Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis^☆

Abstract

Introduction

New evidence suggests that the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes is associated with the prognosis of other carcinoma, but the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma remains controversial.

Objective

The objective of this meta-analysis was to clarify the prognostic effectiveness of the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods

According to the meta-analysis of the free guide, we searched EMBASE, Pubmed, the Cochrane Library databases. The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients was evaluated using mean standard vehicle and confidence interval. The overall survival, disease-free survival and progression free survival of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were expressed by standard mean carrier method and confidence interval. The risk ratio of 95% confidence interval was used as an evaluation index for patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Results

Eight studies, including 1780 patients, used a variety of different end values to classify the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (range 1.78-4.0). Among the eight studies that reported risk ratio of the overall survival, the higher median value was 2.72, and 2 of 4 studies reported disease-free survival results. The critical value of ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes and overall survival deterioration (risk ratio = 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.43-1.99, p< 0.001), disease-free survival (risk ratio = 2.09, 95% confidence interval 1.62-2.6, p< 0.001) and progression free survival (risk ratio = 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.75-2.10, p< 0.001) was associated with with laryngeal aquamous cell carcinoma. The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes had prognostic value for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion

The results of this meta-analysis showed that the increase of neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio was related to poor prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio may serve as a cost-effective prognostic biomarker of poor prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. More high-quality prospective trials are needed to assess the practicability of evaluating the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Keywords
Laryngeal cell carcinoma; Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; Overall survival; Disease-free survival; Meta-analysis

Resumo

Introdução

Novas evidências sugerem que a relação neutrófilo-linfócito está associada ao prognóstico de vários carcinomas, mas a relação neutrófilo-linfócito no carcinoma espinocelular da laringe ainda permanece controversa.

Objetivo

Esclarecer a eficácia prognóstica da relação neutrófilo-linfócito no carcinoma espinocelular de laringe.

Método

De acordo com as diretrizes de metanálise, conduzimos uma busca nas bases de dados Embase, PubMed, e Cochrane Library. A relação neutrófilo-linfócito de pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de laringe foi avaliado com a diferença de médias padronizadas e intervalo de confiança. A sobrevida global, sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida livre de progressão de pacientes com carcinomaespinocelular de laringe foram expressas pelo método da diferença de médias padronizadas e intervalo de confiança. A razão de risco do intervalo de confiança 95% foi usada como um índice de avaliação para pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de laringe.

Resultados

Oito estudos, que incluíram 1.780 pacientes, usaram uma variedade de valores finais diferentes para classificar a relação neutrófilo-linfócito (intervalo de 1,78-4,0). Entre os oito estudos que relataram a razão de risco de sobrevida global, o maior valor médio foi de 2,72 e 2 de 4 estudos relataram resultados com sobrevida livre de doença. O valor crítico de relação neutrófilo-linfócito e deterioração da sobrevida global (razão de risco = 1,68, intervalo de confiança 95% 1,43-1,99, p ˂ 0,001), sobrevida livre de doença (razão de risco = 2,09, intervalo de confiança 95% 1,62-2,6, p ˂ 0,001) e sobrevida livre de progressão (razão de risco = 1,92, intervalo de confiança 95% 1,75-2,10, p ˂ 0,001) foi associado com carcinoma espinocelular de laringe. A relação neutrófilo-linfócito tem valor prognóstico para carcinoma espinocelular de laringe.

Conclusão

Os resultados da metanálise mostraram que o aumento da relação neutrófilo-linfócito estava relacionado ao mau prognóstico do carcinoma espinocelular de laringe. A relação neutrófilo-linfócito pode servir como um biomarcador custo-efetivo de prognóstico do carcinoma espinocelular de laringe. Entretanto, mais estudos prospectivos de alta qualidade são necessários para avaliar a sua praticabilidade.

Palavras-chave
Carcinoma de células laríngeas; Relação neutrófilo-linfócito; Sobrevida global; Sobrevida livre de doença; Metanálise

Introduction

Laryngeal cell carcinoma is the second most prevalent malignant tumor after non-cervical cancers. About 1,700,000 cases of laryngeal cell carcinoma are reported every year in the world, and near 90,000 die due to this condition. Differences between ethnic groups, countries, ages and genders are responsible for different rates of morbidity.¹ The pathological mechanism of LSCC is not clear; factors such as smoking, drinking, air pollution, and HPV are known to be inductors of this disease. The treatment of laryngeal cell carcinoma can be very disappointing due to the differences in clinical staging, behavior and prognosis. While multimodal therapy, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, has improved, it is still disappointing because of its anatomical structure specificity and lack of prognosis.² It is necessary to identify biomarkers for overall survival (OS), progression survival (PFS), and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In clinical practice, the short-term and long-term prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma depends on its clinical stage, distant metastasis, primary tumor size and lymphatic involvement. Because different stages of the disease have their own characteristic, the staging fact alone are not enough to predict the prognosis and recurrence risk of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In recent years, the prediction of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by laboratory blood indexes has been the focus of research, involving occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of several types of cancer.³ Some laboratory inflammatory markers have been identified as prognostic markers for specific cancers, such as neutrophil granulosa cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, prominent cells, natural killer cells and mast cells, etc.⁴ These inflammatory markers can produce chemokines, inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and their tumor-host interactions lead to systemic inflammatory responses. Recently, high NLR values have been proved to be an important prognostic factor in colorectal cancer, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma and ovarian cancer.⁵ But the relationship of prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and an elevated NLR remains controversial. Bojaxhiu has studied NLR levels in 186 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and found that elevated NLR level (NLR greater than 3.28) was associated with overall survival (OS), but no correlation was found with local recurrence-free survival (RFS).⁶ Chen believes that preoperative NLR (NLR > 2.45) is significantly associated with survival rate and tumor progression in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, which may be an independent prognostic indicator for postoperative OS and PFS of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.⁷ Also, Song studies, showed that NLR (>1.85) had a significant correlation with PFS, but no correlation with OS.⁸ Because distinct researches have used different optimal critical values of NLR, this fact may be a factor that affects the interpretation of the results. Therefore, an elevated NLR as a predictor of recurrence and prognostic index of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is still incipient. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to clarify the influence of NLR in the prognosis of this clinical condition.

Methods

Literature search strategy

Articles reported in the literature with NLR as prognostic and recurrence factors of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were included in this study. To avoid the omission of original materials, we used a database and keywords for a comprehensive search. The database consists of EMBASE, Pumbed and the Cochrane Library, keywords including “laryngeal carcinoma”, “Neoplasms Laryngeal”, “Laryngeal Neoplasm”, “Lar. ynx Neoplasms”, “Neoplasm Larynx”, “Laryngeal Cancer”, “Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio”, “neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio”, “neutrophils”, “lymphocytes”, “NLR”. Operated by AND or OR connection, the retrieval deadline is set as May 2020. At the same time, we also explored the references to avoid missing the relevant literature. We first searched the article title and abstract to exclude the documentation that was not relevant or repeated, and screened the full read-through which included laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and NLR.

Literature inclusion and exclusion criteria

Two authors (ZFQ and WC) reviewed and retrieved the original study in all the literature, and the disagreement was discussed or resolved by third-party researchers (JBQ). We developed detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria: (1) all studies should contain a relationship between preoperative peripheral blood NLR levels and prognosis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. (2) Interventions such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or combination therapy should have relevant survival data and prognosis prediction including risk ratio (HR) and 95%CI or OS, PFS, DFS (3) subjects were all humans, and all articles were written in English language. (4) All laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma participants should have been excluded from possible predisposing factors (e.g., tumor, esophageal cancer, etc.) or of taking drugs that could be associated with development of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Exclusion criteria: (1) duplicate literature, case reports, not written in English, abstracts, conference papers found by the database; (2) if the study treatment plan of the article was distinct from the above treatment plan; (3) other diseases than the subject of the study, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Data extraction

The extracted information included the NLR level values of the included studies, year of publication, sample size, age (mean ± standard deviation), smoking, alcohol consumption, follow-up, and OS, RFS, DFS of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

The systematic review was initially carried out by two reviewers (ZFQ and WC) in accordance with the newcastle-ottawa (NOS).⁹ The highest score was 9 and score >5 was considered as high quality. Cases of ambiguity, were evaluated by a third party (JBQ). We used the Review Manager 5.3 for Meta- analysis. Effect model was selected according to the P-value of the chi-square test. Literature heterogeneity size assessment was measured based on I² values. I² range in 75%-100% was considered high; I² range in 50%-75% considered medium; I² range in 25%-50% considered as low heterogeneity; and percentages lower than that were considered as non-heterogeneity. I²> 50% is a fixed-effect model, and I²< 50% is a random effect model. Sensitivity analysis was achieved by removing each of the individual items, and its weight in the total effect.

Results

After including studies according to quality assessment we retrieved 40 original studies exploring strategies using electronic databases. First, we excluded five duplicate documents or articles written by the same scholar or institution. All the remaining articles were selected on the basis of the pre-stablished exclusion and inclusion criteria, and we finally had eight included articles for this research,⁷,¹⁰-¹⁶ the retrieval process is shown in Fig. 1, and the detailed basic characteristics of the articles are shown in Table 1.

Figure 1
Literature screening flowchart.

Table 1
Characteristics and quality assessment results for each included publication.

Study	Time	Country	Ethnicity	Patients (male/female)	Age (range)	Result	Follow-up (month)	Primary location			Cutoff	NOS score
Chen et al.7	2018	China	Asia	361 (353/8)	60 (35−87)	OS PFS	47 (4−98)	280 (77.56%)	70 (19.39%)	11 (3.05%)	2.45	7
Song et al.8	2019	China	Asia	137 (133/4)	62 (40-84)	OS RFS	47 (2-111)	Glottic: 61 (44.5%) supraglottic and subglottic: 76 (55.4%)			2.96	8
Tu et al.10	2015	China	Asia	141 (137/4)	59 (36-87)	OS DFS	51 (5−102)	24 (17%)	113 (80.2%)	4 (2.8%)	2.17	8
Zhou et al.11	2019	China	Asia	232 (192/40)	63 (39−81)	OS DFS	27.3 ± 18.6	68 (29.3%)	152 (65.2%)	12 (5.2%)	2.38	7
Fu et al.12	2016	China	Asia	420 (413/7)	60 ± 9.1 (33−84)	OS CSS		198 (47.14%)	206 (49.04%)	16 (3.82%)	2.59	8
Wong et al.13	2016	United Kingdom	Europe	140 (121/19)	66 (36−92)	OS DFS	41.5 (2−103)				＜1.78 2.41 3.10 ＞3.10	5
Wang et al.14	2016	China	Asia	120 (118/2)	60.6 ± 8.6 (40−81)	OS PFS	40.1 ± 14.9	52 (43.33%)	63 (52.50%)	5 (4.17%)	2.79	6
Aires et al.15	2018	Turkey	Asia	229 (221/8)	59 (31−88)	OS DFS PFS	39.5 (1-107)	79 (40.97%)	82 (50.93%)		4	6

Meta-analysis results

A meta-analysis of overall survival rate and NLR ratio in patients with LSCC was performed. The forest plot results of 8 studies on the rate of overall survival to NLR is shown in Fig. 2.⁷,¹⁰-¹⁶ The meta-analysis included the overall survival (OS) rate of LSCC and its correlation with NLR. The HR was 1.68 (95% CI = 1.43-1.99), which was statistically significant. Due to the low heterogeneity of the study (I²= 5), the fixed effect model wad used in Fig. 2.

Figure 2
Overall survival rate and NLR ratio in LSCC.

Meta-analysis of RFS and NLR ratio in patients with LSCC

The results show three studies with rate of RFS related to NLR in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.¹³,¹⁴,¹⁶ The meta-analysis showed that the RFS of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma was related to NLR. Namely HR = 1.92 (95% CI 1.75-2.10; p< 0.001), (Fig. 3), with statistical significance, a fixed-effect model was used because of the low heterogeneity of the study (I²= 0).

Figure 3
DFS and NLR ratio in LSCC.

Meta-analysis of DFS and NLR ratio in patients with LSCC

The results of four studies on the rate of DFS related to NLR in LSCC are shown in Fig. 4.¹⁰,¹¹,¹³,¹⁶ The meta-analysis showed that the DFS of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma was related to the values of NLR. Namely HR = 2.09 (95% CI 1.62-2.69; p< 0.001), with statistical significance, a fixed effect model was used because of the low heterogeneity of the study (I²= 0) in Fig. 4.

Figure 4
RFS and NLR ratio in LSCC.

Quality evaluation

The results of the assessment of literature quality level are summarized in Table 1. The statistical quality level in three was high, four were medium and one, low.

Discussion

To demonstrate the prognostic value of preoperative elevated NLR with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, we performed a meta-analysis by searching and screening the published literature. A total of 8 studies and 1780 patients were included and the clinical importance of elevated value of preoperative NLR in the prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma was evaluated. Our study showed that preoperative high value of NLR index was associated with the OS, DFS and PFS of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, NLR was a good prognostic marker of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

A number of literature studies have shown that NLR have been confirmed to have prognostic predictive effects on other cancers, such as breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, myeloma, etc. The relationship between OS, DFS, RFS and NLR of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in our study is also consistent.

The prognostic mechanism of preoperative elevated NLR on OS, DFS, RFS of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is still unclear. One possible mechanism among the general immune response is the involvement of neutrophils. Neutrophils have different effects in different stages of tumor.¹⁷ They are an important line of defense to prevent infection and anti-inflammatory, but can also promote tumor invasion and metastasis. This may be associated with the presence of anti-inflammatory (N1) and pro-inflammatory (N2) phenotypes in neutrophils. The N2 type has a high level of arginase 1 (arginase1, ARG1), which can induce the production of N0 enzymes, which inhibit the cell activity CD8T antitumor and promote the development of tumor;¹⁸ Another mechanism is related to the T lymphocytes, which have more types and functions and play a major role in inflammatory response. It is divided into four types: killing, inhibiting, inducing auxiliary and delayed hypersensitivity.¹⁹ Different types of tumors have specific antigens and can be recognized and killed by T lymphocytes.²⁰ Malignant tumor-related inflammation inhibits antitumor immunity and promotes tumor growth and metastasis by mobilizing regulatory T cells and activating chemokines. Hence, NLR may be considered as a potential clinical indicator of lymphocytes and neutrophils.²¹ Moreover, it is a low-cost and readily available and effective indicator in the clinical set, thus making it the most potential prognostic marker for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.²²

In addition, 6 of the 8 articles in our study were Chinese, and there were no regional grouping analysis, so, they might have had a selection bias; most cases of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were male patients, mainly determined by the characteristics of the disease itself, they may have also had a gender selection bias; the cut-off level of NLR would need to be verified by various methods in the included studies. The influence of many factors, such as country, region, institution, and different cut-off values, makes the reference standard inconsistent. Due to the different cut-off values, making difficult to know what would be the best cut-off range and how to interpret the results, we set the range between 1.78 and 4. There were 7 study items between 2 and 3, and only one item reached 4. Inconsistent cut-off values may have a selection bias. In future researches, we need to set a unified scope to facilitate the big data statistical analysis. Some recent studies have shown that other inflammatory factors, such as C-reactive proteins, may have a preclinical significance of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Whether NLR interact with other inflammatory factors is unclear and needs further verification by the big data. Furthermore, the correlation between NLR and some clinical diseases, such as coronary heart disease, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, also needs further clinical verification.

Despite the above limitations, our meta-analysis still has some advantages. First, our data were analyzed by a single factor and multivariate analysis, and a preoperative elevated value of was related to a good prognostic significance in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients and avoided the influence of other inflammatory factors. Besides, NLR is a laboratory index, which is costless, easy to obtain and very common in the clinical set. In addition, our study determined a good predictor of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Because we provided relatively few prospective studies, more clinical big data information is needed to further demonstrate NLR prognostic significance in screening high-risk patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion

The results of meta-analysis showed that the increase of NLR was related to poor prognosis of LSCC. NLR may serve as a cost-effective prognostic biomarker of the poor prognosis of LSCC. More high-quality prospective trials are needed to assess the practicability of NLR in LSCC.

• ☆
  Peer Review under the responsibility of Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Second Chunhui Project of changzhi Medical College (QDZ201925), the scientific research project of Shanxi Provincial Health Commission in 2019 is funded by Shanxi Provincial Health Commission (2019141), and the Innovation Project of Shanxi Provincial Excellent Graduate Students in 2019 is funded by Shanxi Provincial Education Department (2019SY534).

References

• ¹
  Liu YP, Ma L, Wang SJ, Chen YN, Wu GX, Han M, et al. Prognostic value of lymph node metastases and lymph node ratio in esophageal squamous cell carcinomal. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:155-159.
• ²
  Marchi F, Missale F, Incandela F, Filauro M, Mazzola F, Mora F, et al. Prognostic significance of peripheral T-cell subsets in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2019;4:513-519.
• ³
  Rachidi S, Wallace K, Wrangle JM, Day TA, Alberg AJ, Li Z. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and overall survival in all sites of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2016;38:E1068-E1074.
• ⁴
  Sheng X, Zhang H, Ge P, Chen L, Zhang S. A retrospective study of the prognostic significance of preoperative plasma fibrinogen, mean platelet volume, and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:4527-4534.
• ⁵
  Cai H, Zhang ZH, Zhou YJ, Liu J, Chen HQ, Lin RY. The Prognostic Value of Preoperative Plasma Fibrinogen and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients With Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021;100:731-736.
• ⁶
  Bojaxhiu B, Templeton AJ, Elicin O, Shelan M, Zaugg K, Walser M, et al. Relation of baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to survival and toxicity in head and neck cancer patients treated with (chemo-) radiation. Radiat Oncol. 2018;13:216.
• ⁷
  Chen L, Zeng H, Yang J, Chen L, Zeng H, Yang J, et al. Survival and prognostic analysis of preoperative inflammatory markers in patients undergoing surgical resection for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2018;18:816.
• ⁸
  Song S, Chen H, Dong W, Zhou H. The prognostic value of preoperative derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients undergoing total laryngectomy with laryngeal carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol. 2019;139:294-298.
• ⁹
  Sumner WA, Stokes WA, Oweida A, Berggren KL, McDermott JD, Raben D, et al. Survival impact of pre-treatment neutrophils on oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer patients undergoing definitive radiotherapy. J Transl Med. 2017;15:168.
• ¹⁰
  Tu XP, Qiu QH, Chen LS, Luo XN, Lu ZM, Zhang SY, et al. Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an independent prognostic marker in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:743.
• ¹¹
  Zhou T, Yu ST, Chen WZ, Xie R, Yu JC. Pretreatment albumin globulin ratio has a superior prognostic value in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients: a comparison study. J Cancer. 2019;10:594-601.
• ¹²
  Fu Y, Liu W, OuYang D, Yang A, Zhang Q. Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts long-term survival in patients undergoing total laryngectomy with advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a single-center retrospective Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2689.
• ¹³
  Wong BY, Stafford ND, Green VL, Greenman J. Prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2016;38 Suppl 1:E1903-E1908.
• ¹⁴
  Wang J, Wang S, Song X, Zeng W, Wang S, Chen F, et al. The prognostic value of systemic and local inflammation in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:7177-7185.
• ¹⁵
  Aires FT, Dedivitis RA, Kulcsar M.AV, Ramos DM, Cernea CR. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor for pharyngocutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018;38:31-37.
• ¹⁶
  Eskiizmir G, Uz U, Onur E, Ozyurt B, Karaca Cikrikci G, Sahin N, et al. The evaluation of pretreatment neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and derived neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients with laryngeal neoplasms. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;85:578-587.
• ¹⁷
  Kara A, Guven M, Demir D, Yilmaz MS, Gundogan ME, Genc S. Are calculated ratios and red blood cell and platelet distribution width really important for the laryngeal cancer and precancerous larynx lesions. Niger J Clin Pract. 2019;22:701-706.
• ¹⁸
  Xun Y, Wang M, Sun H, Shi S, Guan B, Yu C. Prognostic analysis of preoperative inflammatory biomarkers in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020;99:371-378.
• ¹⁹
  Melinceanu L, Lerescu L, Tucureanu C, Caras I, Pitica R, Sarafoleanu C, et al. Serum perioperative profile of cytokines in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;40:143-150.
• ²⁰
  Riva G, Boita M, Corvino A, Sensini M, Peruzzetto D, Chiusa L, et al. Nasal and tracheal cytological changes after total laryngectomy in long-term survivors. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2017;126:124-131.
• ²¹
  Wenisch C, Werkgartner T, Sailer H, Patruta S, Krause R, Daxboeck F, et al. Effect of preoperative prophylaxis with filgrastim in cancer neck dissection. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000;30:460-466.
• ²²
  Faden H, Hong JJ, Ogra PL. Interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and viruses in humans: adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells. J Virol. 1984;52:16-23.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 Oct 2022
• Date of issue
  Sep-Oct 2022

History

• Received
  8 Aug 2020
• Accepted
  23 Sept 2020