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Efeito da goma de mascar sobre a sede: revisão integrativa

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Identificar e analisar as evidências quanto ao efeito da goma de mascar sobre a sede em adultos.

Método:

Revisão integrativa, norteada pela questão: “Quais são as evidências científicas acerca dos efeitos da goma de mascar sobre a sede em adultos?” As bases de dados consultadas foram: LILACS, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science.

Resultados:

De um total de 2.414 artigos encontrados, selecionaram-se 12 trabalhos cujas publicações variaram entre os anos de 1991 e 2016. O uso da goma de mascar resultou no aumento do volume salivar (cinco estudos), no alívio da xerostomia (sete estudos) e na redução da sede (quatro estudos). Não foi possível estabelecer o número de gomas por dia, sendo frequente a recomendação de utilizar-se conforme desejado. Houve predomínio de estudos com pacientes dialíticos e com pacientes oncológicos.

Conclusão:

A goma de mascar é uma estratégia efetiva para reduzir o desconforto da sede em adultos.

Descritores:
Sede; Saliva; Mastigação; Goma de Mascar; Xerostomia

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To identify and analyze the evidence on the effect of chewing gum on thirst in adults.

Method:

Integrative review, guided by the question: “What is the scientific evidence about the effects of chewing gum on adult’s thirst?” LILACS, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were the databases consulted.

Results:

Of a total of 2,414 articles found, 12 papers were selected whose publications varied between 1991 and 2016. The use of chewing gum resulted in increased salivary volume (five studies), xerostomia relief (seven studies), and thirst reduction (four studies). It was not possible to establish the number of chewing gums per day, being frequent the recommendation to use as desired. There was a predominance of studies with patients under dialysis and with cancer.

Conclusion:

Chewing gum is an effective strategy to reduce thirst discomfort in adults.

Descriptors:
Thirst; Salivation; Mastication; Chewing Gum; Xerostomia

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

Identificar y analizar las evidencias en cuanto al efecto de la goma de mascar sobre la sed en adultos.

Método:

Revisión integrativa, orientada por la cuestión: “¿Cuáles son las evidencias científicas acerca de los efectos de la goma de mascar sobre la sed en adultos?” Las bases de datos consultadas fueron: LILACS, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science.

Resultados:

De un total de 2.414 artículos encontrados, se seleccionaron 12 trabajos cuyas publicaciones variaron entre los años 1991 y 2016. El uso de la goma de mascar resultó en el aumento del volumen salivar (cinco estudios), en el alivio de la xerostomía (siete estudios) y en la reducción de la sed (cuatro estudios). No fue posible establecer el número de gomas al día, siendo frecuente la recomendación de utilizarse según lo deseado. Hubo predominio de estudios con pacientes dialíticos y con pacientes con cáncer.

Conclusión:

La goma de mascar es una estrategia efectiva para reducir la molestia de la sed en adultos.

Descriptores:
Sed; Saliva; Masticación; Goma de Mascar; Xerostomia

INTRODUÇÃO

A sede é uma sensação subjetiva que pode ser definida como o desejo de beber água e apresenta sinais identificáveis que alteram o funcionamento físico, mental e social do paciente(11 Silva LCJR, Aroni P, Fonseca LF. I am thirsty! Experience of the surgical patient in the perioperative period. Rev SOBECC. São Paulo; 2016;21(2):75-81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/Z1414-4425201600020003
http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/Z1414-44252016...

2 Conchon MF, Nascimento LA, Fonseca LF, Aroni P. Perioperative thirst: an analysis from the perspective of the Symptom Management Theory. Rev Escola Enferm USP [Internet]. 2015[cited 2016 May 11];49(1):120-8. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reeusp/v49n1/0080-6 234-reeusp-49-01-0122.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reeusp/v49n1/00...
-33 Stevenson RJ, Mahmut M, Rooney K. Individual differences in the interoceptive states of hunger, fullness and thirst. Appetite. 2015;95:44-57. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.06.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.0...
). Um complexo mecanismo integrado por osmo, baro, mecano e termorreceptores sinalizam a necessidade da ingestão hídrica para áreas específicas do cérebro, deflagrando uma sensação subjetiva e desconfortável — a sede. Simultaneamente a esse processo de controle central, o indivíduo também apresenta sinais periféricos que atuam como sinalizadores da necessidade do consumo de líquidos. Entre os sinais periféricos, ou atributos da sede, estão a boca, lábios e garganta seca, língua e saliva grossa, gosto ruim ou amargo na boca e vontade de beber água, que aumenta de forma exponencial a percepção de desconforto gerado pela privação hídrica(22 Conchon MF, Nascimento LA, Fonseca LF, Aroni P. Perioperative thirst: an analysis from the perspective of the Symptom Management Theory. Rev Escola Enferm USP [Internet]. 2015[cited 2016 May 11];49(1):120-8. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reeusp/v49n1/0080-6 234-reeusp-49-01-0122.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reeusp/v49n1/00...

3 Stevenson RJ, Mahmut M, Rooney K. Individual differences in the interoceptive states of hunger, fullness and thirst. Appetite. 2015;95:44-57. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.06.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.0...

4 Gebremedhn EG, Nagaratnam VB. Audit on perioperative fasting of elective surgical patients in an African academic medical center. World J Surg. 2014;38(9):2200-4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24748347
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2474...
-55 Martins PR, Fonseca LF, Rossetto EG, Mai LD. Developing and validating the Perioperative Thirst Discomfort Scale. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51,e03240. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2016029003240
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2016...
).

Diferentes fatores podem influenciar a presença dos sinais periféricos e a sensação da sede, entre eles a idade, sexo, alimentação, hábitos, clima, fármacos, ansiedade, comorbidades e disfunções salivares(22 Conchon MF, Nascimento LA, Fonseca LF, Aroni P. Perioperative thirst: an analysis from the perspective of the Symptom Management Theory. Rev Escola Enferm USP [Internet]. 2015[cited 2016 May 11];49(1):120-8. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reeusp/v49n1/0080-6 234-reeusp-49-01-0122.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reeusp/v49n1/00...
-33 Stevenson RJ, Mahmut M, Rooney K. Individual differences in the interoceptive states of hunger, fullness and thirst. Appetite. 2015;95:44-57. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.06.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.0...
,66 López-Pintor RM, López-Pintor L, Casañas E, de Arriba L, Hernández G. Risk factors associated with xerostomia in haemodialysis patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal [Internet]. 2017[cited 2018 Jan 25];22(2):185-92. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28160594
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2816...
-77 Saleh J, Figueiredo MA, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Salivary hypofunction: an update on a etiology, diagnosis and therapeutics. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2015[cited 2018 Jan 25];60(2):242-55. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463902
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2546...
). As disfunções salivares podem ser divididas em três aspectos: hipossalivação (redução objetiva do fluxo salivar); alterações na composição salivar; e xerostomia (desconforto de boca seca, uma alteração subjetiva)(77 Saleh J, Figueiredo MA, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Salivary hypofunction: an update on a etiology, diagnosis and therapeutics. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2015[cited 2018 Jan 25];60(2):242-55. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463902
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2546...
-88 Oyakawa EHR, Contreras SJS. Salivary flow and level of comfort when using artificial saliva and candies of mint without sugar in elderly people with xerostomy. Rev Estomatol Herediana [Internet]. 2006[cited 2018 Jan 25];16(2):103-9. Available from: http://www.upch.edu.pe/vrinve/dugic/revistas/index.php/REH/article/view/1912
http://www.upch.edu.pe/vrinve/dugic/revi...
).

A saliva é um lubrificante natural e faz parte de um estado de conforto, ganhando importância na sua ausência. Esta é composta por mais de 99% de água juntamente com eletrólitos. Os componentes proteicos incluem imunoglobulinas, enzimas digestivas tais como amilase e lipase, enzimas antibacterianas e antifúngicas, bem como mucinas(77 Saleh J, Figueiredo MA, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Salivary hypofunction: an update on a etiology, diagnosis and therapeutics. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2015[cited 2018 Jan 25];60(2):242-55. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463902
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2546...
,99 Dawes C, Pedersen AML, Villa A, Ekstrom J, Proctor GB, Vissink A, et al. The functions of human saliva: a review sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2015[cited 2018 Jan 25];60:863-74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25841068
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2584...
-1010 Moura SAB, Medeiros AMC, Oliveira Filho AS, Costa FRH, Moraes PH. Diagnostic value of saliva in oral and systemic diseases: a literature review. Pesqui Bras Odonto Pediatr Clín Integr [Internet]. 2007[cited 2018 Jan 25];7(2):187-194. Available from: http://revista.uepb.edu.br/index.php/pboci/article/view/200
http://revista.uepb.edu.br/index.php/pbo...
).

Dessa forma, a hipossalivação interfere na manutenção da homeostase geral, função digestiva, percepção do sabor, articulação das palavras, limpeza, hidratação da boca e mucosa e bem-estar do indivíduo(66 López-Pintor RM, López-Pintor L, Casañas E, de Arriba L, Hernández G. Risk factors associated with xerostomia in haemodialysis patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal [Internet]. 2017[cited 2018 Jan 25];22(2):185-92. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28160594
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2816...
-77 Saleh J, Figueiredo MA, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Salivary hypofunction: an update on a etiology, diagnosis and therapeutics. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2015[cited 2018 Jan 25];60(2):242-55. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463902
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2546...
). Entre os fatores que influenciam a produção salivar, destaca-se a mastigação. O fluxo médio salivar não estimulado é cerca de 0,3 ml/min, enquanto o estimulado aumenta até 7 ml/min. Quando em repouso, 65% da saliva é produzida pelas glândulas submandibulares, tendo como característica saliva rica em mucina, que fornece lubrificação para a mucosa. Sob estimulação, as parótidas representam 50% do volume salivar, tendo como característica a saliva serosa(77 Saleh J, Figueiredo MA, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Salivary hypofunction: an update on a etiology, diagnosis and therapeutics. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2015[cited 2018 Jan 25];60(2):242-55. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25463902
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2546...
,1111 Dijkema T, Raaijmakers CPJ, Braam PM, Roesink JM, Monninkhof EM, Terhaard CHJ. Xerostomia: a day and night difference. Radiother Oncol [Internet]. 2012[cited 2018 Jan 25];104(2):219-23. Available from: http://www.thegreenjournal.com/article/S0167-8140(12)00265-4/abstract
http://www.thegreenjournal.com/article/S...
).

Devido à extrema importância da saliva, foram desenvolvidas estratégias para minorar o desconforto da boca seca, o principal e mais desconfortável atributo vinculado à sede. Essas estratégias podem ser divididas em estimulantes e substitutos salivares.

Entre os principais estimulantes salivares, está a goma de mascar. Historiadores afirmam que seu consumo surgiu entre os índios da Guatemala, com a finalidade de estimular a salivação, evitando a boca seca durante longas caminhadas(1212 Antunez MEM, Reis YB. Chewing gum in dentistry. Adolesc Saude [Internet]. 2012[cited 2018 Jan 25];9(4):58-62. Available from: http://adolescenciaesaude.com/detalhe_artigo.asp?id=346
http://adolescenciaesaude.com/detalhe_ar...
). Os benefícios de mastigar uma goma são conhecidos principalmente por agirem no aumento do pH e fluxo salivar por meio de uma combinação da estimulação gustatória e mecânica(1313 Anderson LA, Orchardson R. The effect of chewing bicarbonate-containing gum on salivary flow rate and pH in humans. Arch Oral Biol [Internet]. 2003[cited 2018 Jan 25];48(3):201-4. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12648557
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1264...
), diminuindo, assim, a secura da boca e os malefícios que esse sintoma traz.

Os benefícios da goma de mascar vêm ao encontro das necessidades de muitos indivíduos que experienciam a sede, entre os quais estão os pacientes submetidos a sessões de radioterapia para tratamento de câncer na região da cabeça e pescoço. Durante o tratamento, ocorrem alterações morfofisiológicas nas glândulas salivares, sendo a xerostomia e a hipossalivação complicações frequentes resultantes da radioterapia(1414 Riley P, Glenny AM, Hua F, Worthington HV. Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7:CD012744. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012744
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012...
).

A sede também influencia a má adesão ao tratamento de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca crônica, pois estes são submetidos a restrição hídrica por causa de suas condições clínicas, além de intervenções farmacológicas e aspectos emocionais(1515 Allida SM, Inglis SC, Davidson PM, Lal S, Hayward CS, Newton PJ. Thirst in chronic heart failure: a review. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2015[cited 2018 Jan 25];24(7-8):916-26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441537
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2544...
).

Pacientes com doença renal crônica, em terapia dialítica, apresentam sede e xerostomia mais intensa. Ainda assim, precisam manter dieta com restrição hídrica para evitar o ganho de peso interdialítico e prevenir comorbidades, como a hipertensão, edema agudo de pulmão e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
).

A realidade dos pacientes cirúrgicos, em período pré-operatório não é diferente. Estes são orientados pelos profissionais a permanecerem em jejum absoluto, ultrapassando o tempo necessário para sua segurança(1818 Pavani MM, Fonseca LF, Conchon MF. Thirst in surgical patients: perceptions of the nursing team in inpatient units. Rev Enferm UFPE. 2016;10(9):3352-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.9571-83638-1-SM1009201621
http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.9571-836...
). O jejum prolongado está relacionado com desconfortos para o paciente, incluindo a sede.

Dessa forma, a motivação para a condução desta revisão integrativa foi a necessidade de compilar o conhecimento disponível em literatura acerca dos efeitos da goma de mascar sobre a sede, gerando evidências para a sua implementação na prática clínica.

OBJETIVO

Identificar e analisar as evidências quanto ao efeito da goma de mascar sobre a sede em adultos.

MÉTODO

O método eleito para alcançar o objetivo do estudo foi a revisão integrativa. As etapas percorridas foram: elaboração da questão de pesquisa, busca na literatura de estudos primários, extração de dados, avaliação dos estudos primários incluídos, interpretação e sistematização dos resultados(1919 Mendes KDS, Silveira, RCCP, Galvão CM. Integrative literature review: a research method to incorporate evidence in health care and nursing. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2008[cited 2018 Jan 25];17(4):758-64. Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/html/714/71411240017/
http://www.redalyc.org/html/714/71411240...
).

Para a elaboração da questão de pesquisa, utilizou-se a estratégia PICO (acrônimo para patient, intervention, comparison, outcomes). O uso dessa estratégia para formular a questão de pesquisa na condução de métodos de revisão possibilita a identificação de palavras-chave, as quais auxiliam na localização de estudos primários relevantes nas bases de dados(2020 Fineout-Overholt E, Stillwell SB. Asking compelling, clinical questions. In: Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincot Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p. 25-39.).

A questão norteadora da revisão integrativa foi: “Quais são as evidências científicas acerca dos efeitos da goma de mascar sobre a sede em adultos?” O primeiro elemento da estratégia (P) consiste em adultos; o segundo (I), goma de mascar; e o quarto elemento (O) sede. Neste estudo, o terceiro elemento (C), ou seja, a comparação, não foi utilizada.

A busca dos estudos primários ocorreu de janeiro a fevereiro de 2017, nas seguintes bases de dados: National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scopus e Web of Science (WOS).

Foram utilizados os critérios e manuais de cada base de dados para a busca. Utilizaram-se descritores controlados (Medical Subject Headings – MeSH e Descritores em Ciências da Saúde – DeCS) e os seguintes descritores não controlados (palavras-chave): gum of chew, bubble gum, salivary flow, chicletes, intervenção, combinados com operadores booleanos (AND e OR). Foram realizados os cruzamentos conforme o Quadro 1.

Quadro 1
Cruzamentos de descritores nas bases de dados, Brasil, 2017

O critério de inclusão estabelecido para os estudos primários foram artigos que abordavam a utilização da goma de mascar sobre a sede. As revisões tradicionais de literatura, estudos secundários (revisão sistemática e integrativa), teses, dissertações, carta-resposta e editoriais foram excluídos da amostra. Não houve limitação de data nem de idioma devido à escassa produção científica sobre o assunto.

A seleção dos estudos primários ocorreu de forma independente por duas revisoras, que leram os títulos e resumos dos estudos e os selecionaram conforme os critérios de elegibilidade. Em caso de discordância, uma terceira revisora foi solicitada. Na primeira seleção, após a leitura do título e resumo dos estudos primários (n = 2.414), os artigos que não atendiam ao critério de inclusão foram excluídos (n = 2.395). Encontraram-se artigos secundários, estudos que abordavam o efeito do xilitol e sorbitol na saúde bucal, cáries, placa dentária, prevenção de doenças bucais, tamponamento salivar, entre outros temas que não atendiam à pergunta de pesquisa. Na segunda seleção, por meio da leitura dos artigos selecionados na íntegra (n = 16), excluíram-se os estudos duplicados nas bases de dados (n = 4). Dessa forma, a amostra final contou com 12 artigos.

Figura 1
Fluxo da seleção dos estudos primários incluídos na revisão integrativa de acordo com as bases de dados, Brasil, 2017

Para a extração dos dados, utilizou-se um instrumento elaborado por pesquisadores em enfermagem, composto de itens relativos à identificação do artigo, características metodológicas, resultados, conclusão e avaliação do rigor metodológico(2121 Ursi ES, Galvão CM. Perioperative prevention of skin injury: an integrative literature review. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2006[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(1):124-31. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v14n1/v14n1a17
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v14n1/v14n...
).

Para o nível de evidência, manteve-se a definição do tipo de estudo de acordo com os autores das pesquisas inclusas na amostra. Os níveis de evidência variam de 1 a 7, sendo: nível 1 – meta-análise ou revisões sistemáticas; nível 2 – ensaio clínico randomizado controlado; nível 3 – ensaio clínico sem randomização; nível 4 – estudos de coorte e de caso-controle; nível 5 – revisões sistemáticas de estudos descritivos e qualitativos; nível 6 – estudos descritivos ou qualitativos; e nível 7 – opinião de especialistas(1919 Mendes KDS, Silveira, RCCP, Galvão CM. Integrative literature review: a research method to incorporate evidence in health care and nursing. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2008[cited 2018 Jan 25];17(4):758-64. Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/html/714/71411240017/
http://www.redalyc.org/html/714/71411240...
-2020 Fineout-Overholt E, Stillwell SB. Asking compelling, clinical questions. In: Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincot Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p. 25-39.). A apresentação dos resultados foi realizada de forma descritiva.

RESULTADOS

Dos 12 estudos primários selecionados, os anos de 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2011 e 2016 apresentaram apenas uma publicação por ano; já nos anos de 2005 e 2013, foram publicadas duas pesquisas por ano. A totalidade dos estudos foi publicada no idioma inglês e em periódicos internacionais. Identificou-se que os autores dos estudos pertencem à área de odontologia (58,3%)(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2222 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dental J [Internet]. 2004[cited 2018 Jan 25];54:143-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521...

23 Stewart CM, Jones AC, Bates RE, Sandow P, Pink F, Stillwell J. Comparison between saliva stimulants and a saliva substitute in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. Spec Care Dentistry [Internet]. 1998[cited 2018 Jan 25];18(4):142-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021...

24 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...

25 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
-2626 Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axéll T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scandin [Internet]. 1991[cited 2018 Jan 25];49(5):273-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803...
), medicina (33,3%)(2727 Kaae JK, Stenfeldt L, Eriksen JG. Xerostomia after radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer: increasing salivary flow with tasteless sugar-free chewing gum. Frontiers In Oncology [Internet]. 2016[cited 2018 Jan 25];6:111. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...

28 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...

29 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...
-3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
) e enfermagem (8,3%)(3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
).

Tratando-se do local de realização dos estudos, 3 (25%) foram realizados na Holanda pelo mesmo grupo de pesquisadores. Dois artigos selecionados para a amostra apresentaram resultados de duas pesquisas diferentes cada. Os métodos abordados nos estudos foram ensaios clínicos randomizados (71,4%); estudo de coorte (7,1%); estudo observacional (7,1%); estudo quase-experimental (7,1%); estudo pré/pós-teste (7,1%). Portanto, têm-se como evidência científica o nível 2 para a maioria dos estudos (71,4%)(1919 Mendes KDS, Silveira, RCCP, Galvão CM. Integrative literature review: a research method to incorporate evidence in health care and nursing. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2008[cited 2018 Jan 25];17(4):758-64. Available from: http://www.redalyc.org/html/714/71411240017/
http://www.redalyc.org/html/714/71411240...
-2020 Fineout-Overholt E, Stillwell SB. Asking compelling, clinical questions. In: Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincot Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p. 25-39.).

Cinco estudos foram realizados com pacientes dialíticos(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
-2929 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
), dois com pacientes oncológicos(2727 Kaae JK, Stenfeldt L, Eriksen JG. Xerostomia after radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer: increasing salivary flow with tasteless sugar-free chewing gum. Frontiers In Oncology [Internet]. 2016[cited 2018 Jan 25];6:111. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
), e um estudo para cada um dos seguintes: baixo fluxo salivar(2323 Stewart CM, Jones AC, Bates RE, Sandow P, Pink F, Stillwell J. Comparison between saliva stimulants and a saliva substitute in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. Spec Care Dentistry [Internet]. 1998[cited 2018 Jan 25];18(4):142-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021...
), xerostomia crônica(2525 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
-2626 Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axéll T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scandin [Internet]. 1991[cited 2018 Jan 25];49(5):273-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803...
), reumáticos(2424 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...
), indivíduos saudáveis e doentes(2222 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dental J [Internet]. 2004[cited 2018 Jan 25];54:143-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521...
).

Foram utilizadas gomas de mascar isentas de açúcar(2727 Kaae JK, Stenfeldt L, Eriksen JG. Xerostomia after radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer: increasing salivary flow with tasteless sugar-free chewing gum. Frontiers In Oncology [Internet]. 2016[cited 2018 Jan 25];6:111. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
-3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
), com sorbitol e/ou xilitol(2323 Stewart CM, Jones AC, Bates RE, Sandow P, Pink F, Stillwell J. Comparison between saliva stimulants and a saliva substitute in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. Spec Care Dentistry [Internet]. 1998[cited 2018 Jan 25];18(4):142-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021...
-2424 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...
,2626 Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axéll T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scandin [Internet]. 1991[cited 2018 Jan 25];49(5):273-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803...
), adoçadas(2929 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...
). Em três estudos não foi especificado o tipo de goma de mascar(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
) e, em dois, foram utilizadas goma de mascar de diferentes tipos(2222 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dental J [Internet]. 2004[cited 2018 Jan 25];54:143-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521...
,2525 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
).

Em oito estudos(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2323 Stewart CM, Jones AC, Bates RE, Sandow P, Pink F, Stillwell J. Comparison between saliva stimulants and a saliva substitute in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. Spec Care Dentistry [Internet]. 1998[cited 2018 Jan 25];18(4):142-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021...

24 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...
-2525 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
,2727 Kaae JK, Stenfeldt L, Eriksen JG. Xerostomia after radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer: increasing salivary flow with tasteless sugar-free chewing gum. Frontiers In Oncology [Internet]. 2016[cited 2018 Jan 25];6:111. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
), a goma de mascar foi utilizada pelos pacientes por duas semanas. O uso da goma foi durante cinco dias em um estudo(3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
) e por três meses em outro(2929 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...
). Em 2 estudos, os desfechos foram avaliados no mesmo dia, durante o uso da goma de mascar por 10 minutos(2222 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dental J [Internet]. 2004[cited 2018 Jan 25];54:143-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521...
) ou por 35 minutos(2626 Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axéll T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scandin [Internet]. 1991[cited 2018 Jan 25];49(5):273-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803...
). A recomendação do número de gomas por dia variou de, no mínimo(2525 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
), uma vez ao dia a seis vezes ao dia(1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
), sendo frequente a recomendação de utilizar a goma conforme desejado(1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...

29 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...

30 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
-3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
).

Com relação ao efeito do uso da goma de mascar, em sete estudos(2222 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dental J [Internet]. 2004[cited 2018 Jan 25];54:143-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521...

23 Stewart CM, Jones AC, Bates RE, Sandow P, Pink F, Stillwell J. Comparison between saliva stimulants and a saliva substitute in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. Spec Care Dentistry [Internet]. 1998[cited 2018 Jan 25];18(4):142-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021...

24 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...

25 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...

26 Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axéll T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scandin [Internet]. 1991[cited 2018 Jan 25];49(5):273-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803...
-2727 Kaae JK, Stenfeldt L, Eriksen JG. Xerostomia after radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer: increasing salivary flow with tasteless sugar-free chewing gum. Frontiers In Oncology [Internet]. 2016[cited 2018 Jan 25];6:111. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
) o desfecho avaliado foi o fluxo salivar. Em seis desses estudos, houve aumento do fluxo salivar após o uso de goma de mascar(2222 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dental J [Internet]. 2004[cited 2018 Jan 25];54:143-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521...
,2424 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...

25 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...

26 Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axéll T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scandin [Internet]. 1991[cited 2018 Jan 25];49(5):273-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803...
-2727 Kaae JK, Stenfeldt L, Eriksen JG. Xerostomia after radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer: increasing salivary flow with tasteless sugar-free chewing gum. Frontiers In Oncology [Internet]. 2016[cited 2018 Jan 25];6:111. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
).

A xerostomia foi o desfecho avaliado em nove estudos(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2323 Stewart CM, Jones AC, Bates RE, Sandow P, Pink F, Stillwell J. Comparison between saliva stimulants and a saliva substitute in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. Spec Care Dentistry [Internet]. 1998[cited 2018 Jan 25];18(4):142-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021...

24 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...
-2525 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...

29 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...

30 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
-3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
), sendo o Inventário de Xerostomia(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...

29 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...

30 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
-3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
) e a Escala Visual Analógica(1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2424 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
) os instrumentos frequentemente utilizados. Em sete estudos, a goma de mascar resultou em alívio da xerostomia(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2323 Stewart CM, Jones AC, Bates RE, Sandow P, Pink F, Stillwell J. Comparison between saliva stimulants and a saliva substitute in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. Spec Care Dentistry [Internet]. 1998[cited 2018 Jan 25];18(4):142-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021...
,2525 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
-3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
).

A sede foi o desfecho avaliado em cinco estudos(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
-2929 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
) por meio do Inventário de Sede Dialítica (DTI)(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
), da Escala Visual Analógica(1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
) e do Questionário de Xerostomia e Sede(2929 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...
). O alívio da sede após o uso da goma de mascar foi relatado em quatro estudos(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
).

O ganho de peso entre sessões de hemodiálise foi o desfecho avaliado em quatro estudos(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
-2929 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
); e, em dois desses estudos, o uso da goma de mascar resultou em diminuição do ganho de peso(2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
).

No Quadro 2, são apresentadas as principais informações extraídas dos estudos primários inclusos na revisão.

Quadro 2
Síntese dos estudos primários incluídos na revisão integrativa (n = 12); Brasil, 2017

DISCUSSÃO

A relevância desse estudo está na compilação do conhecimento sobre a temática “sede e seus desconfortos” em diferentes populações, auxiliando a prática clínica, com base em evidências, para que os profissionais de saúde possam implementar estratégias de alívio da sede e seus desconfortos para seus clientes. A discussão foi organizada em quatro categorias: Efeitos da goma de mascar; Instrumentos utilizados para avaliar os desfechos; Tipos e quantidade de goma de mascar; Populações estudadas.

Categoria 1 - Efeitos da goma de mascar

Foram encontrados 12 estudos sobre o efeito da goma de mascar na sede em adultos. Os efeitos da goma de mascar foram: aumento do fluxo salivar (cinco estudos)(2222 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dental J [Internet]. 2004[cited 2018 Jan 25];54:143-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521...
,2525 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...

26 Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axéll T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scandin [Internet]. 1991[cited 2018 Jan 25];49(5):273-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803...
-2727 Kaae JK, Stenfeldt L, Eriksen JG. Xerostomia after radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer: increasing salivary flow with tasteless sugar-free chewing gum. Frontiers In Oncology [Internet]. 2016[cited 2018 Jan 25];6:111. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
), alívio da xerostomia (sete estudos)(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2323 Stewart CM, Jones AC, Bates RE, Sandow P, Pink F, Stillwell J. Comparison between saliva stimulants and a saliva substitute in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. Spec Care Dentistry [Internet]. 1998[cited 2018 Jan 25];18(4):142-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021...
,2525 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
-3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
) e redução da sede (quatro estudos)(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
).

O efeito da goma de mascar no aumento do fluxo salivar é um resultado importante para pacientes com restrição hídrica. Nesses pacientes, há aumento de forma exponencial do desconforto gerado pela sede causado pela desidratação generalizada da mucosa orofaríngea(33 Stevenson RJ, Mahmut M, Rooney K. Individual differences in the interoceptive states of hunger, fullness and thirst. Appetite. 2015;95:44-57. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.06.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.0...
,3232 Zimmerman CA, Leib DE, Knight ZA. Neural circuits underlying thirst and fluid homeostasis. Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved. 2017. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.71.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.71...
-3333 Zimmerman, CA, Lin YC, Leib DE, Guo L, Huey EL, Daly GE, et al. Thirst neurons anticipate the homeostatic consequences of eating and drinking. Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved. 2016. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18950.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18950...
).

Dessa forma, o alívio da xerostomia é um efeito relevante para reduzir o desconforto, pois esta é identificada como o sinal mais prevalente em presença de sede(33 Stevenson RJ, Mahmut M, Rooney K. Individual differences in the interoceptive states of hunger, fullness and thirst. Appetite. 2015;95:44-57. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.06.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.0...
,3434 Leiper J. Thirst. In: Caballero B, Allen L, Prentice A. Encyclopedia of human nutrition. 2nd ed. University of Aberdeen, UK: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. p. 278-86.). Pode ser causada pela diminuição do fluxo salivar, atrofia e fibrose das glândulas salivares, uso de fármacos e restrição da ingestão de líquidos(3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
).

Estudo realizado com pacientes cirúrgicos, que objetivou explorar sua percepção quanto à sede no período perioperatório, apontou que a boca seca foi o primeiro e mais prevalente atributo lembrado pelos pacientes. Apresentou ainda que, no pré-operatório, os pacientes utilizam subterfúgios para aliviá-la, como ingerir mais água do que o permitido para tomar comprimidos, recorrer ao sono, burlar o jejum, realizar higiene oral e gargarejos na tentativa de umedecer a cavidade oral, aliviando, assim, o desconforto(11 Silva LCJR, Aroni P, Fonseca LF. I am thirsty! Experience of the surgical patient in the perioperative period. Rev SOBECC. São Paulo; 2016;21(2):75-81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/Z1414-4425201600020003
http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/Z1414-44252016...
).

O efeito da goma de mascar na redução da sede ocorreu em quatro dos cinco estudos que avaliaram esse desfecho. A desidratação da cavidade oral está intimamente relacionada com a sede, já que existem receptores na região orofaríngea que são capazes de modulá-la. Esses receptores atuam emitindo sinais excitatórios e inibitórios para o comportamento de ingestão hídrica, dependendo da hidratação da cavidade oral(3232 Zimmerman CA, Leib DE, Knight ZA. Neural circuits underlying thirst and fluid homeostasis. Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved. 2017. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.71.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.71...
).

Categoria 2 - Instrumentos utilizados para avaliar os desfechos

Na avaliação dos desfechos, o Inventário de Xerostomia foi utilizado em seis estudos(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...

29 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...

30 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
-3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
). O Inventário de Xerostomia é uma escala de 11 itens, sendo que cada item possui escala de resposta que varia de “nunca” (1) a “muito frequentemente” (5). A pontuação da escala varia de 11 a 55, na qual maiores escores indicam maior gravidade da xerostomia. O Inventário de Xerostomia foi desenvolvido na Austrália(3535 Thomson WM, Chalmers JM, Spencer AJ, Williams SM. The Xerostomia Inventory: a multi-item approach to measuring dry mouth. Community Dent Health [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2018 Jan 25];16(1):12-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10697349
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1069...
) e traduzido e validado para o português(3636 Mata AD, Marques DNS, Freitas FM, Amaral JPLR, Trindade RT, Barcelos FA, et al. Translation, validation, and construct reliability of a Portuguese version of the Xerostomia Inventory. Oral Dis. 2012 Apr;18(3):293-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01879.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.20...
) e espanhol(3737 Serrano C, Fariña MP, Pérez C, Fernández M, Forman K, Carrasco M. Translation and validation of a Spanish version of the xerostomia inventory. Gerodontology. 2016 Dec;33(4):506-512. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ger.12196
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ger.12196...
). Uma versão reduzida do instrumento, contendo cinco itens e três opções de resposta, mostrou-se válida e confiável(3838 Thomson WM, van der Putten GJ, Baat C, Ikebe K, Matsuda K, Enoki K, et al. Shortening the xerostomia inventory. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011 Sep;112(3):322-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.024
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2011...
).

Na avaliação da sede, o Inventário da Sede Dialítica (DTI) foi utilizado em três estudos(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
). O DTI é um instrumento específico, para ser utilizado em pacientes em diálise. Não foram encontrados estudos sobre a construção, validação e tradução do instrumento. O valor de alfa de Chronbach do DTI foi 0,87(3939 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Valentiyn-Benz M, van Amerongen BM, Valentiyn RM, et al. Interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis is associated with dry mouth and thirst. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2004[cited 2016 May 02];66(4):1662-8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S008525381550238X
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
), e houve correlação significante entre a sede avaliada pelo DTI e a sede avaliada por Escala Visual Analógica, assim como com a xerostomia(2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
).

Destaca-se a utilização de Escala Visual Analógica para avaliar a xerostomia(1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2424 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
) e a sede(1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
), o que pode evidenciar a escassez de instrumentos para avaliar esses desfechos.

Apesar de ser amplamente utilizada, a Escala Visual Analógica possui limitações. Para avaliação da dor, foi verificado que a Escala Visual Analógica não possui comportamento linear e que a média de resposta padronizada varia ao longo do tempo. Dessa forma, a avaliação de mudança ao longo do tempo não é válida, podendo subestimar ou superestimar a verdadeira mudança(4040 Kersten P, White PJ, Tennant A. Is the pain visual analogue scale linear and responsive to change? an exploration using Rasch analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99485. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0099485
http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone....
). No entanto, essa escala tem sido utilizada extensivamente na avaliação subjetiva da sede, sendo que estudos com alto nível de evidência indicam uma correlação positiva e forte entre a escala visual analógica e o aumento da osmolaridade sérica(4141 Arai SR, Butzlaff A, Stotts NA, Puntillo KA. Quench the thirst: lessons from clinical thirst trials. Biol Res Nurs. 2013; 00(0):1-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800413505900
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10998004135059...
-4242 Conchon MF, Fonseca LF. Efficacy of an ice Popsicle on thirst management in the immediate postoperative period: a randomized clinical trial. J Peri Anesthesia Nurs. 2016:1-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2016.03.009
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2016.0...
).

Categoria 3 - Tipos e quantidade de goma de mascar

Com relação ao tipo de goma de mascar, em um estudo foi verificado que as gomas de mascar de diferentes tipos estimularam igualmente o fluxo salivar(2222 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dental J [Internet]. 2004[cited 2018 Jan 25];54:143-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521...
). Em outro estudo, entretanto, verificou-se que a goma de mascar com longa duração de sabor proporcionou um aumento do fluxo salivar(2626 Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axéll T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scandin [Internet]. 1991[cited 2018 Jan 25];49(5):273-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803...
).

Considerando-se o sabor, há evidência de que as gomas de mascar aromatizadas apresentam uma maior produção salivar do que as gomas de mascar isentas de sabor. Isso ocorre porque 85% do fluxo salivar está relacionado com a estimulação gustativa (ativação de quimiorreceptores) e apenas 15%, com a estimulação mecânica (ativação de mecanorreceptores)(88 Oyakawa EHR, Contreras SJS. Salivary flow and level of comfort when using artificial saliva and candies of mint without sugar in elderly people with xerostomy. Rev Estomatol Herediana [Internet]. 2006[cited 2018 Jan 25];16(2):103-9. Available from: http://www.upch.edu.pe/vrinve/dugic/revistas/index.php/REH/article/view/1912
http://www.upch.edu.pe/vrinve/dugic/revi...
).

Os estudos evidenciam que a goma de mascar é mais eficaz para aliviar a xerostomia porque ativa o sistema parassimpático e induz a secreção salivar mais fluida(3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
). Este pode ser um dos motivos pela preferência de estratégias aromatizadas quando comparadas à parafina ou à goma de mascar isenta de sabor, ou mesmo às gomas que apresentem o aroma por um período menor(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2222 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dental J [Internet]. 2004[cited 2018 Jan 25];54:143-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521...
,2525 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
-2626 Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axéll T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scandin [Internet]. 1991[cited 2018 Jan 25];49(5):273-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803...
,3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
).

Quanto a frequência do uso, a goma de mascar mostrou-se efetiva no uso momentâneo(2222 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman ECI, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AV. Preferences and saliva stimulation of eight different chewing gums. Int Dental J [Internet]. 2004[cited 2018 Jan 25];54:143-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1521...

23 Stewart CM, Jones AC, Bates RE, Sandow P, Pink F, Stillwell J. Comparison between saliva stimulants and a saliva substitute in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. Spec Care Dentistry [Internet]. 1998[cited 2018 Jan 25];18(4):142-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021...

24 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...

25 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
-2626 Olsson H, Spak CJ, Axéll T. The effect of a chewing gum on salivary secretion, oral mucosal friction, and the feeling of dry mouth in xerostomic patients. Acta Odontol Scandin [Internet]. 1991[cited 2018 Jan 25];49(5):273-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803848
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1803...
), por cinco dias(3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
) e por duas semanas(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2323 Stewart CM, Jones AC, Bates RE, Sandow P, Pink F, Stillwell J. Comparison between saliva stimulants and a saliva substitute in patients with xerostomia and hyposalivation. Spec Care Dentistry [Internet]. 1998[cited 2018 Jan 25];18(4):142-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021...

24 Risheim H, Arneberg P. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and lozenges in rheumatic patients with xerostomia. Scand J Dent Res [Internet]. 1993[cited 2018 Jan 25];101:40-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441...
-2525 Aagaard A, Godiksenn S, Teglers PT, Schiodt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1992[cited 2018 Jan 25];21:376-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403845
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403...
,2727 Kaae JK, Stenfeldt L, Eriksen JG. Xerostomia after radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer: increasing salivary flow with tasteless sugar-free chewing gum. Frontiers In Oncology [Internet]. 2016[cited 2018 Jan 25];6:111. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
-2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
); entretanto, no uso por três meses, não houve alterações nos desfechos(2929 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...
). Dessa forma, mais estudos são necessários para avaliar os benefícios em longo prazo do uso da goma de mascar.

Não foi possível estabelecer o número de gomas por dia devido à heterogeneidade dos estudos. Destaca-se a recomendação de utilizar a goma conforme desejado pelo paciente. Dessa forma, em presença de xerostomia ou sede, a sua frequência deve ser determinada pelo próprio paciente.

Categoria 4 - Populações estudadas

Pacientes de diversas especialidades estão expostos aos fatores de risco para desenvolverem sede. O presente estudo evidenciou que pesquisas para o manejo da sede em algumas áreas tem se intensificado, como é o caso dos pacientes em tratamento dialítico(1616 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
,2828 Fan WF, Zhang Q, Luo LH, Niu JY, Gu Y. Study on the clinical significance and related factors on thirst and xerostomia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res [Internet]. 2013[cited 2016 Apr 12];37(4-5):464-74. Available from: http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/355717...
-2929 Jagodzińska M, Zimmer-Nowicka J, Nowicki M. Three months of regular gum chewing neither alleviates xerostomia nor reduces over hydration in chronic hemodialysis patients. journal of renal nutrition [Internet]. 2011[cited 2018 Jan 25];21(5):410-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2118...
,3131 Said H, Mohammed H. Effect of chewing gum on xerostomia, thirst and interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis. Life Sci J [Internet]. 2013[cited 2018 Jan 25];10(2):1767-77. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com
http://www.lifesciencesite.com...
) ou que sofrem de xerostomia devido às sessões de radioterapia por câncer avançado de cabeça e pescoço(2727 Kaae JK, Stenfeldt L, Eriksen JG. Xerostomia after radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal cancer: increasing salivary flow with tasteless sugar-free chewing gum. Frontiers In Oncology [Internet]. 2016[cited 2018 Jan 25];6:111. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
,3030 Davies AN. A comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum in the management of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Medicine [Internet]. 2000[cited 2018 Jan 25];14(3):197-203. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858827
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1085...
). No entanto, pouco se conhece e se estuda a respeito da sede de pacientes em outros cenários hospitalares, como os pacientes cirúrgicos, que convivem diariamente com a sede de alta intensidade.

O mito de que o uso da goma de mascar é contraindicado durante todo o período de jejum pré-operatório tem sido largamente exercitado na prática clínica, acarretando inclusive a suspensão de procedimentos cirúrgicos. No entanto, há evidências de nível 1, obtidas por metanálise, as quais defendem que mastigar uma goma não altera o volume e a acidez gástrica de forma clinicamente significativa para a broncoaspiração(4343 Quanes JP, Bicket MC, Togioka B, Tomas VG, Wu CL, Murphy JM. The role of perioperative chewing gum on gastric fluid volume and gastric ph: a meta-analysis. J Clin Anesthesia. 2015;27(2):146-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2014.07.005
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.201...
). Dessa forma, se faz necessário intensificar esforços para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas com metodologias capazes de produzir evidências fortes relativas aos benefícios e segurança do uso da goma de mascar para essa população.

O uso da goma de mascar aumenta o fluxo salivar, desencadeia a lubrificação oral, o que atua contra a desidratação da mucosa oral e, por conseguinte, pode aliviar de forma efetiva a sede e seus desconfortos(1515 Allida SM, Inglis SC, Davidson PM, Lal S, Hayward CS, Newton PJ. Thirst in chronic heart failure: a review. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2015[cited 2018 Jan 25];24(7-8):916-26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441537
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2544...

16 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant [Internet]. 2005[cited 2016 May 10];20(3):578-84. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15665029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566...
-1717 Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Valentijn-Benz M, Van Amerongen BM, Nieuw Amerongen AVN, et al. The management of xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis: comparison of artificial saliva and chewing gum. Palliative Medicine [Internet]. 2005[cited 2018 Jan 25];19:202-207 b. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920934
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1592...
). Dessa forma, indivíduos com ingestão restrita de líquidos podem ser beneficiados com o seu uso, acarretando melhor adesão aos seus tratamentos, com redução do desconforto e sofrimento.

Limitações do estudo

A maioria dos estudos apresentou nível de evidência 2; entretanto, observou-se a escassez de padronização de tamanhos de gomas de mascar, sabores e tempo de uso dessas estratégias entre as pesquisas selecionadas. Além disso, houve falta de explicitação de cálculo amostral e tamanho de amostra reduzido, o que dificulta o poder de generalização (validade externa).

Contribuições para a área da enfermagem

A relevância desta revisão consiste na síntese dos estudos primários que apontam a utilização da goma de mascar como estratégia viável e efetiva para minorar a sede de adultos em diferentes cenários, gerando evidências para apontar caminhos factíveis na prática clínica.

CONCLUSÃO

Foram selecionados 12 estudos que avaliaram o efeito do uso da goma de mascar sobre a sede em adultos. A utilização da estratégia resultou no aumento do fluxo salivar, no alívio da xerostomia e redução da sede. Dessa forma, a goma de mascar apresenta efetividade na redução dos desconfortos, sendo factível e viável de ser utilizada na prática clínica em indivíduos com restrição de ingestão de líquidos, acarretando melhor adesão aos seus tratamentos, com alívio do desconforto e sofrimento.

A utilização de Escala Visual Analógica para avaliar a xerostomia e a sede indicam a escassez de instrumentos para avaliar esses desfechos. Quanto à indicação do número de gomas de mascar, não foi possível estabelecer um padrão, sendo frequente a recomendação de se utilizar a goma conforme desejado. Em relação à população estudada, houve predomínio de estudos com pacientes dialíticos e com pacientes oncológicos.

  • FOMENTO
    Fundação Araucária/Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    18 Abr 2019
  • Data do Fascículo
    Mar-Apr 2019

Histórico

  • Recebido
    07 Mar 2018
  • Aceito
    06 Ago 2018
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