Evaluation of farmers’ wheat production technical efficiency based on income increasing

Zhang, Jia’ou

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210828

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AGRIBUSINESS • Cienc. Rural 53 (6) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210828 copy

Evaluation of farmers’ wheat production technical efficiency based on income increasing

Avaliação da eficiência técnica da produção de trigo dos agricultores com base no aumento da renda

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Based on the goal of income increasing, this research uses the DEA-BCC model under the input and the output orientation to estimate the differences and changes in the technical efficiency of wheat production by farmers of different scales based on the survey data of 1669 farmers’ wheat production from China’s main wheat-producing regions. Results showed that there are significant differences in the technical efficiency of farmer’s wheat production and the optimal scale of efficiency under the input and the output orientation. The relationship between farmers’ planting scale and efficiency is characterized by U-shaped curves and inverted U-shaped curves respectively. The wheat production technical efficiency of farmers in most major grain production areas is in a DEA ineffective state, and agricultural technical efficiency needs to be improved.

Key words:
farmers; wheat production; technical efficiency; DEA-BCC model

Authorship

Jia’ou Zhang ^*E-mail: jiaou@mail.hnust.edu.cn. *Corresponding author

School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, 411201, Xiangtan, China..Hunan University of Science and TechnologyChinaXiangtan, ChinaSchool of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, 411201, Xiangtan, China..

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5846-8173

E-mail: jiaou@mail.hnust.edu.cn. ^*Corresponding author

Editors: Leandro Souza da Silva(0000-0002-1636-6643) Daniel ArrudaCoronel(0000-0003-0264-6502)

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding sponsors had no role in the study design, collection, analysis, and data interpretation; during the writing of this manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Author critically revised the manuscript and approved of the final version.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (9)

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Table 1
Evaluation index system of peasant household wheat production and management efficiency.

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Table 2
Descriptive statistics of the sample (n = 1696).

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Table 3
Input and output of wheat production in different grain land scale regions.

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Table 4
Input-oriented wheat production efficiency of farmers under the goal of income increasing.

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Table 5
Output-oriented wheat production efficiency of farmers under the goal of income increasing.

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Table 6
Comparative analysis of regional cost profit margin with optimal efficiency scale.

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Table 7
Input-oriented wheat production efficiency of farmers under food security goals.

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Table 8
Output oriented wheat production efficiency of farmers under food security goals.

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Table 9
Comparative analysis of yield per unit cost at the optimal scale of grain production efficiency.

Table 1 Evaluation index system of peasant household wheat production and management efficiency.

Efficiency evaluation	Output index	Input index
Comprehensive efficiency	Income from wheat production (y1) Yield of wheat production (y2)	Land (x1)	the areas of wheat planted by farmers
Pure technical efficiency		Labor (x2)	the labor costs of wheat production
Scale efficiency	Capital (x3)	total cost of material consumption and services

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the sample (n = 1696).

Variable	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Yield	4457.17	11020.86	30.00	147000.00
Income	9975.76	24970.30	78.00	352800.00
Land	11.78	30.21	0.18	320.00
Labor	1484.13	2752.59	20.00	40800.00
Capital	4323.46	11397.96	22.50	164864.00

Table 3 Input and output of wheat production in different grain land scale regions.

No.	Scale area（mu）	-------------------------------Input------------------------------			-------------------Output---------------------
		Capital（yuan）	Labor（yuan）	Land（mu）	Yield（kg）	Income（yuan）
1	0-1（≤1）	168.38	229.84	0.75	204.54	461.30
2	1-6（≤6）	1298.94	856.33	3.61	1369.15	3062.11
3	6-12(≤12)	3299.12	1419.98	8.79	3574.98	7972.26
4	12-25(≤25)	6265.26	1992.03	16.77	6723.15	14879.66
5	25-45(≤45)	12353.24	4490.85	34.72	13366.57	29723.42
6	45-60(≤60)	20016.23	5360.91	54.55	20481.82	44101.91
7	60-85(≤85)	27403.14	11914.29	76.93	27646.36	60841.35
8	85-110(≤110)	39845.48	3902.56	97.67	35196.33	80633.48
9	110-130(≤130)	44199.50	2250.00	125.00	42900.00	96090.00
10	130-159(≤159)	59224.60	5160.00	159.00	43725.00	118057.50
11	159-170(≤170)	74509.73	6470.67	166.67	71200.00	162253.33
12	170-200(≤200)	70266.67	22654.67	200.00	70000.00	155813.33
13	200-212(≤212)	73004.00	17500.00	212.00	83740.00	184228.00
14	212-230(≤230)	93584.00	13200.00	230.00	94300.00	207460.00
15	230-250(≤250)	77500.60	19700.00	250.00	82153.00	185227.00
16	250-261(≤261)	88708.50	10140.00	260.50	82045.00	185294.50
17	261-280(≤280)	90214.00	10730.00	273.67	102345.67	240622.00
18	280-300(≤300)	131950.00	17000.00	300.00	99000.00	221760.00
19	300-320(≤320)	124468.33	14383.33	319.33	116264.67	259956.33

Table 4 Input-oriented wheat production efficiency of farmers under the goal of income increasing.

Scale area (mu)	Actual scale	Target scale	Comprehensive efficiency	Pure technical efficiency	Scale efficiency	Returns to scale
0-1（≤1）	0.748	0.750	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
1-6（≤6）	3.612	3.519	0.939	0.975	0.963	Increase
6-12(≤12)	8.790	8.790	0.990	1.000	0.990	Increase
12-25(≤25)	16.773	16.353	0.970	0.975	0.995	Increase
25-45(≤45)	34.715	33.096	0.951	0.953	0.998	Increase
45-60(≤60)	54.545	48.578	0.889	0.891	0.999	Increase
60-85(≤85)	76.929	67.624	0.878	0.879	0.999	Increase
85-110(≤110)	97.667	85.819	0.876	0.879	0.997	Increase
110-130(≤130)	125.000	125.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
130-159(≤159)	159.000	135.568	0.851	0.853	0.998	Increase
159-170(≤170)	166.667	166.670	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
170-200(≤200)	200.000	173.798	0.869	0.869	1.000	Constant
200-212(≤212)	212.000	206.770	0.975	0.975	1.000	Constant
212-230(≤230)	230.000	228.393	0.958	0.993	0.965	Decrease
230-250(≤250)	250.000	210.719	0.893	0.896	0.997	Decrease
250-261(≤261)	260.500	209.294	0.802	0.803	0.999	Increase
261-280(≤280)	273.667	273.670	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
280-300(≤300)	300.000	247.917	0.764	0.826	0.924	Decrease
300-320(≤320)	319.333	319.330	0.878	1.000	0.878	Decrease
Average	11.781	28.682	0.920	0.935	0.984	-

Table 5 Output-oriented wheat production efficiency of farmers under the goal of income increasing.

Scale area (mu)	Actual income	Targetincome	Comprehensive efficiency	Pure technical efficiency	Scale efficiency	Returns to scale
0-1（≤1）	461.298	461.300	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
1-6（≤6）	3062.112	3144.891	0.939	0.974	0.964	Increase
6-12(≤12)	7972.265	7972.260	0.990	1.000	0.990	Increase
12-25(≤25)	14879.660	15260.962	0.970	0.975	0.995	Increase
25-45(≤45)	29723.423	31186.167	0.951	0.953	0.998	Increase
45-60(≤60)	44101.909	49533.426	0.889	0.890	0.999	Increase
60-85(≤85)	60841.350	69225.153	0.878	0.879	0.999	Increase
85-110(≤110)	80633.483	91950.032	0.876	0.877	0.999	Increase
110-130(≤130)	96090.000	96090.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
130-159(≤159)	118057.500	138690.124	0.851	0.851	0.999	Increase
159-170(≤170)	162253.333	162253.330	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
170-200(≤200)	155813.333	179315.836	0.869	0.869	1.000	Constant
200-212(≤212)	184228.000	188890.118	0.975	0.975	1.000	Constant
212-230(≤230)	207460.000	208637.329	0.958	0.994	0.964	Decrease
230-250(≤250)	185227.000	206714.087	0.893	0.896	0.997	Decrease
250-261(≤261)	185294.500	230061.376	0.802	0.805	0.996	Decrease
261-280(≤280)	240622.000	240622.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
280-300(≤300)	221760.000	251771.210	0.764	0.881	0.867	Decrease
300-320(≤320)	259956.333	259956.330	0.878	1.000	0.878	Decrease
Average	9975.761	25643.087	0.920	0.938	0.981	-

Table 6 Comparative analysis of regional cost profit margin with optimal efficiency scale.

Input and output items	---------------------------------------------------Scale area (mu)-----------------------------------------------
	110-130(≤130)	159-170(≤170)	261-280(≤280)
A:Land input（yuan）	22666.25	30222.27	49624.58
B:Labor input (yuan）	42607.50	56811.14	93283.16
C:Capital input (yuan）	44199.5	74509.73	90214
D:Total cost (yuan）	109473.25	161543.14	233121.74
E:Total revenue (yuan）	130498.75	174001.81	285708.74
F:Total profit (yuan）	21025.50	12458.68	52587.01
G:Cost-profit ratio（%）	19.21	7.71	22.56

Note: D=A+B+C；F=E-D；G=F/D.

Table 7 Input-oriented wheat production efficiency of farmers under food security goals.

Scale area (mu)	Actual scale	Target scale	Comprehensive efficiency	Pure technical efficiency	Scale efficiency	Returns to scale
0-1（≤1）	0.748	0.750	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
1-6（≤6）	3.612	3.521	0.946	0.975	0.970	Increase
6-12(≤12)	8.790	8.790	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
12-25(≤25)	16.773	16.593	0.989	0.989	1.000	Constant
25-45(≤45)	34.715	33.496	0.964	0.965	0.999	Decrease
45-60(≤60)	54.545	50.906	0.933	0.933	0.999	Decrease
60-85(≤85)	76.929	69.308	0.900	0.901	0.999	Decrease
85-110(≤110)	97.667	86.119	0.879	0.882	0.997	Increase
110-130(≤130)	125.000	125.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
130-159(≤159)	159.000	115.332	0.723	0.725	0.997	Increase
159-170(≤170)	166.667	166.670	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
170-200(≤200)	200.000	176.233	0.880	0.881	0.999	Decrease
200-212(≤212)	212.000	212.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
212-230(≤230)	230.000	230.000	0.989	1.000	0.989	Decrease
230-250(≤250)	250.000	207.987	0.923	0.924	0.999	Decrease
250-261(≤261)	260.500	216.973	0.832	0.833	0.999	Increase
261-280(≤280)	273.667	273.667	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
280-300(≤300)	300.000	249.116	0.776	0.830	0.935	Decrease
300-320(≤320)	319.333	319.333	0.903	1.000	0.903	Decrease
Average	11.781	32.573	0.928	0.939	0.989	-

Table 8 Output oriented wheat production efficiency of farmers under food security goals.

Scale area (mu)	Actual yield	Targetyield	Comprehensive efficiency	Pure technical efficiency	Scale efficiency	Returns to scale
0-1（≤1）	204.539	204.540	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
1-6（≤6）	1369.146	1405.977	0.946	0.974	0.972	Increase
6-12(≤12)	3574.982	3574.980	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
12-25(≤25)	6723.153	6794.725	0.989	0.989	1.000	Constant
25-45(≤45)	13366.567	13854.203	0.964	0.965	0.999	Decrease
45-60(≤60)	20481.818	21946.692	0.933	0.933	0.999	Decrease
60-85(≤85)	27646.357	30684.659	0.900	0.901	0.998	Decrease
85-110(≤110)	35196.333	39973.447	0.879	0.880	0.999	Increase
110-130(≤130)	42900.000	42900.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
130-159(≤159)	43725.000	60439.201	0.723	0.723	1.000	Constant
159-170(≤170)	71200.000	71200.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
170-200(≤200)	70000.000	79438.015	0.880	0.881	0.999	Decrease
200-212(≤212)	83740.000	83740.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
212-230(≤230)	94300.000	94300.000	0.989	1.000	0.989	Decrease
230-250(≤250)	82153.000	88601.257	0.923	0.927	0.996	Decrease
250-261(≤261)	82045.000	98097.275	0.832	0.836	0.995	Decrease
261-280(≤280)	102345.667	102345.667	1.000	1.000	1.000	Constant
280-300(≤300)	99000.000	111511.119	0.776	0.888	0.874	Decrease
300-320(≤320)	116264.667	116264.667	0.903	1.000	0.903	Decrease
Average	4457.166	8564.362	0.928	0.942	0.985	-

Table 9 Comparative analysis of yield per unit cost at the optimal scale of grain production efficiency.

Input and output items	---------------------------------------------------Scale area (mu)------------------------------------------------------
	6-12（≤12）	110-130（≤130)	159-170(≤170)	200-212（≤212）	261-280(≤280)
Total cost (yuan)	7889.17	109473.25	161543.14	183708.28	233121.74
Total yield（kg）	3574.98	42900.00	71200.00	83740.00	102345.67
Yield per unit cost（kg/yuan）	0.45	0.39	0.44	0.46	0.44

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[1] E-mail: jiaou@mail.hnust.edu.cn. ^*Corresponding author