ABSTRACT
Introduction
College students represent a large proportion of amateur athletes in China. In sports practices, some unavoidable situations lead to physical injuries that can seriously affect the daily life of these students. Formulating rehabilitation plans to avoid secondary complications and speed up the students’ return to their daily activities is necessary.
Objective
To study the causes of sports injuries and the effect of sports rehabilitation on university physical training.
Methods
Through questionnaires and interviews, 720 students and 25 teachers with a history of sports injuries were selected to investigate the causes of students’ sports injuries. Then, 20 volunteers were selected as research subjects. They received a rehabilitation training protocol three times a week for six weeks. EMG signals of the athletes’ shoulder and neck muscles were measured.
Results
Sports injury is an inevitable problem during college physical training. Training joint flexibility and stability can effectively improve the surface EMG signals in the area adjacent to the joint to improve muscle strength and joint amplitude level.
Conclusion
Students should consciously undertake rehabilitation training under professional guidance and receive full instruction in sports rehabilitation procedures involving a combination of physical and psychological recovery. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
Education; Higher; Physical Education and Training; Injuries, Sports
RESUMO
Introdução
Estudantes universitários representam grande parte dos esportistas amadores na China. Nas práticas esportivas, algumas situações inevitáveis acarretam em lesões físicas que podem afetar seriamente o cotidiano desses alunos. Faz-se necessária a formulação de planos de reabilitação afim de evitar complicações secundárias e agilizar o retorno dos estudantes às suas atividades diárias.
Objetivo
Estudar as causas de lesões esportivas e o efeito da reabilitação esportiva no treinamento físico universitário.
Métodos
720 alunos e 25 professores com histórico de lesão esportiva foram selecionados para investigar as causas de lesão esportiva dos alunos por meio de questionário e entrevista. Em seguida, foram selecionados 20 voluntários como objeto de pesquisa. Esses receberam um protocolo de treinamento em reabilitação três vezes por semana, durante 6 semanas. Foram mensurados os sinais EMG dos músculos do ombro e pescoço dos atletas.
Resultados
A lesão esportiva é um problema inevitável durante o treinamento físico universitário. Treinar a flexibilidade e estabilidade articular pode efetivamente melhorar os sinais EMG de superfície na área adjacente à articulação, de modo a melhorar a força muscular e o nível de amplitude articular.
Conclusão
Os alunos devem realizar conscientemente treinamento de reabilitação sob orientação profissional, além de receberem instrução plena sobre os procedimentos da reabilitação esportiva, envolvendo uma combinação de recuperação física e psicológica. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
Educação Superior; Educação Física e Treinamento; Lesões Esportivas
RESUMEN
Introducción
Los estudiantes universitarios representan una gran parte de los deportistas aficionados en China. En las prácticas deportivas, algunas situaciones inevitables provocan lesiones físicas que pueden afectar gravemente a la vida cotidiana de estos alumnos. Es necesario formular planes de rehabilitación para evitar complicaciones secundarias y acelerar el regreso de los alumnos a sus actividades cotidianas.
Objetivo
Estudiar las causas de las lesiones deportivas y el efecto de la rehabilitación deportiva en el entrenamiento físico universitario.
Métodos
Se seleccionaron 720 estudiantes y 25 profesores con antecedentes de lesiones deportivas para investigar las causas de las lesiones deportivas de los estudiantes mediante un cuestionario y una entrevista. A continuación, se seleccionaron 20 voluntarios como sujetos de la investigación. Recibieron un protocolo de entrenamiento de rehabilitación tres veces por semana, durante 6 semanas. Se midieron las señales EMG de los músculos del hombro y del cuello de los atletas.
Resultados
Las lesiones deportivas son un problema inevitable durante el entrenamiento físico universitario. El entrenamiento de la flexibilidad y la estabilidad articulares pueden mejorar eficazmente las señales EMG superficiales en la zona adyacente a la articulación, de modo que se mejore la fuerza muscular y el nivel de amplitud articular.
Conclusión
Los estudiantes deben realizar conscientemente un entrenamiento de rehabilitación bajo la dirección de un profesional, y recibir una instrucción completa en los procedimientos de rehabilitación deportiva que impliquen una combinación de recuperación física y psicológica. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
Educación Superior; Educación y Entrenamiento Físico; Lesiones Deportivas
INTRODUCTION
With the rapid development of China, people have reached a certain height from the ideological level. Many people pay more attention to physical health problems, respond to the call of national fitness and participate in sports.11. Kohl HW, Craig CL, Lambert EV, Inoue S, Alkandari JR, Leetongin G, et al. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet Lond Engl. 2012;380(9838):P294-305. After long-term development, the number of sports lovers in China is huge, and college students are an important part of the number of sports lovers in China. Due to the lack of relevant knowledge, students’ sports intensity is different, their technical level is different, and the types of projects are widely involved. When college students carry out sports, some sports emergencies can not be avoided, resulting in students’ sports injuries.22. Zaremski JL, Zeppieri G Jr, Tripp BL. Sport specialization and overuse injuries in adolescent throwing athletes: a narrative review. J Athl Train. 2019;54(10):1030-9. Different types of college students have caused different degrees of physical injury. Individual serious types of sports injuries have seriously affected students’ daily life.33. Steinberg N, Adams R, Ayalon M, Dotan N, Bretter S, Waddington G. Recent ankle injury, sport participation level, and tests of proprioception. J Sport Rehabil. 2019;28(8):824-30. Guiding students how to effectively avoid sports injury and how to effectively and correctly exercise training to reduce the probability of injury has become the task of College Physical Education Teachers’ guidance team.44. Close GL, Sale C, Baar K, Bermon S. Nutrition for the Prevention and Treatment of Injuries in Track and Field Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019;29(2):189-97. Physical education teachers conduct safety education and guidance for students’ training in different links before, during and after sports, and carry out relevant safety courses to reduce the probability of students’ injury in sports and enable students to carry out a series of activities such as physical training in a safe environment.55. Vella SA. Mental health and organized youth sport. Kinesiology Review. 2019;8(3):229-36. Next, for students who have suffered from sports injuries. We should study and analyze the types and severity of injuries, formulate sports rehabilitation plans, and guide them how to effectively carry out sports rehabilitation and correct rehabilitation methods, so as to avoid secondary injury to the body caused by the wrong rehabilitation methods.66. Macdonald B, McAleer S, Kelly S, Chakraverty R, Johnston M, Pollock N. Hamstring rehabilitation in elite track and field athletes: applying the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification in clinical practice. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(23):1464-73. Summarize the experience of students’ injuries and establish a sports rehabilitation system in Colleges and universities. Help students reduce the life impact of injuries and improve the overall health of college students.
METHOD
In order to explore the causes of sports injury in college physical training, this paper analyzes it from two aspects: teachers and students. Firstly, 720 students with a history of sports injury were selected as the research object to make data statistics on the location and type of sports injury. The study and all the participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of Shangqiu University (NO. 19SQUNSD06). Then it analyzes the causes of students’ sports injury. Based on a certain understanding of the current situation of students’ sports injury, it conducts a questionnaire survey and interview with 25 teachers to explore the causes of students’ sports injury based on the perspective of teachers, and uses Excel software to sort out and analyze the data.
In order to explore the effect of sports rehabilitation on the recovery of sports injury in college sports training, according to the principle of complete voluntariness, this paper selects 20 volunteers as the research object, and carries out rehabilitation training three times a week. The content is mainly flexibility and stability training, including but not limited to supraspinatus muscle traction, pectoralis minor muscle traction, sitting rowing practice, lateral shoulder external rotation and so on. The rehabilitation experiment lasted for 6 weeks. Before and after the experiment, the EMG signals of athletes’ shoulder and neck muscles were measured by wireless surface EMG equipment, so as to explore the intervention effect of rehabilitation training on sports injury.
RESULTS
Types and causes of sports injury
From a macro perspective, sports injury can be divided into two categories: acute sports injury and chronic sports injury. For students, most acute sports injuries are caused by strenuous exercise. Or insufficient warm-up, sudden force, resulting in sudden strong stress on the stressed tissue, resulting in sports tissue damage. Acute sports injury is common in ball games, such as sprain, strain, ligament tear, Achilles tendon rupture and so on. It is also common in the fracture and fracture of fighting events. Chronic sports injury is the injury caused by the cumulative exercise burden of long-term exercise, or the chronic sports injury caused by congenital tissue diseases. Most of the chronic injuries are caused by long-term force errors and non-standard exercise methods, which accumulate to a certain extent, and then appear the injury problem. The common cases are periarthritis of shoulder, tendinitis, synovitis and other chronic sports injuries.
As shown in Table 1, all kinds of sports injuries can be divided into: skin injury, which is usually human epidermal contusion. Muscle injury, usually muscle strain and muscle tear. Tendon and ligament injuries, such as ligament strain, ligament tear, Achilles tendon rupture and so on. Joint injuries, such as joint sprain and joint dislocation, are common. Cartilage injury, usually meniscus injury. Bone injury, commonly fracture, bone fracture, etc. Nerve injury, commonly facial nerve injury and cervical nerve injury.
According to the severity of injury, it can be divided into: light injury, that is, simple disinfection treatment. Moderate injury requires a period of tissue recovery time. Severe injury: surgical treatment is required. Minor sports injury recovered through treatment, which had no effect on daily life in the future; Surgery will cause serious injury to daily life, and even cause serious injury to daily life.
The causes of sports injury were investigated from the perspective of students. The survey results of 720 students are shown in Figure 1. Among them, 177 students believed that “excessive exercise intensity” was the main cause of injury, accounting for 24.583%, ranking first; For the problem of “slackness and perfunctory during relevant warm-up and relaxation actions”, 134 students thought it was the main cause of injury, accounting for 18.611%, ranking second; For the problem of “insufficient concentration of their own energy”, 113 students thought it was the main cause of injury, accounting for 15.694%, ranking third; For the problem of “being in the stage of physical discomfort or excessive fatigue”, 99 students thought it was the main cause of injury, accounting for 13.750%, ranking fourth; For the “insufficient mastery of motor skills”, 98 students thought it was the main cause of injury, accounting for 13.611%, ranking fifth. In addition, “the clothes worn during sports are inappropriate”, accounting for 4.722%, and “lack of necessary protection awareness during sports”, accounting for 9.028%, which will cause certain sports injuries.
It can be seen that adequate warm-up preparation can make the body quickly enter the state of movement, open the body activity, improve the activity of the nervous system and promote the secretion of positive acting hormones. At the same time, it can improve the flexibility of muscles, ligaments and other tissues, and avoid strain and tear of soft tissue under stress. The warm-up also improves the flexibility of each joint, makes the joint meet the basic requirements of the motion state, and avoids all kinds of joint damage caused by movement. In addition, many students because the intensity of exercise is higher than their physical ability. Excessive pursuit of exercise intensity leads to insufficient body support and sports demand, resulting in injury. Individual students do not check in time after sports injury, but continue to exercise with pain, often resulting in secondary injury. Some students do not wear relevant protective equipment in a standardized way, or even carry out some sports with high risk coefficient without any protective equipment. Therefore, we should cultivate self-protection awareness and learn more safety knowledge in order to effectively avoid these problems.
The causes of sports injury were investigated from the perspective of teachers. The survey results of 25 teachers are shown in Figure 2. Among them, 7 teachers believe that students do not cooperate and pay attention to themselves. This option ranks first, accounting for 28.000%; Five teachers believed that the curriculum design was not scientific and reasonable, and this option ranked second, accounting for 20.000%; Four teachers believed that the curriculum plan was inconsistent with the actual ability of students. Four teachers believed that the lack of comprehensive protection in classroom teaching led to omissions. These two options ranked third in parallel, accounting for 16.000%. In addition, “in order to save class time and reduce the length of warm-up exercise”, accounting for 8.000%, and “students have physical or psychological discomfort”, accounting for 12.000%, which will also cause certain sports injuries. Because most of the students participate in sports because of their hobbies. The lack of professional training guidance leads to the immature technology, the technical action does not meet the standard requirements, resulting in all kinds of joint sprains, the usual exercise intensity is unreasonable, and some students fail to meet the requirements because of their strength. Good strength can effectively avoid injuries in sports. Lack of sports related knowledge and bad sports habits are the main reasons for sports injury.
Effect analysis of sports rehabilitation
This experiment analyzed the intervention effect of relevant rehabilitation training on 20 student volunteers with shoulder joint injury. After 6 weeks of rehabilitation training three times a week, the results of sEMG signals during arm lifting before and after training were sorted and analyzed.
Taking the arm lifting movement as an example, this paper discusses the effect of rehabilitation training by sorting and analyzing the RMS results before and after rehabilitation training. As shown in Table 2, after rehabilitation training, the RMS of pectoralis major increased from (233.742 ± 123.682) to (239.680 ± 97.752), the RMS of biceps brachii increased from (271.827 ± 135.703) to (280.997 ± 157.773), the RMS of triceps brachii increased from (245.897 ± 158.482) to (256.279 ± 129.037), the RMS of trapezius superior increased from (283.001 ± 152.021) to (290.895 ± 163.713), and the RMS of trapezius increased from (191.579 ± 84.152) to (226.312 ± 104.450), The RMS of the posterior deltoid bundle increased from (268.148 ± 162.165) to (272.813 ± 152.284), and the RMS of the anterior deltoid bundle increased from (290.443 ± 149.851) to (306.481 ± 188.354) (P > 0.05). RMS of latissimus dorsi increased from (185.344 ± 145.432) to (192.640 ± 125.749), P < 0.05, indicating that there was a significant difference. The RMS of inferior trapezius muscle increased from (178.544 ± 90.749) to (283.893 ± 173.135), and that of anterior serratus muscle increased from (125.376 ± 61.225) to (248.975 ± 141.142) (P < 0.01).
Through integration and analysis, it can be seen that after six weeks of rehabilitation training, although there are different P values in the changes of shoulder and neck muscles during arm lifting, they all show an upward trend as a whole, which shows that rehabilitation training can systematically exercise shoulder and neck muscles, so as to make the surface electromechanical signals more active and achieve the effect of improving muscle strength and joint level. Therefore, relevant rehabilitation training is very effective and worthy of being extended to the rehabilitation process of other sports injuries.
DISCUSSION
Rehabilitation behavior measures for injured students
Due to the different degrees of injury in sports, it is inevitable to be injured in sports. When we have injuries, every college student needs to learn how to recover. In case of sports injury, timely seek medical examination to find out the specific situation. You can’t judge your injury according to your own experience. Try not to touch the injured part to avoid similar fractures. This situation is very likely to cause secondary injury. It is also possible to determine whether there are specific requirements for the recovery of diet and drugs after exercise, because it is also possible to maintain a good effect. Properly supplement vitamins, proteins and other nutrients, and refuse irritating foods, such as hemp, spicy, oil and so on. In case of sprain, cold and hot compress and other related operations should be carried out in time. This practice is very beneficial to detumescence and pain relief. After detumescence, the injured part can be kneaded with light force, which is conducive to the rapid recovery of the injured part. Communicate with the doctor in time and follow the doctor’s advice. Give feedback to the doctor on the recovery and let the doctor judge. For the problem of bone injury, calcium should be supplemented in time and cooperate with the prescription prescribed by the doctor. Have a regular and reasonable work and rest time.
Auxiliary rehabilitation measures of professional teams in Colleges and Universities
Colleges and universities should have professional teams to assist students in injury rehabilitation. Professional teams should pay attention to standardizing technical actions when students enter school, cultivate students’ awareness of self safety, and enable students to develop good sports habits. For injured students, relevant rehabilitation plans should be formulated according to the suggestions of doctors. The school should offer relevant safety courses to guide students to take first-aid measures in case of emergency, which can effectively reduce the injury to students.
CONCLUSION
Sports injury is an inevitable problem for college physical training, which can only be improved through certain preventive measures and effective rehabilitation measures. The results show that the flexibility and stability training of the joint can effectively improve the surface EMG signals of the muscles in the joint, so as to improve the muscle strength and joint level, and achieve the effect of alleviating sports injury. Therefore, students should consciously carry out rehabilitation training under the advice of doctors. Teachers also need to fully learn medical knowledge and provide better sports rehabilitation teaching for students in combination with physiological and psychological aspects.
REFERENCES
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1Kohl HW, Craig CL, Lambert EV, Inoue S, Alkandari JR, Leetongin G, et al. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet Lond Engl. 2012;380(9838):P294-305.
-
2Zaremski JL, Zeppieri G Jr, Tripp BL. Sport specialization and overuse injuries in adolescent throwing athletes: a narrative review. J Athl Train. 2019;54(10):1030-9.
-
3Steinberg N, Adams R, Ayalon M, Dotan N, Bretter S, Waddington G. Recent ankle injury, sport participation level, and tests of proprioception. J Sport Rehabil. 2019;28(8):824-30.
-
4Close GL, Sale C, Baar K, Bermon S. Nutrition for the Prevention and Treatment of Injuries in Track and Field Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019;29(2):189-97.
-
5Vella SA. Mental health and organized youth sport. Kinesiology Review. 2019;8(3):229-36.
-
6Macdonald B, McAleer S, Kelly S, Chakraverty R, Johnston M, Pollock N. Hamstring rehabilitation in elite track and field athletes: applying the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification in clinical practice. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(23):1464-73.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
18 July 2022 -
Date of issue
2023
History
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Received
24 Apr 2022 -
Accepted
20 May 2022
