The impact of anesthesia on postoperative outcomes: the effect of regional anesthesia on the incidence of surgical site infections

Surgical site infections (SSI) are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the postoperative care. Current data suggest that SSI are responsible for about 20% of all healthcare-associated infections.¹,² Importantly, deep surgical site infections are strongly associated with a prolonged hospitalization, significant increase in costs, and poor outcomes, representing a considerable burden for patients and healthcare systems.³

The overall management of SSI comprises prevention, adequate differential diagnosis, and appropriate early treatment as well a rigorous follow-up. Prevention of surgical infection relies on optimization of patient factors and use of a variety of evidence-based pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures. Clinical practice guidelines for perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis are widely available and applied everywhere.⁴ Nevertheless, SSI will continue to impact morbidity and mortality in both hospital and outpatient settings.

In the last few decades, regional anesthesia has gained momentum as an effective strategy to improve perioperative analgesia and potentially changing relevant postoperative outcomes. Previous studies suggested that regional anesthesia might minimize the risk of postoperative SSI and cancer recurrence, subsequently providing the benefits to both short- and long-term outcomes.⁵ There is strong evidence that the avoidance of allogeneic blood transfusion and implementation of an adequate perioperative blood glucose control are all effective measures that reduce postoperative infection rates.⁶ However, significant controversy exists regarding the effects of a high versus a low intraoperative fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) on postoperative SSI in adults undergoing general anesthesia. A recent systematic review has shown that a high FiO₂ did not improve outcomes including surgical site infections, length of stay, or mortality in patients undergoing general anesthesia for non-cardiac surgery.⁷

Previous findings have indicated that regional anesthesia may reduce postoperative infectious complications in several clinical settings. For instance, a recent meta-analysis has shown that regional anesthesia is associated with a lower incidence of sepsis in vascular patients.⁸ In orthopedic surgery, previous findings based on observational studies have supported the overall beneficial effects of regional anesthesia in decreasing the development of SSI after both knee and hip arthroplasties.⁹ Additionally, a comprehensive systematic review has demonstrated that epidural analgesia reduced the odds of pneumonia after abdominal and thoracic surgery, although this benefit was weak in larger studies.¹⁰ However, further studies were unable to show association of regional analgesia with postoperative infectious complications in abdominal surgeries.¹¹,¹² In fact, considering all available evidence, clinical data underlying the potential role of regional anesthesia in reducing postoperative infections complications is still controversial and further studies are warranted.

In this issue of the Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology, an interesting, relevant and well-designed retrospective study from the Department of Outcomes Research at Cleveland Clinic provides new insights into the potential effects of regional anesthesia on postoperative infectious complications. In this study, Bajracharya et al.¹³ compared the incidence of a composite of serious infections after colorectal surgery in patients who received postoperative regional analgesia (epidural or transversus abdominis plane blocks) or patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with opioids (IV-PCA). The outcome was defined as a composite of in-hospital serious infections, including intra-abdominal abscess, pelvic abscess, deep or organ-space SSI, clostridium difficile, pneumonia, or sepsis. In their analysis, authors matched 681 regional anesthesia patients to 2862 IV-PCA only patients based on propensity scores derived from potential confounding factors. This study suggests that regional analgesia is not significantly associated with a reduced incidence of postoperative serious infection (odds ratio: 1.14; 95% Confidence Interval 0.87‒1.49). Of note, authors observed a weak association of postoperative opioid consumption with serious infectious complications. Interestingly, considering the use of epidural and systemic opiates, at least in this patient population, regional anesthesia did not reduce the total opioid dose administered to patients perioperatively. Conceivably, future prospective studies could implement more effective opioid-sparing strategies of regional anesthesia, investigating the potential benefits of this approach in the incidence of infections complications after surgery.

It is important to point out that the study design influences the results and hence the quality of the evidence produced. Ideally, determining the risk for each patient or groups of patients should integrate sample selection. The higher the patient’s risk the greater the chance for a therapeutic intervention to show positive results (lower Number Needed to Treat). Patients at low or no risk are less likely to develop an outcome and therefore less likely to benefit from the intervention. This issue could have played a role in the negative findings observed by Bajracharia et al.¹³ This is an important consideration to be made in the evaluation of the evidence produced by large observational studies, where additional efforts are needed to identify patients at higher risk of a specific clinical outcome.

Although the number of patients included in the study conducted by Bajracharia et al¹³ is expressive and undoubtedly the results obtained add relevant evidence to the field, a retrospective cohort study brings the inconvenience of multiple biases. It is important that the question raised by the study be evaluated from the perspective of a randomized and controlled trial, where such confounding factors could be minimized. Alternatively, the use of large databases and the technology present in several hospitals can help (albeit retrospectively) in the detection of factors associated with relevant outcomes.¹⁴

In summary, current evidence is still equivocal regarding the effects of anesthesia techniques and SSI. In this context, the study of Bajracharya et al.¹³ reinforces the rationale that regional analgesia techniques should not be selected as a measure to reduce postoperative infections. However, clinical evidence is still growing in this area and new prospective clinical trials, observational studies and systematic reviews are still expected in the near future to further investigate the impact of anesthesia techniques, especially regional anesthesia, on important patient-centered outcomes such as SSI and other postoperative infectious complications.

References

• ¹
  Mellinghoff SC, Otto C, Cornely OA. Surgical site infections: current management and role of new antibiotics. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2019;32:517–22.
• ²
  Leaper DJ, van Goor H, Reilly J, Petrosillo N, Geiss HK, Torres AJ, Berger A. Surgical site infection - a European perspective of incidence and economic burden. Int Wound J. 2004;1:247–73.
• ³
  De Lissovoy G, Fraeman K, Hutchins V, Murphy D, Song D, Vaughn BB. Surgical site infection: incidence and impact on hospital utilization and treatment costs. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37:387–97.
• ⁴
  Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; Infectious Disease Society of America; Surgical Infection Society; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70:195–283.
• ⁵
  Bugada D, Ghisi D, Mariano ER. Continuous regional anesthesia: a review of perioperative outcome benefits. Minerva Anestesiol. 2017;83:1089–100.
• ⁶
  Kavanagh T, Buggy DJ. Can anaesthetic technique effect postoperative outcome? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2012;25:185–98.
• ⁷
  Høybye M, Lind PC, Holmberg MJ, et al. Fraction of inspired oxygen during general anesthesia for non-cardiac surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2022;66:923–33.
• ⁸
  Mufarrih SH, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of general versus regional anesthesia for lower extremity amputation. J Vasc Surg. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2022.10.005 Online ahead of print.
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2022.10.005
• ⁹
  Zorrilla-Vaca A, Grant MC, Mathur V, Li J, Wu CL. The impact of neuraxial versus general anesthesia on the incidence of postoperative surgical site infections following knee or hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016; 41:555–63.
• ¹⁰
  Pöpping DM, Elia N, Marret E, Remy C, Tramèr MR. Protective effects of epidural analgesia on pulmonary complications after abdominal and thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2008;143:990–9. discussion 1000.
• ¹¹
  Halabi WJ, Jafari MD, Nguyen VQ, et al. A nationwide analysis of the use and outcomes of epidural analgesia in open colorectal surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17:1130–7.
• ¹²
  Halabi WJ, Kang CY, Nguyen VQ, et al. Epidural analgesia in laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a nationwide analysis of use and outcomes. JAMA Surg. 2014;149:130–6.
• ¹³
  Bajracharya GR, Esa WAS, Mao G, et al. Regional analgesia and surgical site infections after colorectal surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2023;73:10–5.
• ¹⁴
  Barnett S, Moonesinghe SR. Clinical risk scores to guide perioperative management. Postgrad Med J. 2011;87:535–41.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  16 Jan 2023
• Date of issue
  Jan-Feb 2023