. Toderke et al. 67; g-h. Caxambu et al. 7473; i. Temponi et al. 624; j-m. Wink et al. 27; n. Siqueira & Chagas 1823).

2. Chaetogastra herbacea (DC.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang., Taxon 68(5): 962, 2019.Fig. 2e-f

Examined material: Area 1, 25°03’07.9”S, 53°37’59.2”W, 3.V.2013, fl., M.L. Toderke et al. 67 (UNOP); trilha da Jacutinga, 25°14’24.0”S, 53°49’12.0”W, 20.V.2013, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 1255 (UNOP, UPCB); 397 m, 25°14’05.5”S, 53°49’08.9”W, 23.III.2018, fl. E.L. Siqueira et al. 2530 (HCF); trilha do Rio Butu, Lagoa Azul, 699 m, 25°05’22.5”S, 53°40’09.1”W, 4.IV.2018, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 8077 (HCF). Area 2, 25°17’43.1”S, 54°05’38.0”W, 8.XII.1966, fl., J. Lindeman & H. Haas 3475 (MBM, NY). Area 3, 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 23.V.1979, fl., N. Buttura 67 (US); 186 m, 25°38’32.0”S, 54°24’37.6”W, 12.X.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7809 (HCF, UPCB).

Chaetogastra herbacea occurs in Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo (Goldenberg et al. 2020b). In the ParNa Iguaçu, it was found in the three areas, in SSF and MOF, and was collected with flowers between March and May, and between October and December. This species can be recognized by the subshrub habit, elliptical to oval leaves, and purple corolla. It differs from Pleroma fothergillii, the only other species with purple corolla, by the yellow stamens.

3. Miconia alterninervia (Cogn.) R.Goldenb., Brittonia 71(1): 86. 2019.Fig. 2g-h

Examined material: Area 1, 25°14’26.9”S, 53°59’47.0”W, 2.XII.1966, fr., J. Lindeman & J. Haas 3564 (MBM); 25°08’48.1”S, 53°50’55.0”W, VIII.1997, fl., M. Sobral & J.A. Jarenkow 8582 (MBM); Serranópolis do Iguaçu, 673 m, 25°14’11.9”S, 53°52’19.4”W, 17.XI.2015, fr., E.L. Siqueira & M.P. Chagas 1783 (DVPR, HCF); 25°11’15.0”S, 53°52’20.0”W, 26.VIII.2016, fl. and fr., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7473 (HCF, HVC); trilha de Educação Ambiental, 25°08’48.1”S, 53°50’55.0”W, 12.X.2009, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 575 (UNOP); trilha da Jacutinga, 25°14’29.0”S, 53°51’27.0”W, 10.X.2009, fl. and fr., L.G. Temponi et al. 588 (IRAI, UNOP); trilha do Rio Butu, 25°04’52.0”S, 53°40’09.0”W, 12.XII.2018, fr., Mano et al. 89 (EVB, UNOP); 25°05’22.0”S, 53°40’09.0”W, 13.XII.2019, fl. and fr., J.G. Wink et al. 42 (UNOP); trilha Manoel Gomes, 25°09’00.0”S, 53°05’00.0”W, 25.VI.2019, fl., L. Biral & A.M. Pedroso 1647 (SHPR, UNOP).

Miconia alterninervia occurs in Argentina and Brazil, it is found in Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Goldenberg et al. 2020c; Martins 2009). In the ParNa Iguaçu, it was found only in area 1, in MOF and SSF, and was collected with flowers in July, August, October, and December and with fruits in August between October and December. Miconia alterninervia is recognized by the generally large leaves (up to 23 cm long), with 5+2 to 7+2 long suprabasal veins and stellate trichomes on the branches (Fig. 2g). Miconia sublanata is very similar to this species, differing by the 5 to 5+2 short suprabasal veins and dendritic trichomes on the branches (Fig. 3i-j).

4. Miconia amygdaloides (DC.) R.Goldenb., Brittonia 71(1): 86 (2019).Fig. 2i

Examined material: Area 3, trilha do Poço Preto, 25°39’00.0”S, 52°25’00.0”W, 15.XI.2008, fl., P. Oro et al. 9 (UPCB, UNOP); 25°34’00.0”S, 54°25’00.0”W, 12.XI.2009, fl., P. Oro & L.P. Poli 18 (RB, UNOP, UPCB); 25°37’18.0”S, 54°26’45.0”W, 11.X.2009, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 624 (EVB, HUCS, IPA, IRAI, UFMT, UNOP); 193 m, 25°59’55.0”S, 54°39’38.0”W, 15.XII.2016, fl. and fr., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7702 (ASE, HCF, HUCP).

Miconia amygdaloides is endemic to Brazil and occurs in Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Goldenberg et al. 2020c). In the ParNa Iguaçu, it was found only in area 3, in SSF, and collected with flowers in October and December and fruits in December. Miconia amygdaloides stands by the mature branches with persistent indument and dense indument on both sides of the leaves, and exclusively lateral inflorescences. M. leamarginata R. Goldenb. (2019:101) is very close to this species, differing by the glabrescent branches (Fig. 2i).

5. Miconia australis (Cham.) R.Goldenb. Brittonia 71(1): 87. 2019. Figs. 2j-m; 4c-d

Examined material: Area 1, 727 m, 25°03’42.0”S, 53°38’53.4”W, 11.XII.2015, fl. and fr., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7139 (HCF); Santa Tereza do Oeste, 547 m, 25°08’40.0”S, 53°39’24.0”W, 1.X.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 6942 (DVPR, HCF); trilha do Rio Butu, 25°08’48.1”S, 53°50’55.0”W, 12.XII.2018, fl., G.B. Mano et al. 99 (EVB, UNOP); 25°05’22.0”S, 53°40’10.0”W, 12.XII.2018, fr., G.B. Mano et al. 96 (EVB, UNOP); 25°04’34.0”S, 53°40’09.0”W, 21.XI.2019, fl., J.G. Wink & L.H.S.M. Conceição 17 (UNOP); 25°04’37.0”S, 53°40’11.0”W, 21.XI.2019, fl., J.G. Wink & L.H.S.M. Conceição 18 (EVB, UNOP); 25°04’53.0”S, 53°40’08.0”W, 21.XI.2019, fl., J.G. Wink & L.H.S.M. Conceição 20 (UNOP, UPCB); 25°05’21.0”S, 53°40’09.0”W, 13.XII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 39 (UNOP); 13.XII.2019, 25°05’21.0”S, 53°40’09.0”W, fl. and fr., J.G. Wink et al. 40 (UNOP, UPCB); 25°05’22.0”S, 53°40’09.0”W, 13.XII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 41 (UNOP). Area 2, 25°17’43.1”S, 54°05’38.0”W, 23.X.1969, fl., G. Hatschbach 22619 (MBM, US); Serranópolis do Iguaçu, 25°14’26.9”S, 53°59’47.0”W, 12.XII.2019, fl. J.G. Wink et al. 35 (UNOP). Area 3, 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 7.X.2016, fl., T. Machado-Silva 206 (UNOP, UPCB); trilha do Poço Preto, 25°34’00.0”S, 54°25’00.0”W, 15.XI.2008, fl., P. Oro et al. 12 (UNOP); 25°34’00.0”S, 54°25’00.0”W, 12.II.2009, fl., P. Oro & L.P. Poli 19 (RB, UNOP, UPCB); 25°35’43.0”S, 54°23’38.0”W, 1.XII.2018, fl. C.R. Rauber et al. 218 (FLOR, UNOP); represa São João, 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 15.XII.1992, fl., A.C. Cervi et al. 3892 (MBM, UPCB); 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 27.I.2010, fl. and fr., L.G. Temponi et al. 706 (EVB, RB, UFMT, UNOP, UPCB); 25°39’40.0”S, 54°22’24.0”W, 18.II.2010, fl. and fr., C. Snak et al. 315 (UPCB); 25°37’15.0”S, 54°28’11.0”W, 6.XII.2019, fl. J.G. Wink et al. 27 (UNOP); 25°37’14.0”S, 54°28’13.0”W, 6.XII.2019, fl. J.G. Wink et al. 28 (UNOP).

Miconia australis occurs in Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, it is distributed in Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Goldenberg et al. 2020c; Reginato & Goldenberg 2012). In the ParNa Iguaçu it was found in all areas, in MOF and SSF, collected with flowers between October and February and with fruits between December and February. This species is recognized by the dark green leaves, inflorescences with reddish trichome, and yellow anthers (Fig. 4c-d). This species is very similar to Miconia xanthocoma, differing by the smaller anthers and three locules on the ovary. The sample G.B. Mano 99, according to Marcelo Reginato, specialist of the genus Leandra, belongs to the group M. australis, M. xanthostachya, and M. xanthocoma, since it presents an urceolate hipanthus. Comparing the leaves, it could be M. xanthostachya or M. australis, but the indument of the hipanthus does not correspond with any of them. If it did not present a triangular calyx tooth it could be identified as M. australis or M. xanthostachya, however, the flowers buds are larger than the usual for M. xanthostachya. The best thing is to leave it as Miconia aff. australis, making it interesting to carry out more collections of the material (Marcelo Reginato personal communication). This sample mentioned is deposited in the EVB herbarium and is treated in this work as Miconia australis. In addition, two more records identified as M. xanthostachya are found in the virtual herbaria, Cervi et al. 3892 (MBM) and Braga 3052 (UPCB) and have already been confirmed by the specialist that it is M. australis. Therefore, we did not confirm the presence M. xanthostachya in the study area.

6. Miconia cinerascens Miq., Linnaea 22: 543. 1849.Fig. 2n

Examined material: Area 1, 26.V.1949, fr., A.P. Duarte 1918 (RB); 25°08’48.1”S, 53°50’55.0”W, 19.III.2004, fl. and fr. O.S. Ribas et al. 6292 (MBM); 743 m, 25°03’22.9”S, 53°38’23.9”W, 2.X.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 6953 (HCF); Santa Tereza do Oeste, 25°03’07.9”S, 53°37’59.2”W, 30.VII.2012, fr., M. Lautert et al. 294 (UNOP); Lindoeste, Park edge, 25°15’36.0”S, 53°34’34.0”W, 12.II.2013, fr., M. Lautert & V.G. Krepschi 150 (UNOP); Matelândia, 25°25’41.0”S, 53°54’37.0”W, 8.V.2015, fr. R. Cielo-Filho 1695 (SPSF, UNOP). Area 2, Serranópolis do Iguaçu, Matelândia, 310 m, 25°25’40.0”S, 53°54’37.0”W, 3.III.2015, fr., R. CieloFilho 1696 (MBM, SPSF, UNOP); 334 m, 25°20’06.3”S, 53°52’35.1”W, 13.XI.2015, fl., E.L. Siqueira & M.P. Chagas 1823 (HCF); 25°14’26.9”S, 53°59’47.0”W, 12.XII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 36 (EVB, UNOP, UPCB); 25°14’26.9”S, 53°59’47.0”W, 12.XII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 37 (UNOP).

Miconia cinerascens occurs in northern Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, being distributed in Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Goldenberg 2004; Goldenberg et al. 2020c). In ParNa Iguaçu, it was found in area 1 and 2, in MOF and SFF, collected with flowers between October and December and with fruits in February, May and June. This species presents acrodromal basal venation, leaves with dentate margin except for the base, panicles in glomeruli and white stamens (Fig. 2n). Miconia discolor is the closest species in the Park, differing mainly by the presence of suprabasal veins on the leaves (Fig. 3a).

7. Miconia collatata Wurdack, Phytologia 29(2): 145. 1974.Fig. 4e

Examined material: Area 2, 209 m, 25°34’07.7”S, 53°56’33.4”W, 29.X.2015, fr., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7040 (HCF); trilha da Taquara, 25°40’18.8”S, 53°48’32.0”W, 7.XI.2013, fr., M.L. Toderke et al. 119 (RB, UNOP, UPCB); 25°34’11.0”S, 53°55’59.0”W, 27.VIII.2019, fl., E.J. Hentz Junior et al. 120 (EVB, UNOP). Area 3, 25°32’53.2”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 8.XII.1966, fr., J.C. Lindeman & J.H. Haas 3488 (NY, US); 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 22.VIII.1985, fl., G. Hatschbach & A.C. Cervi 49564 (MBM, UPCB, US); 246 m, 25°38’49.0”S, 54°26’19.0”W, 15.IX.2018, fl. and fr., Mano et al. 25 (EVB, UNOP); Cataratas, 23.X.1990, fr., A.C. Cervi 3162 (NYBG, UPCB); 170 m, 25°36’06.0”S, 54°21’40.0”W, 3.X.2006, fr., P.H. Labiak 3831 (MBM, UPCB); 25°41’07.0”S, 54°26’23.0”W, 18.X.2019, fl. and fr., C.R. Rauber et al. 150 (EVB, FLOR, HCF, UNOP, UPCB); Poço Preto, 25°35’41.0”S, 54°23’18.0”W, 24.VIII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 4 (EVB, HCF, UNOP); 192 m, 25°36’00.0”S, 54°26’00.0”W, 13.IV.2009, fl., P. Oro et al. 25 (RB, UNOP, UPCB); trilha do Mirante, 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 24.VIII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 6 (UNOP, UPCB); Hotel Vicinity, 25°41’04.0”S, 54°26’22.0”W, 24.IX.2019, fr., J.G. Wink et al. 7 (EVB, FLOR, HCF, UNOP); trilha das Bananeiras, 25°39’00.0”S, 52°25’00.0”W, 2.X.2009, fl. and fr., P. Oro et al. 30 (HUEM, UFMT, UNOP); 25°39’22.0”S, 54°26’01.0”W, 12.X.2009, fr., L.G. Temponi et al. 667 (FUEL, ICN, IRAI, JOI, RB, UNOP); 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 2.IX.2016, fl., L.C.P. Lima 737 (EVB, HUFU); 25°35’39.0”S, 54°23’15.0”W, 5.XI.2016, fr., L.C.P. Lima 774 (EVB, HUFU, UNOP); 25°39’11.0”S, 54°25’32.0”W, 8.XII.2016, fr., L.C.P. Lima 814 (EVB, UNOP); 25°39’20.0”S, 54°25’46.0”W, 27.X.2018, fr., C.R. Rauber et al. 187 (UNOP); Rio Iguaçu, 186 m, 25°35’59.8”S, 54°21’10.5”W, 16.X.2015, fr., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7022 (DVPR, HCF); close to Cataratas, 186 m, 25°41’02.1”S, 54°26’24.2”W, 2.VII.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 6606 (FUEL, HCF, MBM).

Figure 3
a. Miconia discolor - inflorescence with secondary branches with 1 (2) glomeruli or branch points. b. M. leaeichleri - inflorescence with involucral bracts and bracteoles. c-d. M. microstachya - c. branch with lanceolate leaves; d. abaxial leaf surface with tortuous trichomes. e-h. M.pusilliflora - e. branch; f. membrane on the abaxial surface of the leaves; g. hypanthium; h. stamens with a longitudinal opening. i-j. M. sublanata - i. branch with leaves with 5 or 5+2 shortly suprabasal veins; j. dendritic trichomes on branches. k-l. M. theazeans - k. hypanthium with stamens; l. anthers with 4 pores at the apex. m-n. M. xanthocoma - m. hypanthium with stamens; n. ovary with 5 locules. o-p. Pleroma fothergillii - o. flower; p. falciform stamens with glandular trichomes. (a. Temponi et al. 881; b. Wink et al. 43; c-d. Caxambu et al. 7867; e-h. Siqueira et al. 1965; i-j. Wink & Conceição 21; k-l. Caxambu et al. 7832; m-n. Wink et al. 55; o-p. Rauber et al. 177).

Miconia collatata occurs in Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, it is distributed in Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rondônia and São Paulo (Goldenberg 2004; Goldenberg et al. 2020c). In the ParNa Iguaçu it was found in areas 2 and 3, in SFF, and collected with flowers in April and between July and October, and with fruits between September and December. This species is a tree with glabrous adult leaves or with trichomes on the veins, terminal inflorescences, rounded petals, white anthers (Fig. 4e), and fruits with 2-6 seeds. Miconia latecrenata is very similar to this species, differing by the berries with 10-20 seeds.

8. Miconia discolor DC. Prodr., 3: 114. 1828.Fig. 3a

Examined material: 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, IX.1992, fr., M. Sobral 7663 (MBM); Area 1, 25°08’48.1”S, 53°50’55.0”W, August.VIII.1997, fl., J.A. Jarenkow & M. Sobral 3649 (FLOR, PEL); 25°14’23.0”S, 53°49’18.0”W, trilha da Jacutinga, 6.IX.2011, fl., L. Boff et al. 7 (UNOP, UPCB); 25°14’29.0”S, 53°50’59.0”W, 24.V.2018, fr., C.R. Rauber et al. 47 (UNOP). Area 3, 25°32’53.2”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 12.V.1949, fr., A.P. Duarte 1759 (NY, RB); trilha do Poço Preto, 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 12.X.1986, fl., G. Hatschbach et al. 50633 (ASU, MBM, UPCB); 25°37’30.0”S, 54°25’30.0”W, 2.X.2006, fl., P.H. Labiak 3786 (MBM, SPF, UPCB); 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 3.X.2006, fl., O.S. Ribas et al. 7411 (ALCB, FURB, HCF, HUCS, HUEFS, ICN, MBM, SPSF); 25°36’00.0”S, 54°26’00.0”W, 14.XI.2008, fl. and fr., P. Oro et al. 8 (UNOP,UPCB); 25°34’00.0”S, 54°25’00.0”W, 11.II.2009, fr., P. Oro et al. 17 (MBM, UNOP, UFMT); 192 m, 25°36’00.0”S, 54°26’00.0”W, 29.X.2009, fr., P. Oro et al. 31 (UNOP); 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 18.II.2010, fr., C. Snak 308 (UPCB); 25°37’18.0”S, 54°26’45.0”W, 17.VIII.2010, fl., L.G. Temponi et al. 881 (FLOR, HUEM, RB, UNOP); 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 25.X.2010, fr. O.S. Ribas et al. 8479 (MBM); 204 m, 25°35’39.0”S, 54°23’58.3”W, 5.VI.2015, fr., M.G. Caxambu 6514 (FUEL, HCF, MBM); 25°35’46.0”S, 54°23’27.0”W, 5.VII.2018, fl. and fr., C.R. Rauber et al. 113 (UNOP); Macuco Safari, trilha da Cachoeira, 134 m, 25°38’51.3”S, 54°27’26.5”W, 3.IX.2015, fl., E.L. Siqueira et al. 1596 (DVPR, HCF); Rodovia das Cataratas, 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 7.X.2019, fl. J.G. Wink et al. 13 (UNOP); 25°40’48.0”S, 54°26’18.0”W, 25.I.2020, fr., J.G. Wink et al. 50 (UNOP).

Miconia discolor occurs in northern Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, it is distributed in Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Goldenberg 2004; Goldenberg et al. 2020c). In the ParNa Iguaçu it was found in area 1 in both types of formations and in area 3, in SSF, and collected with flowers in August to November, and fruits in January, February, and between May to July and September to November. Miconia discolor is recognized by the leaves with abaxial face covered with indument providing a whitish appearance. In addition, it has long suprabasal veins and flowers in glomeruli (Fig. 3a). It is similar to Miconia cinerascens, see comments above.

9. Miconia latecrenata (DC.) Naudin, Ann.Sci.Nat., Bot. 16(3): 239. 1851.

Examined material: Área 1, trilha da cachoeira do Rio Azul, 643 m, 25°08’00.0”S, 53°49’12.0”W, 28.I.2020, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 53 (UNOP).

Miconia latecranta is endemic to Brazil and is found in Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Goldenberg et al. 2020c). In the ParNa Iguaçu it was found only in area 1, in MOF, and collected with flowers in January. It stands out by the terminal and lateral inflorescences, and anthers with wide and tilted pores, similar to a rhyme. It differs from Miconia collatata by the number of seeds as reported above. Many collections were previously wrongly identified as Miconia latecrenata in the Park and with this study these identification were verified by the specialist Renato Goldenberg and confirmed as Miconia collatata.

10. Miconia leaeichleri R. Goldenb., Brittonia 71(1): 100. 2019. Figs. 3b; 4b,g

Examined material: Area 1, trilha do Rio Butu, 25°05’22.0”S, 53°40’10.0”W, 12.XII.2018, fl., G.B. Mano et al. 97 (EVB, UNOP), 25°05’22.0”S, 53°40’09.0”W, 13.XII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 43 (UNOP).

Miconia leaeichleri is endemic to Brazil and is present in Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Goldenberg et al. 2020c). In the ParNa Iguaçu it was found only in area 1, in MOF, and collected with flowers in December. This species is recognized by the oval leaves with basal veins and white anthers (Fig. 4b,g). This is the only species in ParNa Iguaçu that presents panicles with flowers surrounded by involucral bracts (Fig. 3b).

11. Miconia leamarginata R.Goldenb., Brittonia 71(1): 101. 2019.

Examined material: Area 3, Cataratas, 1.I.1963, fl., G. Hatscbach 10436 (NL, US).

Miconia leamarginata occurs in northeastern Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil, it is distributed in Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Goldenberg et al. 2005, 2020c). In the ParNa Iguaçu it was found in area 3, in SSF, and collected with flowers in January. Miconia leamarginata is recognized by the glabrescent branches. Trichomes are observed in greater concentration near the margin and forming bands on the adaxial surface of the leaf.

Figure 4
a-h. Habit and reproductive structures of Melastomataceae from the Iguaçu National Park - a. Miconia theaezans - habit with reddish branches at the apex; b. M. leaeichleri - habit with oval leaves and basal veins; c-d. M. australis - c. reddish trichomes on the fruits; d. flowers with yellow stamens; e. M. collatata - flowers with white petals; f. M. xanthocoma - flowers with yellow stamens; g. M. leaeichleri - flowers with white stamens; h. Pleroma fothergillii - purple corolla. (Pictures: a-b, d-f, h. Wink JG 2019-2020; c,g. Rauber CR 2018).

12. Miconia microstachya (Naudin) R.Goldenb., Brittonia 71(1): 105. 2019.Fig. 3c-d

Examined material: Area 1, nascentes do Rio Floriano, 727 m, 25°04’37.0”S, 53°40’11.1”W, 10.VIII.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7867 (HCF); trilha do Rio Butu, 25°03’08.0”S, 53°24’03.0”W, 12.XII.2018, fr., G.B. Mano et al. 98 (EVB, UNOP); 25°05’21.0”S, 53°40’09.0”W, 13.XII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 38 (UNOP).

Miconia microstachya is endemic to Brazil and occurs in Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Goldenberg et al. 2020c). In the ParNa Iguaçu in was found only in area 1, in MOF, and collected with flowers in August and December and fruits in December. Miconia microstachya presents lanceolate leaves, usually with three suprabasal veins, where the lateral veins are tenuous and close to the leaf margin (Fig. 3c). The inflorescences have yellowish trichomes, large stamens (approximately 5 mm) with yellow anthers.

13. Miconia pusilliflora (DC.) Naudin, Ann.Sci.Nat., Bot. 16(3): 171. 1851.Fig. 3e-h

Examined material: 2016, fl., E.J. Hentz Junior 32 (FLOR, UNOP). Area 1, 25°08’48.1”S, 53°50’55.0”W, 1.VIII.1997, fr., J.A. Jarenkow & M. Sobral 3650 (FLOR, PEL); trilha do Rio Azul, 25°08’31.0”S, 53°43’51.0”W, 19.II.2020, fl., H.T.P. Vieira et al. 62 (EVB). Area 2, 283 m, 25°24’54.0”S, 53°54’02.0”W, 3.VI.2015, fl. and fr., R. Cielo-Filho et al. 1685 (MBM, SPSF, UNOP); Capitão Leônidas Marques, 25°28’45.1”S, 53°36’51.1”W, 27.VI.2004, fr., P. Labiak et al. 3371 (MBM); trilha do Macuco, 25°38’51.0”S, 54°27’25.0”W, 15.II.2020, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 61 (RB, UNOP, UPCB). Area 3, trilha do Poço Preto, 25°32’52.1”S, 54°35’17.2”W, 5.VIII.2007, fr., A.M. Rodolfo 35 (EVB, FLOR, MBM, UNOP); 25°37’02.1”S, 54°26’26.0”W, 21.V.2015, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 6392 (HCF); 195 m, 25°35’44.1”S, 54°23’38.3”W, 4.IV.2016, fl., E.L. Siqueira et al. 1965 (HCF).

Miconia pusilliflora occurs in Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, it is found in Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo (Goldenberg 2004; Goldenberg et al. 2020c). In ParNa Iguaçu it was found in all areas, in MOF and SSF, collected with flowers in February, and between April and June, and with fruits in May, June and August. Miconia pusilliflora differs from the other species by the membranes joining the veins on the abaxial side of the leaf, exclusively terminal inflorescence and by the rimose anthers with dehiscence from the base to the apex of the theca (Fig. 3e-h). It has berries with 2-3(-6) seeds, which differentiates it from Miconia collatata and Miconia latecrenata.

14. Miconia sublanata (Cogn.) R.Goldenb., Brittonia 71(1): 115. 2019.Fig. 3i-j

Examined material: Area 1, trilha do Rio Butu, 25°04’54.0”S, 53°40’08.0”W, 21.XI.2019, fl. and fr., J.G. Wink & L.H.S.M. Conceição 21 (RB, UNOP, UPCB); 25°05’22.0”S, 53°40’09.0”W, 13.XII.2019, fr., J.G. Wink et al. 47 (UNOP).

Miconia sublanata occurs in Bolivia and Brazil, it is distributed in Bahia and Piauí, and in the entire south and southeast region (Goldenberg et al. 2020c; Martins 2009). In the ParNa Iguaçu it was found only in area 1, in MOF, and collected with flowers and fruits in November and December. This species presents shrub habit with branches with dendritic trichomes, leaves with abaxial face covered by stellate trichomes, short suprabasal veins and flowers with pinkish anthers (Fig. 3i-j). It may be confused with Miconia alterninervia, which has long suprabasal veins and yellow anthers (Fig. 2g).

15. Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn., Fl.bras.14(4): 419. 1888. Figs. 3k-l; 4a

Examined material: Area 1, trilha do Rio Butu, Lagoa Azul, 695 m, 25°05’22.4”S, 53°40’09.1”W, 2.VI.2017, fl., M.G. Caxambu et al. 7832 (HCF); 25°05’22.0”S, 53°40’10.0”W, 12.XII.2018, fl., G.B. Mano et al. 92 (EVB, UNOP); 25°05’22.0”S, 53°40’08.0”W, 13.XII.2019, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 46 (UNOP, UPCB).

Miconia theaezans occurs throughout South America (Rodrigues et al. 2020). In Brazil, it can be found in, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo and Tocantins (Goldenberg et al. 2020c). In ParNa Iguaçu it was found only in area 1, in MOF, collected with flowers in June and December. This species is recognized by the concolor leaves with serrated margin, branches reddish at the apex and by the flowers with dehiscent anthers through four apical pores, also observed by Bacci et al. (2016) (Figs. 3k-l; 4a).

16. Miconia xanthocoma (Naudin) R.Goldenb., Brittonia 71(1): 118. 2019. Figs. 3m-n; 4f

Examined material: Area 1, cachoeira Rio Azul, 25°09’18.0”S, 53°47’44.0”W, 28.I.2020, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 54 (UNOP); 25°09’18.0”S, 53°47’44.0”W, 28.I.2020, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 55 (UNOP); trilha do Rio Butu, 25°04’52.0”S, 53°40’09.0”W, 12.XII.2018, fl., G.B. Mano et al. 88 (EVB, UNOP); 25°05’22.0”S, 53°40’10.0”W, 12.XII.2018, fl., G.B. Mano et al. 95 (EVB, UNOP); 25°05’22.0”S, 53°40’10.0”W, 12.XII.2018, fl., G.B. Mano et al. 100 (EVB, UNOP); 25°04’38.0”S, 53°40’11.0”W, 21.XI.2019, fl., J.G. Wink & L.H.S.M. Conceição 19 (UFMT, UNOP). Area 2, 25°17’43.1”S, 54°05’38.0”W, 23.X.1969, fl., G. Hatschbach 22614 (MBM, NYBG, US). Area 3, trilha do Poço Preto, 25°34’00.0”S, 54°25’00.0”W, 15.XI.2008, fl., P. Oro et al. 13 (RB, UNOP).

Despite being cited by Martins (2009) as occurring in Argentina and Uruguay, Miconia xanthocoma is currently considered an endemic species to Brazil, occurring in Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo (Goldenberg et al. 2020c). In the ParNa Iguaçu it was found in all areas, in MOF and SSF, collected with flowers in January and between October and December. Miconia xanthocoma is recognized by the leaves with short suprabasal veins, large stamens (anthers up to 5 mm) and four to five locules on the ovary (Figs. 3m-n; 4f). Resembles Miconia australis, see comments above.

Even though the sample J.G. Wink & L.H.S.M. Conceição 19 presents three ovary locules, which is more common in Miconia australis, and larger anthers (4 to 4,5 mm long), as in M. xanthocoma. In this study, it was treated as Miconia aff. xanthocoma. As well as the samples Mano et al. 88, 95 and 100, confirmed by the specialist Renato Goldenberg, based on virtual herbaria images.

17. Pleroma fothergillii (Schrank et Mat. ex DC.) Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28(1): 42. 1872. Figs. 3o-p; 4h

Examined material: Area 3, 25°22’13.9”S, 54°17’01.0”W, 8.II.2018, fl. M.G. Caxambu et al. 8055 (ASE, HCF); 25°37’23.0”S, 54°28’36.0”W, 26.X.2018, fl., C.R. Rauber et al. 177 (UNOP); 25°36’00.0”S, 54°25’00.0”W, 13.IV.2019, fl., P. Oro et al. 23 (FLOR, HCF, UFMT, UNOP, UPCB); 25°37’03.0”S, 54°28’36.0”W, 25.I.2020, fl., J.G. Wink et al. 49 (HCF, UNOP, UPCB).

Pleroma fothergillii is endemic to Brazil, occuring in Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo (Guimarães 2020), however, it is widely cultivated in Paraná (Meyer et al. 2010). In the ParNa Iguaçu it was found in area 3, in SSF, and collected with flowers in January, April, October, and November and fruits in November. This species presents shrub habit with lanceolate and pilose leaves, purple flowers, stamens with glandular trichomes on the appendages and capsular fruits (Figs. 3o-p; 4h). In the ParNa Iguaçu, Chaetogastra herbacea is the most similar species, differing by the subshrub habit and the yellow anthers, while Pleroma fothergillii has purple anthers.

Acknowledgements

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 (scholarship to the first author), and by the Fundação Araucária (NAPI Taxonline). We would like to thank the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, for the infrastructure provided; the ICMBio and Iguaçu National Park teams, for collection permits and supporting our field work. We also would like thank Marcelo Reginato, for his help in recognizing samples of Miconia australis and Miconia xanthocoma; to the translator Elmar José Hentz Júnior; and to the illustrator Felipe Martins Guedes, for the illustrations. This work is part of the first author’s dissertation (M. Sc. in Conservation and Management of Natural Resources, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Brazil).

Data availability statement

In accordance with Open Science communication practices, the authors inform that all data used in this manuscript is publicly available.

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Edited by

Area Editor:

Dr. Marcelo Trovó

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 May 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  14 Jan 2023
• Accepted
  05 Oct 2023